Chapter 19

Iron Triad

All three elements are used in the process to create steel and other metal mixtures.

Transition Elements

Elements in the B Groups (1B-8B) in the periodic table. They are considered to be elements in transition between Groups 1A and 2A and Groups 3A through 8A.

Metals

Elements that are shiny and good conductors of electricity are __________ .

Magnesium

_________ is one of the metals used to produce the brilliant white color in fireworks.

Allotropes

__________ are different forms of the same element.

Metalloids

__________ have both metallic and nonmetallic properties.

Magnesium

____________ lightness and strength account for its use in cars, planes, and spacecraft.

Francium; Radiocative

____________, the last element in Group 1, is extremely rare and ___________.

Alkali Metals

_____________ don't occur in nature in their elemental form and are stored in substances that are unreactive, such as an oil.

Magnesium

_______________ is used in compounds to make such things as household ladders, and baseball and softball bats.

Malleable

Ability of metals and alloys to be rolled or hammered into thin sheets.

Ductile

Ability of metals to be drawn into wires.

Nickel

Added to some metals to give them strength

Hydrogen

90% percent of all the atoms in the universe are __________ .

Hydrogen

A _________ atom has a single electron, which the atom shares when it combines with other nonmetals.

Aluminum

A metal in Group 3A, is the most abundant metal in Earth's crust.

Diatomic Molecule

A molecule that consists of two atoms of the same element.

Iodine

A shiny purple-gray solid at room temperature, is obtained from seawater. When heated it changes directly to a purple vapor.

Nonmetals

Are elements that usually are gases or brittle solids at room temperature.

Chlorine

Are used to disinfect water, the most abundant halogen, is obtained from seawater at ocean-salt recovery sites. Household and industrial bleaches used to whiten flour, clothing, and paper

Halogen

Because an atom of a _______ has seven electrons in its outer energy level, only one electron is needed to complete this energy level.

Ions

Both metals and nonmetals become more chemically stable when they form ____.

Salt

Compound formed when negative ions from an acid combine with positive ions from a base.

Stronium

Compounds of ________ produce the bright red flashes.

Diatomic Molecule

Consists of two atoms of the same element in a covalent bond.

Crust

Contains many compounds and a few uncombined metals such as gold and copper; Earth's Outer Layer.

Allotrope

Different forms of the same element having different molecular structures.

Lithium

Doctors use _______ compounds to treat bipolar depression.

Alkali Metal

Each atom of an ________________ has one electron in its outer energy level.This electron is given up when this metal combines with another atom. As a result, this metal becomes a positively charged ion (cation) in a compound such as sodium chloride.

Alkaline Earth Metal

Each atom of an ___________________ has two electrons in its outer energy level.

1

Each atom of an alkali metal has __________ electron(s) in its outer energy level.

Metalloid

Element that shares some properties with metals and some with nonmetals.

Metal

Element that typically is a hard, shiny solid, is malleable, and is a good conductor of heat and electricity

Nonmetal

Element that usually is a gas or brittle solid at room temperature, is not malleable or ductile, is a poor conductor of heat and electricity, and typically is not shiny.

Radioactive Element

Element, such as radium, whose nucleus breaks down and emits particles and energy.

Transuranium Element

Elements having more than 92 protons, all of which are synthetic and unstable.

Alkaline Earth Metals

Elements in Group 2 of the periodic table are __________ .

Transition Element

Elements in Groups 3 through 12 of the periodic table; occur in nature as uncombined elements and include the iron triad and coinage metals.

Noble Gases

Exist as isolated atoms; They are stable because their outermost energy levels are full. No naturally occurring compounds are known. The stability is what makes them useful.The light weight of helium makes it useful in lighter-than-air blimps and balloons. Neon and argon are used in "neon lights" for advertising.

Halogens

Fluorine, chlorine, and astatine, are called _________ and are in Group 7A.

1

Group _ metals are shiny, malleable, and ductile.

They are more stable

How do transition elements differ from elements in Groups 1 and 2? A) They are Brittle and powdery. B) They are less stable. C) They are usually gases at room temperature. D) They are more stable.

salt

If a halogen gains an electron from a metal, an ionic compound, called a ________ is formed

90%

If you could count all the atoms in the universe, you would find that about ___ of them are hydrogen.

Metallic Bonding

In ______________, positively charged metallic ions are surrounded by a cloud of electrons. Outer-level electrons are not held tightly to the nucleus of an atom. Rather, the electrons move freely among many positively charged ions.

Metals

In chemical reactions, _______ tend to give up electrons easily to form positive ions.

Halogens

In the gaseous state, ________ form reactive diatomic covalent molecules and can be identified by their distinctive colors.

Metals

In the periodic table, ______ are elements found to the left of the stair-step line.

Nonmetals

In the periodic table, all _________ except hydrogen are found at the right of the stair-step line.

Metallic

In what type of bonding are positively charged metallic ions surrounded by a cloud of electrons?

Mercury

Is a silvery, liquid metal—the only transition metal that is a liquid at room temperature. It is used in thermometers, thermostats, switches, and batteries.Is poisonous and can accumulate in the body.

Radioactive Element

Is one in which the nucleus breaks down and gives off particles and energy.

Semiconductor

Materials having conductivity properties between that of metals (good conductors) and nonmetals (insulators) and having controllable conductivity parameters.

Luster

Metals also reflect light. This is a property called ______.

Malleable

Metals are __________, which means they can be hammered or rolled into sheets.

Ductile

Metals are also _______, which means they can be drawn into wires

ores

Metals in Earth's crust that combined with other elements are found as ____. Consist of a metal compound, or mineral, within a mixture of clay or rock.

Ionic and Covalent

Most nonmetals can form ________________ compounds.

Platinum

Most of the world's ________ is found in South Africa.

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Note: Electrons are given up when an alkaline earth metal combines with a nonmetal. As a result, the alkaline earth metal becomes a positively charged ion in a compound such as calcium fluoride, CaF2.

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Note: Most of your body's mass is made of oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen.

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Note: The barium compound BaSO4 is used to diagnose some digestive disorders because it absorbs X-ray radiation well.

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Note: The electrons in most nonmetals are strongly attracted to the nucleus of the atom. So, as a group, nonmetals are poor conductors of heat and electricity.

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Note: The first elements in Groups 8B—iron, cobalt, and nickel—form a unique cluster of transition elements.

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Note: Transition elements are familiar because they often occur in nature as uncombined elements.

Metallic Bonding

Occurs because electrons move freely among a metal's positively charged ions and explains properties such as ductility and the ability to conduct of electricity.

Transition Elements

Often form colored compounds.

Copper

Often is used in electrical wiring because of its superior ability to conduct electricity and its relatively low cost.

Iodide and Bromide

Silver ________ and silver ________ break down when exposed to light, producing an image on paper.

Calcium

________ is used as a free metal, but its compounds are needed for life. Helps make bones strong.

Radium

________, the last element in Group 2, is radioactive and is found associated with uranium. It was once used to treat cancers.

Ductile

Substances that can be drawn into wires without breaking are __________ .

Malleable

Substances that can be hammered or rolled into sheets are __________ .

Alkali Metals

The _________________ are the most reactive of all the metals. They react rapidly—sometimes violently—with oxygen and water.

Alkaline Earth Metal

The _____________________ make up Group 2A of the periodic table.

Metals

The atoms of _________ generally have one to three electrons in their outer energy levels.

Alkali Metals

The elements in Group 1A of the periodic table are the ____________.

Iron, Cobalt, and Nickel

The elements in the iron triad are __________ .

Lanthanide Series

The first row includes a series of elements with atomic numbers of 58 to 71.They follow the element lanthanum.

Metallic Bonding

The idea of _________________ explains many of the properties of metals.

Mercury

The only metal that is a liquid at room temperature is __________ .

Bromine

The only nonmetal that is a liquid at room temperature, also is extracted from compounds in seawater.Are used as dyes in cosmetics.

Sublimation

The process of a solid changing directly to a vapor without forming a liquid

Actinide Series

The second row of inner transition metals includes elements with atomic numbers ranging from 90 to 103. They follow the element actinium. All are radioactive and unstable.

Copper, Silver, and Gold

The three elements in Group 1B—are so stable that they can be found as free elements in nature. These metals were once used widely to make coins. For this reason, they are known as the coinage metals. Consequently, these compounds are used to make photographic film and paper.

Inner Transition Elements

The two rows of elements that seem to be disconnected from the rest on the periodic table. They fit in the periodic table between Groups 3B and 4B in periods 6 and 7

Metals

They are good conductors of heat and electricity, and most are solid at room temperature

Alkali Metals

They are good conductors of heat and electricity. However, they are softer than most other metals.

Halogens

They are very reactive in their elemental form, and their compounds have many uses.

Copper, Silver, and Gold

What are the elements of Group 11 that are known as the coinage metals?

Water

When ___________ is broken down into its elements, hydrogen becomes a gas made up of diatomic molecules.

Nonmetals

When ____________ gain electrons from metals, they become negative ions in ionic compounds.

Metal

When a ______ is hammered into a sheet or drawn into a wire, it does not break because the ions are in layers that slide past one another without losing their attraction to the electron cloud

Share

When bonded with other nonmetals, atoms of nonmetals usually _____ electrons to form covalent compounds.

More Chemically Stable

When metal atoms share their outermost electrons with a nonmetal, the metal and nonmetal become __________

Ionic Bonds

When metals combine with nonmetals, the atoms of the metals tend to lose electrons to the atoms of nonmetals, forming __________.

Iron Triad

Which elements in the periodic table are known to have magnetic properties?

Group 18

Which group of elements in the periodic table contains only noble gases?

Group 17

Which group of elements in the periodic table is known as the halogens?

Fluorine

Which is the most chemically active of all the elements? A) chlorine B) hydrogen C) oxygen D) fluorine

Radium

Which of the following alkaline earth metals is radioactive? A) Barium B) calcium C) Radium D) Which elements are needed by the human body for life?

Aluminum

Which of the following is most abundant in Earth's crust? A) iron B) aluminum C) cobalt D) nickel

Alkali

Which of the following is the most reactive of all metals? A) lanthanide B) alkali C) actinide

They are Radioactive

Which of the following is true of all the elements in the actinide series? A) They are radioactive. B) They have magnetic properties. C) They are used in TV tubes to produce colors. D) Most of a human's body mass is made up of these.

Lanthanides

Which of the rare earth metals are used to make compounds that are used in the motion picture industry? A) lanthanides B) actinides C) iron triad D) noble gases

Electron Cloud

Which of these best describes electrons in metallic bonding? A. electron acceptor B. electron cloud C. electron donor D. electrons in fixed orbits

Quartz

Which of these compounds is not an allotrope of carbon? A. buckminsterfullerene B. diamond C.graphite D. quartz

Outer-level electrons are weakly held

Why are metals good conductors of electricity? A) Outer-level electrons are weakly held. B) Outer-level electrons are tightly held. C) Metals do not share the electrons in their outer energy levels. D) The outer energy levels of metals are nearly filled.

Protective Coating

Zinc combines with oxygen in the air to form a thin, ________________ of zinc oxide on its surface.

Group 12

Zinc, cadmium, and mercury are found in _______ of the periodic table.

Metals

______ are good conductors of electricity because the outer-level electrons are weakly held.

Halogen

_______ lights contain small amounts of bromine or iodine.

Hydrogen

________ can gain an electron when it combines with alkali and alkaline earth metals.

Iron

the main component of steel—is the most widely used of all metals.