Chapter 19.3- The National Unification and Nationalism

1871

German & Italy would be unified by the Crimean War which was the result of the long-term struggle b/n Russia and the Ottoman Empire.

1870

Prussia and France disputed the candidacy of the relative of the Prussian king for the throne of Spain.

July 3, 1866

Prussia defeated Austria.

1864

Prussia defeated Denmark w/ Austria gaining Schleswig & Holestein.

1837-1901

Queen Victoria reigned(longest in English history ) well reflected in British pride. Her sense of duty and moral respectability reflected attitudes of her age (Victorian Age).

March 1856

After heavy losses, the Treaty of Paris signed Moldavia & Walachia from Russia to all the great powers.

Who did the Germans look to in support of unification?

After the failed Frankfurt Assembly, Gemany looked to very strong Prussia who relied on militarism.

1815

Aristocracy govern GB through both houses of Parliment.

August 1860

Garibaldi crossed mainland, & a victorious march up the peninsula.

1850

Austria was the dominant power on the Italian Peninsula, but after a failed revolution, they looked to the Piedmont for leadership in unification.

1862-1866

Bismarck ruled w/o the support Parliment approval and pursued active foreign policy causing war.

June 14, 1866

Bismark createde friction & Austria & Prussia went to war.

July 19, 1870

Bismark urged France into declaring war on Prussia called the Franco- Prussian war.

1852

Camillo di Cavour, dedicated polt leader, was elected by the king as PM. He pursued $ expansion to increase gov revenues & started large army. He made an alliance w/ Louis- Napoleon to take Austria.

1859

Cavour provoked Austria to declare war.

September 2, 1870

French army and Napoleon III were captured in Sedan.

1848

GB was more liberal while F,A, & R were more authoritarian(Favoring or enforcing strict obedience to authority at the expense of personal freedom.)

July 1860

In Sicily, a revolt against the French king broke out & Garibaldi's forces came in, and he controlled most of the island.

1870

In the Franco- Prussian War, French troops w/drew from Rome.

Effects of the Crimean War

It destroyed Concert of Europe, Austria & Russia became enemies in the 1850s after Austria refused to support Russia which led to 20 yrs od w/drawal from European affairs, & Austria was friendless opening the door for German and Italian unification.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Italian patriot raised an army of 1,000 volunteers called the Red Shirts

September 20, 1870

Italy captured Rome and made it their capital.

1849

King Victor Emmanuel II became the ruler of the Kingdom of the Piedmont which included Sardinia, Nice, Savoy, and Piedmont.

1860s

King William I tried to enlarge Prussian army, but the Legislature refused. He appointed Count Otto van Bismark as new PM Bismark believed in the "poltics of reality"( practical matters rather than ethics) & openly vioced dislike of any1 that opposed him. He ignored legislatures military rejection saying power is why Germany has interest & collected taxes & strengthened army.

September 1860

Naples and 2 Sicilies fell.

March 17, 1861

New state under King Victor Emmanuel II, but Venetia was still held by Austria, and the pope and French troops still held Rome.

The Effects of the Conflict(Cavour v. Austria)

Nice & Savoy were given to France in return for alliance . Lombardy was givem to the Piedmont(from Austria), but Austria kept Venetia. Cavour's success inspired Italian nationalists to overthrow gov & join the Kingdom of the Piedmont.

1800

Ottoman Empire was in decline & authority over the Balkans was weakening.

January 28, 1871

Paris surrendered and in May the peace treaty was signed. France had to pay 5 billion francs and give up Alsace and Lorraine.

1850s-1860s

Parliament made reforms to keep stability , but the Irish nationalist movement continued in which demand for control of irish affairs.

1832

Parliament passed a bill that increased the # of male voters(industrial middle class) which avoided revolution in 1848.

1853

Russia invaded the Balkan provinces of Moldavia & Walachia, and Turks declared war. GB and F also declared war on Russia which became the Crimean War which was poorly planned and fought.

January 18 , 1871

The Southern States agreed to enter the N. German Confederation. Bismark & 600 German princes, nobles,& generals filled the Hall of Mirrors in Versailles. William I of Prussia was the kaiser of the 2nd German Empire(1st being the medieval HRE).

Austro- Prussian War of 1866

The new Italian state allied w/ Prussia & got Venetia.

militarism

reliance on military strength

Why did Russia want the Balkans?

the Strait of Dardanelles to have sea access making them a world power Other nations also wanted some Ottoman territory.