Chapter 2

Indicate how pH and temperature affect the activity of an enzyme.

-Causing a conformational change in the enzyme -Altering the shape of the substrate binding site.

The following are important properties of water allowing it to support life.

-Cohesion -Solvency -Chemical reactivity.

Indicate the different types of lipids.

-Fatty acids -Steroids -Phospholipids -Eicosanoids -Triglycerides

Some monosaccharides are:

-Fructose -Galactose -Glucose

Multiple part molecules of carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids and lipids are examples of ________. They are also referred to as ________.

-Macromolecules -Polymers

The molecular wright of a molecule is:

-Measured in atomic mass units -Useful for calculating concentrations -Equal to the sum of the atomic weights

The molecular weight of a molecule is:

-Measured in atomic mass units. -Equal to the sum of the atomic weights -Useful for calculating concentrations.

Gucose (C6H12O6) is an

-Molecule -Compound

Multiple part molecules of carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids and lipids are examples of ________. They are also referred to as ______.

-Polymers. -Macromolecules.

What is true regarding metabolism?

-Sum of all of the chemical reactions in the body -Includes reaction where new molecules are synthesized -Includes reactions where molecules are broken down.

The following statements are true of proteins.

-They act as receptors on cells' surfaces -They catalyze chemical reactions -They transport oxygen

Indicate which statements are true of Proteins

-They catalyze chemical reactions -They act as receptors on cells' surfaces -They transport oxygen

A carbohydrates composed of two covalently-bonded simple sugars (monosaccharides_ is a

Disaccharide.

Name the subatomic particle with a negative charge

Electron.

The simplest form of matter to have unique properties are the ________.

Elements.

An input of _______ s required for a system to preform work.

Energy.

An ______ is a protein that functions as a biological catalyst.

Enzyme.

An ______ reaction consists of two molecules that trade or groups of atoms.

Exchange.

a single covalent bond is:

Formed by the sharing of two electrons between two atoms.

Common arrangements of atoms associated with hydrocarbon backbones are called ______ groups.

Functional

________, a monosaccharide found in the blood, is the monomer that can form glycogen and starch.

Glucose.

A hydrophobic organic compound composed mainly of carbon and high ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is a _______. Examples include fatty acids, fats, phospholipids, steriods, and prostaglandins.

Lipids.

Hydrophobic organic molecules, such as fatty acids, fats, steroids, and prostaglandins, are classifies as:

Lipids.

________ refers to the sum of all the chemical reactions in the body.

Metabolism.

Inorganic elements that are extracted from the soil by plants and passed up the food chain are known as ________.

Minerals.

A ______ consists of substances that are physically blended but not chemically bound.

Mixture.

Identify the term used to mane one of the identical or similar subunits of a larger molecule.

Monomer

A starch molecule may contain thousands of smaller glucose subunits. Glucose is the _______ of starch.

Monomer.

Disaccharides can be broken down into ___________.

Monosaccharides.

Solutions with a pH of 7 are considered:

Neutral.

Name the particle found in the nucleus that has a neutral charge.

Neutron.

Isotopes vary in the number of _______.

Neutrons.

Regarding the components of a solution, saltwater is a solution of NaCL (salt) in water. in this scenario, NaCL is the _____.

solute.

To move something, one is required to do _______.

Work.

A proton (H+) donor, or a chemical that releases protons into solution, is an _______.

Acid.

The pH of the stomach can be as low as 2. This pH would be considered _______.

Acidic.

The molecule called _______ may combine with an inorganic phosphate to from ATP.

Adenosine Diphosphate

Name the molecule composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups that functions as a universal energy-transfer molecule.

Adenosine triphosphate.

Describe an ion.

An atom that has gained or lost electrons.

An ion with a net negative charge (more electrons that protons) is called an ________.

Anion.

A _____ is a chemical that binds protons in a solution and functions as a proton acceptor.

Base.

Blood, with a normal pH range of 7.35 to 7.45, is considered ______.

Basic

The study of the molecules and chemical reactions that occur in living cells is known as ________.

Biochemistry.

Describe a decomposition reaction:

Breaks down a large molecule into smaller parts.

Substances that resist changes in pH are known as ________.

Buffers.

Monosaccharids, disaccharides, and polysaccharides are all part of the family of macromolecules called ________.

Carbohydrates.

The element that is the foundation of biological molecule is _______; this element has four valence electrons and can form a wide variety of bonds.

Carbon.

Fatty acids contain both a ________ group and a ________ group.

Carboxyl. Methyl.

Name the type of ion that has lost an electron and, consequently, has a net positive charge.

Cation.

A _______ reaction is a process in which a covalent or ionic bod is broken or formed.

Chemical.

Covalent, ionic, and hydrogen are examples of _________ bonds.

Chemical.

A glucose polymer synthesized by liver, muscle, uterine, and vaginal cells that serves as an energy-storage polysaccharide is ________.

Glycogen.

A ________ is a phospholipid molecule with a carbohydrate covalently bonded to it. It can be found in the plasma membranes of cells.

Glycolipid.

An ____ bond involves the attraction of a cation to an anion.

Ionic

Nucleotides are the subunits of the macromolecule type called __________.

Nucleic acids.

An organic molecule composed of a nitrogenous base, a monosaccharide, and a phosphate group, and is the monomer of nucleic acids, is called a _______.

Nucleotide

Name the bonds between amino acids in a protein.

Peptide bond.

A ________ is an amphiphilic molecule composed of two fatty acids and one phosphate group bonded to a glycerol molecule. These molecules are the major component of the plasma membrane and other cellular membranes.

Phospholipid.

A large molecule that consists of many identical or similar subunits, such as protein, DNA or starch is a ______.

Polymer.

Any chain more than 15 amino acids can be defined as a ________.

Polypeptide.

The ________ structure of a protein is the amino acid sequence of the protein.

Primary

Amino acids are the subunits or larger molecules called _________.

Proteins.

Name the family of macromolecules that plays a role in cell structure, communication (hormones and neurotransmitters), membrane transport, catalysis (enzymes), recognition and protection (immune factors), movement (contractile molecules), and cell adhesion.

Proteins.

Polypeptides over 100 amino acids long are generally classified as ___________.

Proteins.

Name the particle found in the nucleus that has a positive charge.

Proton.

Chemical reactions that are ______ can proceed in either direction.

Reversible.

A _______ consists of a solute dissolved in a solvent.

Solution.

Saltwater is a solution of NaCl in water. In this scenario, water is the ______.

Solvent.

Name the only plant polysaccharide digestible in the human diet?

Starch.

Two amino acids are brought together to form a dipeptide. This is an example of a _________ reaction.

Synthesis.

A lipid composed of three fatty acids joined to a glycerol is a ________.

Triglyceride.

A molecule may be composed of one element or more than one element.

True.

Anabolism is a term for metabolic reactions that:

Use energy, and build large molecules from small molecules.

Hydrophilic means soluble in ________.

Water.

Hydrophobic means that a substance is insoluble in _______.

Water.

Most chemical mixtures in the body are suspended in ______. Name the solvent.

Water.

The active site of an enzyme is:

Where it binds its substrate.

The abbreviation ______ indicates the measure of acidity which is derived from the concentration of H+

pH.