Chapter 2: Anatomy and Physiology
About _______ percent of the body's weight is in muscles.
40
How much blood does the human body contain?
8-10 pints
Blood is about ______ percent water and contains proteins, sugars and minerals.
90%
_____ tissue gives smoothness and contour to the body.
Adipose
definition of anatomy and physiology
Anatomy is divided into the study of body structures that can only be seen with a microscope and the study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye, while physiology is the study of the functions and activities performed by body structures.
Circulatory system
Controls the steady movement of blood through the body by means of the heart and blood vessels
Muscular System
Covers, shapes, and holds the skeletal system in place
Muscular system
Covers, shapes, and holds the skeletal system in place
Lymphatic/immune system
Destroys disease-causing toxins, foreign material, and bacteria
Why do esthetic students need to study anatomy and physiology
Estheticians must be able to recognize changes in the body, understand the effects of treatments on the body, understand the scientific basis of services such as massages, and be aware of how treatment decisions affect body structures.
What is the study of the structure and composition of tissue?
Histology, also known as microscopic anatomy, is the study of the structure and composition of tissue.
What is true of the origin part of a muscle?
It is closest to the skeleton.
What is not true about the brain?
It is the largest organ of the body.
pituitary gland
It is the most complex organ of the endocrine system.
Muscle tissue can be positively influenced during an esthetic treatment by _____.
Muscular tissue can be stimulated by massage, infrared light, moist heat, electrical therapy current and more.
nerve impulses
Muscular tissue can be stimulated by nerve impulses.
There are five chief functions of the blood
One of those functions is to carry water, oxygen, nutrition, and minerals to all the cells and tissues of the body. Blood also carries away carbon dioxide and waste products to be eliminated through the lungs, skin, and kidneys. It helps to equalize the body's temperature, thus protecting the body from extreme heat and cold. It also aids in protecting the body from harmful bacteria ad infections through the action of the white blood cells. Finally, it closes injured tiny blood vessels by forming clots, thus preventing blood loss.
Reproductive system
Performs the function of producing offspring and passing on genetics from one generation to another
types of nerves
Sensory nerves carry impulses or messages from the sense organs to the brain, where sensations such as touch, cold, heat, sight, hearing, taste, smell, pain, and pressure are experienced. Motor nerves carry impulses from the brain to the muscles or glands. A reflex is an automatic nerve reaction to a stimulus that involves the movement of an impulse from a sensory receptor along the sensory nerve to the spinal cord and a responsive impulse back along a motor neuron to a muscle, causing a reaction.
Integumentary system
Serves as a protective covering and helps regulate the body's temperature
three muscle types: _____.
Skeletal, or voluntary, muscles contract with conscious thought. Smooth, or involuntary, muscles are not under conscious control. Cardiac muscles are specific to heart function and are not under conscious control.
Bones of the hand
The carpus, also known as the wrist, is a flexible joint composed of eight small, irregular bones (carpals) held together by ligaments. The metacarpus, also known as palm, consists of five long, slender bones called metacarpal bones. The phalanges, also known as digits, are the bones in the fingers, three in each finger and two in each thumb, totaling 14 bones.
________ is also known as the accessory nerve, is a type of motor nerve that controls the motion of the neck and shoulder muscles. This nerve is important to estheticians because it is affected during facials, primarily with massage.
The eleventh cranial nerve
pronators
The pronators are muscles that turn the hand inward so that the palm faces downward.
sternocleidomastoid
The sternocleidomastoid (SCM) is the muscle extending along side of the neck from the ear to the collarbone. It acts to rotate the head from side to side and up and down.
cranial nerves
There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves arising at the base of the brain and the brain stem. Estheticians are primarily concerned with nerves V, VII, and XI, and each one has several branches.
protoplasm
a colorless, jellylike substance in which nutrients are present
Which movement separates the fingers?
abduction
Muscles that draws a finger inward are the _____.
adductor
Systemic circulation
also known as general circulation, carries the oxygenated blood from the heart throughout the body and to the heart again.
circulatory system
also known as the cardiovascular system or vascular system, controls the steady circulation of the blood through the body by means of the heart and blood vessels (veins and arteries).
clavicle
also known as the collarbone, which joins the sternum and scapula
largest artery in the body
aorta
What are the three muscles of the ear called?
auricularis muscles
cell
basic unit of all living things
When you show someone your muscles on your arm, you are most likely showing them your _____.
bicep
the liver discharges
bile
What is a nutritive fluid flowing through the circulatory system?
blood
What are platelets?
blood components that contribute to the blood clotting process
Where in the body does the spinal cord originate?
brain
digestion
breakdown of food by mechanical and chemical mean
ingestion
breakdown of food by mechanical and chemical means
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
breathing
the _____ nerve, which controls the muscles of the mouth.
buccal
Which muscle is thin and flat between the upper and lower jaw that compresses the cheeks and expels air between the lips?
buccinator
the lungs exhale
carbon dioxide
nerve tissue
carries messages through the central nervous system and controls and coordinates all body functions
Systemic or general circulation
carries the oxygenated blood from the heart throughout the body and back to the heart again.
mitosis
cell divides into two identical cells called daughter cells
there are fewer neck bones than facial bones, including the _____, which consist of the seven bones forming the top part of the vertebral column located in the neck region.
cervical vertebrae
digestive enzymes
chemicals that change certain kinds of food into a form that can be used by the body
The lymphatic system
closely connected to the circulatory system for the transportation of fluids. The difference is that the lymphatic system transports lymph and the circulatory system carries blood. Lymph is a liquid composed of changing components in the interstitial fluid as the fluid is circulating throughout the body, dispersing white blood cells and cell nutrients.
tissues are _____.
collection of similar cells that perform a particular function. Each tissue has a specific function and can be recognized by its characteristic appearance.
What binds the tissues of the body together?
connective tissue
muscle tissue
contracts and moves various parts of the body
human cells are composed of _____
cytoplasm, DNA within the nucleus, and organelles
the large intestine eliminates
decomposed and undigested foods
White blood cells
destroy disease-causing microorganisms.
tissue is composed of _____.
different types of bone cells plus inorganic salts and collagenous fibers
What body system is responsible for changing food into nutrients and waste?
digestive
What is defecation?
eliminating waste from the body
defecation
elimination of feces from the body
What body system affects the growth, development, sexual activities, and health of the body?
endocrine
The broad muscle that covers the top of the skull is the _____.
epicranius
What do the kidneys do?
excrete water and waste products
The kidneys and bladder are part of this system.
excretory
connective tissue
fibrous tissue that binds together, protects and supports other tissues
What is the sternum?
flat bone that forms the ventral support of the ribs
When you bend forward you are using which muscle movement?
flexion
Which muscles causes wrinkles in the forehead?
frontalis
he _____ muscle raises the eyebrows and causes wrinkles across the forehead.
frontalis
What organ circulates the blood?
heart
What are the secretions that the endocrine glands release directly into the bloodstream and that influence the welfare of the entire body?
hormones
Which body system protects the body from disease by developing resistances and destroying disease-causing toxins?
immune/lymphatic
the _____ nerve branch of the fifth cranial nerve affects the skin of the lower eyelid, side of the nose, upper lip, and mouth.
infraorbital
What body system serves as a protective covering for the body?
integumentary
Which body system regulates temperature and produces vitamin D?
integumentary
What is a connection between two or more bones of the skeleton?
joint
Which large, flat, triangular muscle covers the lower back?
latissimus dorsi
You use this muscle to smile, but not grin.
levator anguli oris
bones are held together by _____.
ligaments at joints
When estheticians perform lymphatic drainage ______
lymphatic flow improves, swelling is reduced, and circulation is increased.
The common carotid arteries
main source of blood supply to the head, face, and neck. They are located on either side of the neck, and each one is divided into an internal and external branch.
How does massage help the muscles of the hand?
maintains pliability
Which of these muscles are used in chewing?
masseter and temporalis
What is the process of cell reproduction called?
mitosis
____, which is the usual process of cell reproduction in human tissues that occurs when the cell divides into two identical cells called _____ cells.
mitosis; daughter
What is the primary function of the circulatory system?
moving blood through the body
peristalsis
moving food along the digestive tract
epithelial tissue
mucous membranes, the lining of the heart, digestive and respiratory organs
Which type of tissue contracts and moves various parts of the body?
muscle tissue
abductors
muscles that draw a body part, such as a finger, arm, or toe, away from the midline of the body or of an extremity. In the hand, abductors separate the fingers.
What carries messages to and from the brain and controls and coordinates all body functions?
nerve tissue
What is the body system that controls and coordinates all other body systems?
nervous
Which body system controls and coordinates all bodily functions?
nervous
What bone forms the back of the skull?
occipital
Which muscle draws the scalp backward?
occipitalis
The heart
often referred to as the body's pump; it is a muscular, cone-shaped organ that keeps blood moving within the circulatory system. The interior of the heart contains four chambers and four valves. Valves between the chambers allow the blood to flow in only one direction.
This muscle closes the eyes.
orbicularis oculi
If you want to pucker up, you need to use the _____ muscle.
orbicularis oris
What are the structures composed of specialized tissues and performing specific functions?
organs
The part of the muscle that does not move is the _____.
origin
Which part of the muscle flexes but remains stationary?
origin
What organ in the endocrine system secretes enzyme-producing cells that are responsible for digesting carbohydrates, proteins, and fats?
pancreas
Insertion
part of the muscle that is the movable attachment and farthest from the skeleton. Pressure in massage is usually directed from the insertion to the origin.
What is the primary function of the reproductive system?
perpetuating the human race
the skin eliminates salts and minerals through
perspiration
What is the fluid part of the blood that carries food and secretions to the cells and carbon dioxide from the cells?
plasma
nucleus
plays an important part in cell reproduction and metabolism
The muscle of the nose that lowers the eyebrows and causes wrinkles across the bridge of the nose is the _____.
procerus muscle
What is the primary function of the lymphatic/immune system?
protecting the body from disease
What is the primary function of the skeletal system?
providing the physical foundation of the body
What is the primary function of the excretory system?
purifying the body by elimination of waste matter
Which body system eliminates carbon dioxide as a waste product?
respiratory
This muscle is used to grin.
risorius
The digital nerve
sensory-motor nerve that, with its branches, supplies the fingers.
Which type of muscle will estheticians work with?
skeletal
What is covered, shaped, and supported by the muscular system?
skeletal tissue
Why does the parathyroid gland regulate blood calcium and phosphorous levels?
so the nervous and muscular systems can function properly
What are glands?
specialized organs that remove and convert elements from the blood
When you turn your head, you are using the _____.
sternocleidomastoid
organs
structures composed of specialized tissues designed to perform specific functions
What are valves?
structures that close a passage or permit flow in one direction only
What is protoplasm?
substance of which the cells of all living things are composed
This movement is used to rotate the muscles.
supinate
_____ bones, which form the sides of the head in the ear region.
temporal
largest and most complex mass of nerve tissue in the body.
the brain
The circulatory systems does consist of
the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries for the distribution of blood throughout the body.
orbicularis oculi
the ring of muscle of the eye socket; it closes the eyes.
The internal jugular vein and the external jugular vein are located at ______
the side of the neck
absorption
the transport of fully digested food into the circulatory system to feed the tis-sues and cells
Veins
thin-walled blood vessels that are less elastic than arteries.
Veins
thin-walled blood vessels that are less elastic than arteries. They contain cup-like valves that keep blood flowing in one direction to the heart and prevent the blood from flowing backward.
_____ is composed of the sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae.
thorax
Connective, epithelial, muscle, and nerve are types of what found in the body?
tissue
What is the importance of lymph?
to disperse white blood cells and cell nutrients
Why is it important as an esthetician to know about the muscles of the forearm?
to maintain good body mechanics during treatments
functions of the skeletal system
to provide structure for the body
What is one reason estheticians should study body systems, organs, and tissues?
to understand the effect services have on the body
Functions of blood
transports water, oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and waste products
This muscle pulls down the corners of the mouth.
triangularis
blood vessels
tubelike structures that include the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins.
How many identical daughter cells are formed when a cell divides during mitosis?
two
the kidneys excrete
urine
Nerves
whitish cords, made up of bundles of nerve fibers held together by connective tissue, through which impulses are transmitted.
cheekbones, also known as the _____ bones.
zygomatic