Chapter 2- Atoms

Select the correct statements for key terms and ideas regarding the components of matter. Select all that apply. Multiple select question.

Covalent compounds consist of atoms bonded by electron pairs mutually attracted to both nuclei. Substances have a fixed composition throughout. Homogeneous mixtures have the same composition throughout.

Al (atomic number 13) _____ 3 electrons to form the Al3+ ion, which therefore contains a total of _____ electrons.

loses; 10

The metal lithium. __________ an electron to form the cation Li+ and the nonmetal bromine _____________ an electron to form the anion Br-. The ions are held together by a strong __________ attraction in a 3D array called a crystal lattice

loses; gains; ionic

The charge of an ion with fewer electrons than its neutral atom is

positive

What is the correct name of the ionic compound Li3N?

Lithium Nitride

Which of the following nonmetals exist as diatomic molecules at room temperature? Select all that apply.

N, O, F

Which of the following formulas correctly identify the usual form of each element at room temperature? Select all that apply.

O2, P4, Cl2

Which of the following statements correctly describe the observations that led to the development of the nuclear model of the atom? Select all that apply.

Rutherford determined that the main mass of the atom is concentrated in a central region. Thomson measured the mass/charge ratio for an electron. The discovery of cathode rays led to an understanding that the atom contains smaller particles.

milkman's oil drop experiment

The determination of the charge on a single electron

The law of multiple proportions states that if two elements A and B combine to form two compounds, the different masses of B that combine with a fixed mass of A are ______.

The ratio of small numbers

Which of the following options correctly describe the results of the experiments performed by Thomson and Millikan? Select all that apply. Multiple select question.

Thomson studied the behavior of cathode rays Milkman measured the electrical charge of oil droplets Millikan's work allowed the charge of the electron to be calculated.

True or false: After the completion of a chemical reaction, the number of substances may have changed but the amount of matter remains constant.

True

An ion with more electrons than its neutral atom is called an

anion

Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the same _____ number but a different _____ number. This is because isotopes have the same number of protons but a different number of _____.

atomic; mass; neutrons

Dalton's atomic theory stated that matter consists of tiny indestructible particles by called __________ ; which combine to form _____

atoms; compounds

An ion with fewer electrons than its neutral atom is called an

cation

Element

contains only one type of atom

This observation is reflected in Dalton's postulate that atoms cannot be. _____ or destroyed. . Since each type of atom has its own _______ atomic mass, the total mass cannot change in a chemical reaction.

created; definite

protons is equal to

electrons

The charged particle that forms when an atom, or small group of atoms, loses or gains one or more _______ is called an ion. An ion with a positive charge is called a(n) _________ while an ion with a negative charge is a(n)

electrons; cation; anion

The anion formed by the element fluorine is called ____________, and the anion is formed by the element chlorine is called _____________

fluoride; chlorine

Formula and molecular masses are calculated using the chemical __________. of the relevant compound, and the atomic masses obtained from the __________________,The ____________ the atomic masses in the correct proportions gives the formula or molecular mass of the compound.

formula; periodic; sum

Rutherford's famous experiment involved bombarding a piece of __________ foil with _________________ particles which were known to be heavy and positively charged

gold alpha

A _____ mixture has no visible boundaries between its components because its composition is uniform, whereas a _____ mixture is not uniform and different components can be distinguished.

homogenous; hetrogenous

The atomic mass unit _______

is often abbreviated as amu is based on the mass of an atom of C612

Each element in a given compound comprises a fixed fraction or 1 of the compound. This observation is summarized by the law of definite 2

mass; composition

Each element in a given compound comprises a fixed fraction or percent by ________ of the compound. The observation is summarzied by the law of definite ________

mass; composition

The charge of an ion with more electrons than its neutral atom is

negative

An atom is composed of a very dense central ________ containing ___________, which are + charged, and neutrons which have ________ electrical charge

nucleus; protons; 0

An element is the simplest form of matter that has unique _________ and chemical properties. An element consists of only one kind of __________

physical; atom

To represent an ion, the charge on the ion is written as a right _____ next to the element symbol. If the charge is a number other than one, the number is usually written _____ the positive or negative sign.

superscript; before

Which of the following statements correctly describe the formation of binary ionic compounds? Select all that apply.

A binary ionic compound results from the combination of anions and cations. The metal atoms transfer electrons to the nonmetal atoms. A binary ionic compound typically forms when a metal reacts with a nonmetal.

Which of the following correctly defines a covalent bond? Multiple choice question.

A pair of electrons shared between two nuclei

Which of the following options describe the correct format used to represent an ionic compound? Select all that apply.

In the formula of an ionic compound, the cation is always placed first. Subscripts in the formula for an ionic compound are usually reduced to the simplest ratio. The number of atoms/ions in the formula is indicated by a subscript.

Water (H2O) contains 8.0 g O for every 1.0 g of H and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contains 16.0 g O for every 1.0 g of H. Therefore, the ratio of the masses of oxygen that combine with a fixed amount of hydrogen in the two compounds is a small whole number ratio of 2:1. This is an example of the law of _____.

Multiple proportions

Which of the following statements correctly describe the bonding in NaCl, which is an ionic compound? Select all that apply.

Na loses an electron to form the cation Na+. Ionic bonds generally form when a metal bonds to a nonmetal. The attraction between the oppositely charged ions is called the ionic bond.

The compound MgS is correctly named magnesium

Sulfide

Which of the following options correctly describe mixtures? Select all that apply. Multiple select question.

The components can be separated by physical means. The proportions of the components can vary. The components of a mixture are not chemically bonded together.

Molecule

is an independent structure consisting of two or more atoms covalently bonded together

Which of the following options correctly describes how straight-chain alkanes are named?

Alkanes are named with the root based on the number of carbon atoms followed by the suffix -ane.

Which of the following options correctly describe Rutherford's experiment? Select all that apply.

An α particle was known at this time to be positively charged. The pathway followed by the α particles was tracked using a zinc-sulfide screen. This experiment used α particles to probe atomic structure

Which of the following options correctly describe Dalton's atomic theory? Select all that apply.

Atoms of the same element are identical. Compounds result from the combination of a specific ratio of atoms of different elements. All matter consists of atoms.

Mixture

Contains a variety of elements and compounds that are not chemically combined with each other, separated with physical means

Which of the following options are correct names for ionic compounds? Select all that apply.

Copper(II) oxide Potassium chloride

Which of the following statements correctly describe the atomic number of an element? Select all that apply.

Each element has its own unique atomic number. The atomic number is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus.

Which of the following options correctly describe how to name an ionic compound? Select all that apply. Multiple select question.

For a monatomic anion, the element name is changed to end in -ide. The cation is named first and the anion second.

Binary acids are named with the prefix _____ and the suffix _____.

Hydro;ic

During a chemical reaction, the total _____ of the substances present does not change. The number of substances may change, but the total amount of matter present _____.

Mass; unchanged

Which of the following is the correct symbol for the oxide anion, which has a charge of -2?

O2-

Consider the formula for the ionic compound Na2O. Which of the following statements correctly interpret this formula? Select all that apply.

The cation in this compound is Na+. The compound contains 2 Na+ ions for every O2- ion.

Which of the following correctly describe atomic structure? Select all that apply. Multiple select question.

The number of protons equals the number of electrons in a neutral atom. The nucleus comprises a very small fraction of the total volume of the atom. The protons and neutrons together comprise most of the mass of the atom.

Which of the following correctly defines a formula unit?

The simplest ratio representing the relative numbers of cations and anions in an ionic compound.

Which transition metals usually form only one monoatomic cation? Select all that apply.

Zn; Cd; Ag

Thomson's experiments with cathode rays determined that atoms contained even smaller particles called _____, which have a _____ charge.

electrons;negative`

In a given chemical compound, the component _____ are present in _____ proportions by mass, regardless of the source of the compound.

elements; fixed

Main group cations

ion charge equals the A group number

The elements in the modern periodic table are arranged in order of increasing atomic ___________ The vertical columns of the table are called ____________ or families, and the horizontal rows are called ____________.

number; groups; periods

An ionic compound is formed when ions of _______ charge attract. An ionic compound is ___________ overall even though it contains charged particles; therefore it must contain equal # of +/- ___________

opposite; neutral; charges

each element has a unique number of

protons

Covalent compounds form when elements _____ electrons, which usually occurs between _____. A covalent compound is electrically neutral and is composed of individual units called _____.

share; nonmetals; molecules

The atomic mass unit is defined as _______.

1/12 the mass of a carbon atom

The atomic mass unit is defined as _______.

1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom

Which of the following options correctly describe covalent compounds? Select all that apply. Multiple select question.

A covalent compound is formed when electrons are shared. The smallest unit of a covalent compound is called a molecule.

How does Dalton's atomic theory account for the fact that different samples of the same compound always contain a fixed mass percentage of its component elements?

A given compound always contains a fixed ratio of its component elements.

Which of the following options correctly describe how straight-chain alkanes are named? Select all that apply.

Alkanes are named with the root based on the number of carbon atoms followed by the suffix -ane. Larger alkanes are named according to the Greek prefixes. Meth-, eth-, prop-, and but- are the root names for alkanes with one, two, three, and four carbons, respectively.

Which of the following statements correctly describe an element? Select all that apply.

An element may consist of two or more of the same atoms bonded together. An element consists of only one kind of atom

Which of the following options correctly describe how acids are named? Select all that apply. Multiple select question.

Binary acids have the prefix hydro- to specify that they contain hydrogen. Binary acids contain the nonmetal root and then the suffix -ic. Oxoacids are named similarly to oxoanions except the suffix is changed from -ate to -ic and -ite to -ous.

Which of the following statements correctly describe isotopes? Select all that apply.

Isotopes of the same element have the same element symbols. Isotopes have similar chemical properties. Isotopes have different numbers of neutrons.

Which of the following options correctly describe how to name an ionic compound? Select all that apply.

The cation is named first and the anion second. For a monatomic anion, the element name is changed to end in -ide.

Which of the following options correctly describe how to determine the charge on a monatomic ion using the periodic table? Select all that apply.

The charge of most transition metal cations cannot readily be predicted from the periodic table. Ca is in Group 2A and therefore forms the Ca2+ ion. For main-group cations, the ion charge equals the A-group number.

Rutherford Gold Foil Experiment

The discovery of the nucleus of the atom

Thomson's experiments with cathode rays

The discovery the atoms can be divided into two smaller particles

Which of the following options correctly describe how to calculate a molecular or formula mass for a compound? Select all that apply. Multiple select question.

The formula/molecular mass is given by the sum of the masses of the component elements in the correct proportions. The atomic mass of a cation or anion is practically the same as the mass of the neutral element. In a formula such as Ca(NO3)2, all the numbers of atoms inside the parentheses must be multiplied by 2 because of the subscript 2.

Which of the following options correctly describe the arrangement of the periodic table? Select all that apply.

The horizontal rows of the periodic table are called periods. The elements in the upper right portion of the periodic table are nonmetals. Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties.

Anions

The ion charge is calculated by subtracting 8 from the A-group number.

Most elements occur in compound combined with other elements by forming chemical ___________ which are formed by the interaction of the ________ of the atoms involved

bonds; electrons

When naming an ionic compound, the ______________ s always named first. To name the anion, the root of the nonmetal name is added to the suffix ___________. The anion O2- is therefore named _________

cation; ide; oxide

Elements combine in two general ways. In _____ compounds electrons are transfered from one element to the other, while in _____ compounds the electrons are shared between the atoms.

ionic; covalent

The formula of a(n). ____________ compound represents the simplest ratio of the relative numbers of cations and anions present. The ratio is called the formula ___________ of the compound

ionic; unit

Compound

is composed of two or more different elements