Chapter 2 - Chemistry of Life
atomic number
# of protons in the nucleus; written a s subscript to the left of its atomic symbol
◦Know the elements in the human body and their symbols from Table 2.2, pg. 33 (these are colored orange and blue).
============================ MAJOR ELEMENTS ============================ ELEMENT SYMBOL %BODY OXYGEN O 65% CARBON C 18.5% HYDROGEN H 9.5% NITROGEN N 3.2% ============================ LESSER ELEMENTS ============================ ELEMENT SYMBOL %BODY CALCIUM Ca 1.5% PHOSPHORUS P 1.0% POTASSIUM K 0.4% SULFUR S 0.3% SODIUM Na 0.2% CHLORINE Cl 0.2% MAGNESIUM Mg 0.1% IODINE I 0.1% IRON Fe 0.1% ============================ TRACE ELEMENTS(LESS THAN 0.1%)============================ CHROMIUM (Cr) COBALT (Co) COPPER (Cu) FLOURINE (F) MANGANESE (Mn) MOLYBDENUM (Mo) SELENIUM (Se) SILICON (Si) TIN (Sn) VINADIUM (V) ZINC (Zn)
salt
A salt is an ionic compound containing cations other than H+ and anions other than the hydroxyl ion (OH-). salts commonly found in the body= NaCl, CaCO3 (calcium carbonate), and KCl (potassium chloride)
What is ATP?
Adenosine Triphosphate; food energy is stored temporarily in in the bonds of ATP, and later they are broken, and the stored energy is released as needed to do cellular work. Chemical energy in the form of ATP is the most useful form of energy in living systems because it is used to run almost all functional processes.
◦Forms of energy used by the body
Chemical Energy: form of energy stored in the bonds of chemical substances. when chemical reactions occur that rearrange the atoms of chemical in a certain way - potential energy is unleashed and becomes kinetic energy (ex: food, stored energy ATP becomes kinetic energy when broken down in the body, and is used for cellular work.) Electrical Energy: results from the movement of charged particles. In the body, electrical currents are generated when charged particles called ions, move along or across cell membranes. (ex: nervous system sends signals for the body to move, electrical currents in the heart stimulate it to contract) Mechanical Energy: Radiant Energy:
types of chemical reactions
Chemical reaction: is a process in which molecules are formed, changed, or broken down. three types: synthesis, decomposition, or exchange. synthesis (or combination): a chemical reaction in which larger, more complex atoms or molecules are formed from simpler ones. decomposition: a chemical reaction in which a molecule is broken down into smaller molecules or its constituent atoms. exchange (or displacement): a chemical reaction in which bonds are both made an broken; atoms become combined with different atoms.
saturated
Fatty acid chains with only a single covalent bond between carbon atoms. Their fatty acid chains are straight and, at room temp, the molecules of a saturated fat are packed closely together, forming a solid.
dehydration synthesis
Monomers are joined by the removal of (OH) from one monomer and removal of (H) from the other at the site of bond formation. (OH + H= H2O) a water molecule (H2O) is lost when joining monomers. They are linked by a covalent bond. (the opposite of hydrolysis) dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis: Biological molecules are formed from their monomers, or units, by dehydration synthesis and broken down to the monomers by hydrolysis reactions.
hydrolysis
Monomers are released by the addition of a water molecule, adding (OH) to one monomer, and (H) to the other. (the opposite of dehydration synthesis) dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis: Biological molecules are formed from their monomers, or units, by dehydration synthesis and broken down to the monomers by hydrolysis reactions.
Potential Energy
Stored energy (inactive energy that has the potential or capability to do work, but isn't presently doing so: batteries, or water behind a dam)
solvent
Substance present in the greatest amount is called the "solvent", or dissolving medium, substances present in smaller amounts are called "solutes" example: saltwater water=solvent salt=solute
PH Scale
The more hydrogen ions in a solution, the more acidic the solution is. conversely, the greater concentration of hydroxyl ions, the more basic (or alkaline) it is. the relative concentration of hydrogen ions in various body fluids is measured in concentration units called PH UNITS. PH UNITS: The measure of relative acidity or alkalinity the PH scale runs from 0-14. at a PH of 7 - a solution is said to be "neutral". below 7 are acidic, and above are basic. body solutions: blood = 7.4 hydrochloric acid = 0 (stomach)
what is DNA?
a nucleic acid found in all living cells; it carries the organism's hereditary information
DNA
a nucleic acid found in all living cells; it carries the organism's hereditary information. It IS he genetic material; and directs protein synthesis; it replicates itself before cell division. sugar=deoxyribose. Its structure is a double-strand coiled into a double helix.
enzyme
a protein that acts as a biological catalyst to speed up a chemical reaction.
ADP
adenosin diphosphate - formed when ATP is broken down, and also releases energy.
element
all matter is composed of elements. Unique substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods. varieties of matter that compose substances of all kinds. (e.g., carbon, hydrogen, oxygen)
Matter
anything that occupies space and has mass
solution
are homogeneous (meaning that the mixture has the SAME composition or make-up throughout) mixtures of components that may be gases, liquids, or solids.a sample taken from any part of the mixture has the same composition. Substance present in the greatest amount is called the "solvent", or dissolving medium, substances present in smaller amounts are called "solutes" example: saltwater water=solvent salt=solute
catalyst
are substances that regulate and accelerate the rate of biochemical reactions but are not used up or changed in those reactions.
proteins
basic structural material of the body. it is an organic compound composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen; types include enzymes, structural components; proteins are 10-30% of cell mass.
◦What is a buffer?
chemical substance or system that minimizes changes in the PH by releasing or binding hydrogen ions. homeostasis of acid/base balance is closely regulated by the kidneys and lungs, and by chemical systems called "buffers"
what is an inorganic compound?
compounds within the body that do not contain carbon. these include water, salts, and many acids and bases.
◦what is an organic compound?
contain carbon, all organic compounds are covalently bonded molecules, and many are large
Energy
defined as the capacity to do work. or to put matter into motion. can be measured only by its effects on matter.
isotopes
different atomic forms of the same element, which vary only in the number of neutron they contain; the heavier species tend to be radioactive.
isotopes
different atomic forms of the same element, which vary only in the number of neutrons they contain. the heavier species tend to be radioactive.
atomic symbol
each element is designated a one or two letter chemical "shorthand" (usually the first letters of the elements name, but not always) C= Carbon O= Oxygen Ca= Calcium
◦Know what a salt and electrolyte is.
electrolyte: chemical substances such as salts, acids, and bases, that ionize and dissociate in water and are capable of conducting electrical current. salt: an ionic compound containing cations other than H+ and anions other than the hydroxyl ion (OH-) salts commonly found in the body: NaCl (sodium chloride) CaCO3 (calcium carbonate) and KCl (potassium chloride) electrolyte properties of sodium and potassium ions are essential for nerve impulse transmission, and muscle contraction.
Kinetic Energy
energy in action (movement of atoms, movement of objects)
anabolism
energy-requiring building phase of metabolism in which simpler substances are combined to form more complex substances.
atomic number
equal to the number of protons (+) in its nucleus. written as subscript to the left of its atomic symbol, and below the mass number.
triglycerides
fats and oils composed of fatty acids and glycerol; are the body's most concentrated source of energy fuel; also known as neutral fats; commonly known as oils when liquid. triglycerides are found in fat deposits, in subcutaneous tissue and around organs, and protect and insulate body organs, and are the major source of stored energy in the body. glycerol: a modified simple sugar; a building block of fats
unsaturated
fatty acids that contain one or more double bonds between carbon atoms (monounsaturated and polyunsaturated) the double bonds cause the fatty acid chains to kink so that they cannot be packed closely enough to solidify
bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)
is an important base in the body; is particularly abundant in blood.
◦know acids/bases
like salts, acids and bases are electrolytes. they ionize and dissociate in water, and can then conduct an electrical current. Acids: a substance that releases hydrogen ions when in a solution. A proton donor (proton donors - release hydrogen ions in detectable amounts) Base: a substance capable of binding with hydrogen ions; a proton acceptor (proton acceptors - take up hydrogen ions in detectable amounts)
lipoproteins
lipoid and protein based substances that transport fatty acids, lipids, and cholesterol in the blood stream. Major varieties are high density lipoproteins (HDLs) and low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)
disaccharide
literally a double sugar; e.g., sucrose, or lactose when two monosaccaharides are joined by dehydration synthesis dehydration synthesis: a water molecule is lost as the bond is made
polysaccharide
literally means "many sugars" it is a polymer of linked monosaccharides; e.g., starch, glycogen
◦know homeostasis
maintaining proper ionic balance in our body fluids is one of the most crucial homeostatic roles of the kidneys. When this balance is severely disturbed, virtually nothing in the body works. Thousands of physiological activities are disrupted and grind to a stop. homeostasis of acid/base balance is closely regulated by the kidneys and lungs, and by chemical systems called "buffers"
electrons
negatively charged subatomic particle; orbits around the atom's nucleus. Very small, Has only about 1/2000 the mass of a proton.
neutron
neutrally charged subatomic particle; found in the atomic nucleus.
RNA
nucleic acid that contains ribose and the bases A, G, C, and U. Carries out DNA's instructions for protein synthesis. Found in the cytoplasm. sugar =ribose. Its structure is single strand, straight, or folded.
nucleus
nucleus is made up of protons + neutrons = protons are positively charged, neutrons are neutral. so the nucleus is positively charged overall.
carbohydrate
organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; includes starches, sugars, and cellulose can be classified according to size, and soluability: monosaccharide "one sugar" disaccharide "two sugar"
Carbohydrates
organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; includes starches, sugars, and cellulose. can be classified according to size and solubility. mono="one" saccharide="sugar" monosaccharide="one sugar" disaccharide="two sugars" polysaccharide="many sugars" monosaccharaides - monomers, or building blocks, of other carbohydrates. The larger the carbohydrate the less soluble it is in water. disaccharides - double sugar (sucrose or lactose), formed when two monosaccharides are joined by dehydration synthesis. In this reaction, a water molecule is lost as the bond is made. polysaccharide - "many sugars" (starch, glycogen) also, linked together by dehydration synthesis.
lipids
organic compound formed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. (Examples are fats and cholesterol.) lipids are insoluble in water, but dissolve readily in other lipids and in organic solvents such as alcohol and ether.
ATP
organic molecule that stores and releases chemical energy for use in the body's cells
valence
outermost electron shell (energy level) of an atom that contains electrons.
molecule
particle consisting of two or more atoms joined together by chemical bonds.
peptides
peptide bonds: bond joining the amine group of one amino acid to the acid carboxyl group of a second amino acid with the loss of a water molecule (dehydration synthesis)
catabolism
process in which living cells break down substances into simpler substances
Carbohydrate Functions
proved ready, easily used, source of cellular fuel.
monosaccharide
simple sugars "one sugar"; they are the building block of carbohydrates; e.g., glucose they are single chain; or single ring structures containing from three to seven carbon atoms
atom
smallest particle of an elemental substance that exhibits the properties of that element.
what are the three states of matter?
solid, liquid, gas
protons
subatomic particle that bears a positive (+) charge; located in the atomic nucleus.
compound
substance composed of two or more different elements, the atoms of which are chemically united
electrolytes
substances that conduct an electrical current in solution
mass number
sum of its protons + neutrons (electrons are so small that it is ignored)
mass number
sum of the number of protons + neutrons in the nucleus of an atom (the mass of the electrons is so small that it is ignored) written as subscript to the left of the atomic symbol and above the atomic number.
amino acid
the building blocks of protein; organic compounds containing nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
PH
the measure of relative acidity or alkalinity (base) of a solution
solute
the substance that is dissolved in a solution Substance present in the greatest amount is called the "solvent", or dissolving medium, substances present in smaller amounts are called "solutes" example: saltwater water=solvent salt=solute
Neutrons
uncharged subatomic particle. Found in the atomic nucleus.
