Chapter 2: Computer Hardware and Information Technology

The first ____ characters in both the ASCII and the Unicode systems are exactly the same

256

A motherboard is made of what?

A CPU, memory modules, a chipset, expansion slots, an input/output (BIOS) chip, serial and parallel ports, clock chip, controllers, and expansion buses

Both the _____ and the ______ code systems use 8 binary digit patterns consisting of only 0s and 1s, which represent up to 256 (2 to the 8th power) different characters in computers.

ASCII, EBCDIC

____ machines are computerized telecommunication devices that allow bank customers to manage their bank accounts.

ATM

ASCII stands for...

American Standard Code for Information Interchange

What does AHr stand for?

Amp hours

_____ ___ devices create new sounds or capture and store sounds in a computer system,

Audio input

A ____ chip that controls the basic functions of input and output of the computer and that repairs the computer if its system crashes.

BIOS

______ is a technology that uses special charateristics of the human body (fingerprints, voice patterns, iris and retinal patterns, facial structure, as well as hand patterns) for identification purposes.

Biometrics

A ____ is a hardware chip mounted on the motherboard that executes the instructions given by a user or a computer program in order to perform specific tasks. It also performs calculations, converts data into information, and oversees the functions performed by other components of a computer. It contains RAM chips, video cards, and sound cards

CPU

List the types of memory in a computer.

CPU registers, cache, RAM, permanent or secondary, virtual, and ROM

Processing inside a computer is done by a hardware device known as the _____________ (CPU)

Central Processing Unit

What does CPU stand for?

Central Processing Unit

_____ ____ are programs which, when executed in a computer system, can harm its hardware, software, and stored data.

Computer virus

_______ ports help a computer communicate with other computers or get access to networks.

Connectivity

________ computers are small computer chips that are built inside another operating product or device and perform a specialized function. They work independently from other devices and do not require input or instructions.

Embedded

_____ ports look similar to phone jacks but are slightly wider. They are used to connect to another computer, a local, network,or an external DSL or cable modem.

Ethernet

EBCDIC stands for...

Extended Binary-Code Decimal Interchange Code

______ ports are digital devices that connect via USB 2.0 and allow for the fastest transfer of data.

FireWire

Games have input devices such as joysticks, game controllers, steering wheels, track balls, game pads and dancing pads.

Gaming input devices

______ or _____ ports connect a monitor to a computer

Graphic or Video

An _____ works in two modes, a "mouse mode" and a "pen mode" which is selected manually by the click of a button. When in "mouse mode" this device uses the point and click method used on a regular mouth; when in "pen mode" the device acts much like a regular pen.

I-Pen

These are used to convert images and video into computer language.

Imaging and video devices

_______ is processed data that may aid in making decisions, answering questions, or getting results that take a meaningful form.

Information

The _________ _________ _______, also known as IPOS, stands for the Input/Processing/Output/Storage cycle used by computers.

Information Processing Cycle

______ allows users to input data or instructions into a computer and convert that data into the binary code computer uses to process and complete the given task. Examples: wired and wireless keyboards, wired and wireless mouses, I-Pens, digital cameras, microphones, webcams, PC, video cameras, ect.

Input device hardware

Computer hardware devices can be divided into six categories. List them

Input, processing, output, storage, communication, and network device hardware.

What does ISP stand for/mean?

Internet Service Provider, connects to the internet or network

______ computers are portable, thin, lightweight, ans easy-to-carry computers that can have the same power and capabilities as desktop computers.

Laptop

What does LCD stand for?

Liquid Crystal Display

_____, a technology used by banks to speed up the clearance of issued checks by reading information such as the bank identifier, check routing number, and a customer's account number.

MICR

_____ _____ is a language computers use to process data or information that is made solely from two numerical values (or digits) - 0 and 1.

Machine language

_____ (also known as Scantron machines, after the Eagan, Minn., maker of scannable forms) are designed to read specially designed sheets marked with pencil.

OMRs

____ are handheld devices that carry information in a digital ( binary number) form.

PDA

What does PDA stand for?

Personal Digital Assistants

These input/output devices are mainly used by retailers. After the completion of a purchase, the POS terminal creates and prints a detailed sales receipt for the customer. POS terminals require the use of general and specialized computer hardware and software, depending on the retailer's need.

Point of Sale Terminals

_____, which is the temporary (volatile) working memory of a computer, whose contents are lost once the computer is turned off, and, therefore must be saved to storage devices, such as a hard disk or a flash drive. It is installed as a pair of chips on the motherboard, and its size is referred to in megabytes (MB). A large one, makes the computer run faster.

RAM

_____ attached to merchandise or a person, use radio waves to identify and track movements.

RFIDs

What does RAM stand for?

Random Access Memory

_____ ports connect headphones or microphones to a computer.

Speaker

Computers can be classified into six categories depending on size, capability and price. List them.

Supercomputers, Mainframe computers, Personal computers (PCs), Mobile Devices, Wearable computers, Embedded computers

____ ports are used to connect a wide variety of input, output, or peripheral devices.

USB

the ______ system is a universal international coding standard that represents characters from other languages, such as Chinese, Greek, Hebrew, Russian, Tibetan, Amharic, and Japanese. In addition, it uses 16 binary digit (2 bytes) patterns to represent 65,536 (216) different characters in computers.

Unicode

What does USB ports stand for?

Universal Serial Bus

What does WHr stand for?

Watt hours

_______ is programs, such as Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and others.

application software

Examples of _____ operators are +,-,*, and / symbols

arithmetic

What does AV equipment stand for?

audio and video

What does BIOS chip stand for?

basic input/output system

Machine language uses these two digits (0 and 1), known as ______, to represent data in a computer system.

binary code

As ____, digits 0 and 1, represent the smallest unit of information.

bits

Computers use a group of eight bits (known as _____), a combination of 0s and 1s, to represent any character typed.

bytes

A ____ _____ is a mobile computing device that has its own operating system (OS)

cell phone

A ____, made up of two parts known as "north bridge" and "south bridge" which is used to connect the CPU to the other parts of the system.

chipset

Examples of the _______ operators are >,<,>=,<=, and != symbols.

comparison

A _____ can be defined as a programmable, electronic device that performs specific tasks (specific and complex) assigned by a computer program through an IPOS cycle.

computer

______ is a collection of text, numbers, images, audio, and video that has not yet been processed.

data

A ___ ____ is the value stored in a data item.

data type

While performing tasks, computers store and process ____ to generate ________.

data, information

Any data that is in computer machine language or binary digit form that is handled by computers and other mobile devices is know as...

digital data

A _____ ___ is a portable used to capture handwriting and/or drawings that are then converted to computer format by handwritten recognition software.

digital pen

the process of converting images and video into computer language.

digitizing

A set of openings, which is used to add expansion cards such as a network interface card, a sound card, and a video card.

expansion slots

An _____ is another wearable computer device that is worn in front of the eye and is used to capture a picture or scene to then be sent to another computer for storage.

eye-tap

What does GHz stand for?

gigahertz

How is the speed of a CPU measured?

gigahertz (GHz)

Computer ______ is defined by the physical components of a computer system, which include the keyboard and mouse (input devices), the CPU and memory (processing devices), monitors and printers (output devices), the hard disk (storage device), CDs, and flash memory cards (storage media)

hardware

Computer understand only _____.

machine language

What does MICR stand for?

magnetic ink character recognition readers

________ computers are large, expensive, and powerful computers that allow thousands of users to perform tasks simultaneously.

mainframe

______ computers are portable and easy-to-carry devices. Cell phones, global positioning systems (GPSs), Personal digital assistans (PDAs), portable media players (PMPs), laptop (notebook) computers, and pagers are examples of mobile devices.

mobile

A ______ card converts analog signals to digital signals and vice versa so that communication with other computers is available using telephone lines.

modem

A ______ is the main circuit board of a computer system unit. It has some electronic components built in and others that can be attached.

motherboard

What does NIC stand for?

network interface card

A _____ connects a computer to a network.

network interface card (NIC)

A _____ _____ is a systematic way to write or represent any number, whether it is for use in the business world, in our daily lives, or in a computer system.

number system

The numerical values on which the arithmetic operators perform operations are called...

operands

_______ are special symbols used to manipulate numeric values and perform operation on one, two, or three operands and return a single result.

operators

What does OMRs stand for?

optical mark readers

_____ ports send two or more bits of data at a time and are much faster.

parallel

_______ computers are compact computers that sit on the top of a computer desk. Usually they include: a mouse and a keyboard; a CPU; a monitor and printer; an internal hard disk and flash drives; a CD/DVD/Blue-ray disk player; and a modem and network interface card (NIC).

personal

What does RFIDs stand for?

radio frequency identification tags

What does ROM stand for?

read-only memory

______ send one bit of data at a time, like one car moving in one lane of a highway.

serial ports

____ and _____ ports connect peripheral devices, such as the keyboard and the printer.

serial, parallel

Even though a computer has a built-in sound capability, some computers may need to use _____ _____ _____ to provide additional input and output sound signals.

sound expansion cards

______ are designed to perform complex mathematical calculations at extremely high speed.

supercomputers

What are the two main types of software categories?

system and application software

________ is pre-loaded software known as an operating system, which is required to interface with the computer and manages all the computer hardware and software.

system sofware

Data can include...

text or string (person's name), numbers (age), images or pictures (from a digital camera), audio (song), and video (picture and sound together)

What are the basic data types in computers?

text, graphic, audio, video, date/time

In any number system, we must know in advance how many didgits will be used to represent a number. This is called...

the base of a number system

the brain of a computer, which is composed of an arithmetic logic unit and a control unit.

the central processing unit (CPU)

This category includes touch screens, touch sensitive pads, stylus pens for PDAs, and pointing sticks that are used in place of a mouse.

touch input devices

As you move from right to left in binary code, each digit to the left is ____ the number of the digit to its immediate right.

twice

A ____ graphic card is used to chow high-quality pictures, text, and images on the computer screen.

video

When there is not enough RAM left to store programs that a user is trying to execute, an OS sets aside a certain portion of storage on the hard disk to act as additional RAM and store the data. What is this memory called?

virtual memory

________ computers are worn on some part of the human body. They are used in applications that require people to record or send data via the Internet or to perform computations while doing something else.

wearable

A _______ allows the user to input or enter text data and/or numerical data into a computer.

wired or wireless keyboard

A ______ is a pointing input device that allows the user to make a selection of data or make a choice of operations.

wired or wireless mouse