Chapter 2 -- Genes and Heredity

The majority of adopted children ___1___ well to life, and their parents report ___2___ with their decision to adopt.

1: Adjust 2: Satisfaction

Successful parenting of adopted children includes which of the following behaviors?

1: Be caring and supportive. 2: Help the child develop self-control. 3: Monitor the child's behavior.

Which of the following can be identified by maternal blood screening?

1: Down syndrome 2: spina bifida 3: heart defects

___1___ , twins (monozygotic twins) develop from a single zygote, whereas ___2___ , twins (dizygotic twins) develop from separate eggs and separate sperm cells.

1: Identical 2: Fraternal

____1____ _____2_____ fertilization, sometimes called IVF, is an assisted reproduction technique in which eggs and sperm are combined in a laboratory dish and any resulting fertilized eggs are transferred into a woman's uterus.

1: In 2: Vitro

What are some potential benefits and concerns related to genetic counseling?

1: It can allow people to be more proactive about preventing disease. 2: There are concerns about how insurers, employers, and others will use this information.

Which factors represent sources of variability in the population?

1: It is a matter of chance as to which chromosome in a pair goes to the gamete. 2: Before the pairs separate, pieces of the two chromosomes in each pair are exchanged. 3:Chance, a mistake by cellular machinery, or damage from an environmental agent can cause gene mutation.

During ______1________, the cell's nucleus duplicates itself and the cell divides. During ______2________, a specialized form of cell division occurs to form an egg and sperm cell. During______3_______, an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell.

1: Mitosis 2: Meiosis 3: Fertilization

What are trends in adoption in the US within the last 30-40 years?

1: More children are adopted through the foster care system. 2: Interracial adoption is more common. 3: A greater number of adoptive parents are single.

What needs do parents of an adopted child need to be aware of?

1: Support the child's search for their identity 2: Keep communication open about the adoption 3: Show respect for the biological parents

What are risk factors for Down syndrome?

1: The mother is under age 16. 2: The mother is over age 34.

In adoption studies, researchers compare the characteristics of

1: adopted children to that of their biological vs. adoptive parents 2: adopted children to their biological vs. adoptive siblings

Environmental influences include

1: birth complications 2: neighborhood 3: parenting 4: viruses 5: schooling

Which of the following are associated with better long-term outcomes for children?

1: children are adopted as babies adopted children 2: have contact with their biological parents

Which of the following prenatal diagnostic tests pose a potential risk of fetal deformity or miscarriage?

1: chorionic villus sampling 2: amniocentesis

Research has shown adopted children are at higher risk than non-adopted children for

1: externalizing aggression. 2: internalizing anxiety and depression. 3: attention problems.

All of a person's genetic material makes up the _____1_____, whereas the _____2_____ consists of only observable characteristics.

1: genotype 2: phenotype

What are potential causes of infertility?

1: low sperm production 2: the woman does not ovulate 3: blocked fallopian tubes

A ___1___ gene will only be expressed if a person does NOT have the ___2___ gene on the other half of a chromosome pair.

1: recessive 2: dominant

When males have an extra X chromosome, this causes ___1___ syndrome, while ___2___ syndrome is caused by a missing X chromosome in females.

1:Klinefelter 2: Turner

Recent studies have confirmed being able to identify the sex of a baby as early as ______ weeks into the pregnancy.

7

Mitosis

A cell's nucleus, including the chromosomes, duplicates itself, and the cell divides.

Jake likes to read and write; therefore, when Jake has any free time, he likes to spend it in the library. This would be an example of which type of correlation?

Active (niche-picking) genotype-environment correlation

________ studies allow researchers to compare adopted children with their biological vs. adoptive family members, in order to investigate the relative influence of genetics and environment.

Adoption

__________ is the social and legal process by which a parent-child relationship is established between persons not related by birth.

Adoption

Next generation sequencing

Allows researchers to collect genetic data much more quickly and cheaply than in the past Allows researchers to collect genetic data much more quickly and cheaply than in the past

linkage analysis

Allows researchers to find disease-related genes due to their proximity to known marker genes Allows researchers to find disease-related genes due to their proximity to known marker genes

Fertilization

An egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell.

______ try to figure out what is responsible for the differences among people: genes, environment, or a combination of these.

Behavior geneticists

The threadlike structures found in the nucleus of each human cell and made up of deoxyribonucleic acid are called

Chromosomes

______________ are threadlike structures made up of strands of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

Chromosomes

Genetic __________ help parents and patients to better understand the risks associated with a person's genes, along with strategies to potentially mitigate those risks.

Counselors

Thousand Genomes Project

Determine the genomic sequences of many people from different ethnic groups

________ syndrome results when a person inherits an extra copy of chromosome 21.

Down

Which genetic disorder occurs more often in the children of mothers who are pregnant when younger than 16 and older than 34?

Down syndrome

According to the epigenetic view, development is

Due to heredity and environment each affecting the other.

In terms of biological beginnings, which of the following processes occurs during fertilization?

Egg and sperm fuse to create zygote

True or false: Children generally experience better life outcomes if they are adopted by heterosexual parents, rather than gay or lesbian parents.

False

Which statement is best supported by the results of current research?

Genes shape predispositions for behaviors or traits, but we need to also take context into account.

______ occurs in a gene pair when the gene from one parent is silenced, whereas the gene from the other parent is expressed.

Genetic imprinting

Which of the following was a surprising finding from the work of the Human Genome Project?

Humans have many fewer genes than previously thought.

What is true of behavior genetics?

It attempts to identify differences in genes, the environment, or a combination of these factors lead to differences among people.

Which of the following statements is true about meiosis?

It produces cells with unpaired chromosomes.

A powerful magnet and a radio create images that generate a detailed picture of the body's organs and structures. This sort of screening is called a fetal

MRI

______, a type of prenatal test, is performed between the 16th and 18th week of pregnancy and can identify pregnancies that have elevated risk for birth defects such as spina bifida and Down syndrome.

Maternal blood screening

______ is a specialized form of cell division that occurs to form eggs and sperm.

Meiosis

All cells in our bodies, other than eggs and sperm, reproduce through a process called

Mitosis

The process that allows cells other than eggs and sperm to duplicate and divide is known as __________.

Mitosis

Regarding genetic defects, which of the following statements are true?

Most genetic disorders are rare.

Environmental agents such as radiation, errors in the cellular machinery, and chance can all lead to a __________, gene.

Mutant

______ genotype-environment correlations occur because biological parents, who are genetically related to the child, provide a rearing environment for the child.

Passive

What is true regarding genotype-environment correlations?

Passive genotype-environment correlations occur when the biological parents provide a rearing environment for the child.

Which genetic disorder results in the inability to properly metabolize a particular amino acid?

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Most characteristics are determined by the interaction of many different genes; they are determined by inheritance.

Polygenic

A dominant gene will override the potential influence of a _______ gene.

Recessive

genome-wide association method

Researchers scan the genomes of many people, then look for common patterns among those with a particular disease Researchers scan the genomes of many people, then look for common patterns among those with a particular disease

Ultrasound _________ uses high-frequency sound waves directed toward the pregnant woman's abdomen to produce a visual representation of the fetus.

Sonography

Recent research has shown gene expression may be influenced by:

Stress, Radiation, Temperature

Meiosis

This is a specialized form of cell division involving eggs and sperm.

True or false: An X-linked disease is more likely to harm men than women.

True

True or false: Fraternal twins are no more genetically similar than ordinary siblings.

True

True or false: The Human Genome Project surprised scientists by proving that human beings have fewer genes than experts believed.

True

Behavior geneticists use ______ to research the effects of environment and heredity.

Twins

Which test can be performed earliest in the prenatal period?

Ultrasound sonography

Dr. Turner is studying shyness. He finds that Blake and Luke, identical twins, are more alike in terms of level of inhibition than are Sam and Carl, who are fraternal twins. His research indicates that ______ plays an important role in shyness.

a passive genotype-heredity correlation

Chorionic villus sampling is a prenatal medical procedure in which

a small sample of the placenta is removed for testing.

Natalie is 40 years old and in her 15th week of pregnancy. She is concerned that her baby might have Down syndrome. Her doctor performs an ________, which involves withdrawing and testing a sample of amniotic fluid.

amniocentesis

Evocative genotype-environment correlations occur because a child's ______ elicit certain types of environments.

characteristics

Which of the following malformations can be detected by fetal MRI?

chest malformations central nervous system malformations genital/urinary malformations

When couples experience infertility, the problem may lie with

either the woman or the man.

The ______ view states that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and the environment.

epigenetic

Zack is always smiling, therefore, his teachers tend to respond to him in a more pleasant and attentive way. This is an example of ______.

evocative genotype-environment correlations

What fetal screening method can provide more detailed images than an ultrasound?

fetal MRI

The interaction of a specific measured variable in DNA and a specific measured aspect of one's surroundings is known as the ______.

gene x environment interaction (G x E)

The notion that heredity and surroundings interact to influence development is known as the

gene x environment interaction.

Conditions such as phenylketonuria or sickle cell anemia are produced by

gene-linked abnormalities.

What is it called when individuals' genes may influence the types of environments to which they are exposed?

heredity-environment correlations

Interpreting the results of adoption and twin studies is difficult because of the complexities of

heredity-environment correlations.

Which reproductive technology combines genetic material in the laboratory?

in vitro fertilization

If phenylketonuria (PKU) is not properly treated, it will lead to

intellectual disability.

What are modern approaches to genetic research?

linkage analysis, next-generation sequencing, genome-wide association method

XYY syndrome

males have an extra Y chromosome

A ______ gene is marked by cellular damage from an environmental agent such as radiation.

mutated

Sickle-cell anemia, in which the red blood cells cannot carry ______ properly and die quickly, occurs most often in African Americans.

oxygen

Angela describes her friend as tall and slender with blue eyes and red hair. She is describing her friend's ______.

phenotype

Genes help cells reproduce themselves and assemble _____________, which are the building blocks of cells.

proteins

fragile X syndrome

results from an abnormality in the X chromosome

Which genetic disorder occurs primarily in African Americans?

sickle cell anemia

Ultrasound ________ uses high-frequency sound waves directed toward the pregnant woman's abdomen to produce a visual representation of the fetus.

sonography

The human genetic process creates several important sources of ______.

variability

Polygenic inheritance occurs ______.

when characteristics reflect the influence of many different genes

Genetic Imprinting

when the expression of a gene has different effects depending on whether the mother or the father passed on the gene

X-linked diseases are more likely to affect men than women because

women have an extra copy of the X chromosome, which usually has the non-mutated gene.

When a sperm and egg fuse, they create a single cell called a

zygote