Chapter 2 Homework

Put the elements of an experiment in the proper order from first to last.

1. Identify participants 2. Randomly assign participants to a condition 3. Manipulate the independent variable 4. Measure the dependent variable 5. Compare the results of the two groups

What is a placebo?

A fake treatment that doesn't, in theory, actually do anything

Which of the following is an example of correlational research?

A study in which the researcher looks for a relationship between people's neighborhood demographics and their level of prejudice.

How do theories relate to hypotheses?

A theory leads to the development of hypotheses.

Which of the following are key elements of an experiment?

An independent variable Random assignment A hypothesis A dependent variable

What type of research methodology utilizes census data or previous collections of data?

Archival research

Which of the following must be included in all informed consent documents?

Assurance that participation is voluntary Basic outlines of the study Notice of the risks involved Notice that participants can terminate at any time

are predictions that can be tested.

Blank 1: Hypotheses or Hypothesis

are broad explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest.

Blank 1: Theories or Theory

Research that involves determining the association between two variables or two sets of variables is called _____________ research.

Blank 1: correlational, correlative, or correlation

In an experiment, the ___________ variable is expected to change as a result of the experimental manipulation.

Blank 1: dependent or dependant

Experimenter and participant expectations are two types of ______ bias.

Blank 1: experimental or experiemental

When an experimenter inadvertently transmits cues to participants about the way they are expected to behave in a given experimental condition, we would have to say that __________ bias is involved.

Blank 1: experimental or experimenter

In an experiment, the __________ variable is manipulated by the experimenter.

Blank 1: independent or independant

The change that an experimenter deliberately produces in an experiment is called experimental

Blank 1: manipulation or treatment

The control group in a study looking at the effects of a drug on behavior would probably be administered a ________ to make them think they were getting the drug.

Blank 1: placebo or treatment

The process of systematically acquiring knowledge and understanding through the use of theories and testing hypotheses is called the ______________ ______________

Blank 1: scientific Blank 2: method

Behaviors, events or other characteristics that can change or vary in a study are called

Blank 1: variables or variable

What term describes an in-depth intensive investigation of an individual or small group of people?

Case study

In an experiment, which variable is measured by the experimenter?

Dependent

Which type of research involves manipulating one variable in order to see how it affects another variable?

Experiment

Dr. Langley unintentionally transmits his expectations to his participants in an experiment. Which of the following best describes what type of bias is occurring?

Experimental bias

An experimental manipulation should be viewed by itself, in isolation.

False

Informed consent and debriefing are only necessary when the risks of harm are extremely high.

False

There is only one acceptable method for conducting scientific research.

False

True or false: Deception in psychological research is not acceptable.

False

True or false: Naturalistic observation utilizes existing data, such as written records.

False

______ stem from theories.

Hypotheses

In an experiment, which variable is manipulated by the experimenter?

Independent

_____ minimizes the risk of harm by telling research participants what to expect before they participate in research.

Informed consent

Mark is conducting a study on the benefits of daily exercise for people who experience mild anxiety and depression. There are 100 participants in the study. Which of the following comments from a study participant might indicate participant expectations?

Is it possible that this exercise is making me feel less anxious already?

Why is random so important for determining cause and effect?

It allows the researcher to be more confident that the outcomes are due to the independent variable, not other participant characteristics.

What type of research methodology involves watching and documenting people's behavior, without changing the situation?

Naturalistic observation

What term is used to describe the translation of a hypothesis into specific, testable procedures that can be measured and observed in an experiment?

Operational definition

There are four key safeguards outlined by the American Psychological Association to protect human subjects. Which of the following is NOT one of the guidelines?

Participants must be financially compensated for their time

Which of the following is the correct interpretation of the statement "Extraversion and attending parties are positively correlated"?

People who go to parties tend to be extraverted.

Which of the following is an example of correlational research?

SAT scores are related to GPA.

A researcher is conducting an experiment on the effectiveness of full-spectrum light box treatment for seasonal affective disorder. Which of the following would NOT be considered a variable?

Study participant who has seasonal affective disorder

_____ research involves having people answer questions about their thoughts, feelings and/or behavior.

Survey

Which of the following is true of hypotheses?

They can be tested.

Researchers who work with nonhuman animals must follow which of the following guidelines?

They must promote the psychological well-being of some species of research animals. They must make all efforts to minimize discomfort, illness, and pain.

What is the purpose of using deception in psychological research?

To prevent participants from being influenced by what they think the purpose of the study is

True or false: All psychological research must be approved by an independent review panel.

True

In psychological research, procedures that subject nonhuman animals to distress are

allowed only when an alternative procedure is unavailable and the research is justified by its prospective value.

Before it can be conducted, all psychological research is subject to review by

an independent panel.

Mary decided to measure intelligence in a group of children. She chose to do this using a specific IQ test. She was choosing

an operational definition for intelligence.

A researcher has decided to conduct research on study habits of 19th century students. This type of research, which uses already-existing data, is called ______ research.

archival

Research that uses existing data is called __________ research.

archival

Experimental ________ refers to factors that distort how the independent variable affects the dependent variable in an experiment.

bias

A crucial disadvantage to correlational research is that it

cannot demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships.

A(n) _______________ study is an in-depth, intensive investigation of a single individual or a small group.

case

Susan is going to conduct archival research for a study. Which of the following would be a source of her information?

census data

Experiments involve _____ one variable and observing the effect on another variable.

changing

A(n) ___________ is someone who participates in a study but also, unbeknown to the other participants, works for the experimenter.

confederate

Before taking part in a psychology study, participants must give informed ____________ by signing a document affirming that they have been told the basic outlines of the study and are aware of what their participation will entail.

consent

In an experiment, the group that receives no treatment is referred to as the ______ group.

control

After participation in a study, participants must be given a(n) ______ in which they receive an explanation of the study and the procedures that were involved.

debriefing

Experimental manipulation is used to

detect relationships between different variables.

The first step in designing an experiment is to

develop one or more hypotheses to test.

Researchers rule out the possibility that something other than the experimental manipulation produced the results observed in the experiment by

employing experimental and control groups in an experiment.

When a male experimenter interacts differently with female participants than he does with male participants, this is an example of ______ bias in the study.

experimental

Which of the following describes the change that experimenters deliberately produce in one variable?

experimental manipulation

In an experiment, the _____ group is manipulated, while the ____ group is not.

experimental; control

An experimenter provides hints as to the preferred responses. The result is that his study produces results consistent with the hypothesis. However, the results may reflect

experimenter bias.

A theory is a

framework to explain relationships between different facts or principles.

Random assignment reduces the odds that something other than the _____ is responsible for differences between the treatment and control groups.

independent variable

In an experiment, the researcher manipulates the ___ variable, and then measures its effects on the ___ variable.

independent, dependent

When a researcher wants to correlate tension with depression, she develops tests that measure these two emotional states. The tests are her _________ of the variables she is interested in.

operational definitions

A participant behaves in ways that she thinks will help the experimenter. This ____ will tend to invalidate the results.

participant bias

Random assignment is a procedure in which ____ are assigned to either the treatment or control group on the basis of chance.

participants

A procedure in which participants are assigned to different experimental groups on the basis of chance is called _____ assignment.

random

You are surprised at the outcome of an experiment that comes out very differently than you had anticipated. You should probably _____ the study to see if you get the same result the second time.

replicate

Research that is repeated, sometimes using other procedures, settings, and groups of participants to increase confidence in prior findings is called

replicated research.

The systematic inquiry aimed at the discovery of new knowledge is known as

research

Researchers use both experimental and control groups in experiments to

rule out the possibility that something else caused the observed changes.

If someone is using theories to develop hypotheses and then testing those hypotheses, that person is using the

scientific method.

In ______ research, a sample of people complete questionnaires about their thoughts, feelings, and/or behavior.

survey

The manipulation implemented by the experimenter is called

the treatment.

A researcher has some participants listen to quiet classical music, while others listen to loud rock. He then has each group take a math test, and compares their scores. In this experiment, the independent variable is ______ and the dependent variable is ______.

the type of music, math scores

Recent research has found a relationship between body fat and colon cancer in women. This means that _____.

there is a correlation between these variables

Psychological experimental research compares the responses of one group that receives a __________ (the manipulation implemented by an experimenter) to the responses of another group that does not receive it.

treatment

Correlational research involves gathering data on

two sets of variables.

In research, a confederate is someone who

unbeknown to other participants, works for the experimenter.

Research is utilized to

understand the degree to which hypotheses are accurate.

Scores on an IQ test exemplify a(n)

variable

Behaviors, events, or characteristics that can change are referred to as

variables