Chapter 2 Intro Psychology

Explain Ronald Melzack's gate theory.

According to the Gate Theory of Pain originated by Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall (1965), the nervous system can only process a limited amount of stimulation at one time. That is why rubbing a wound transmits sensations to the brain and competes for the attention of neurons. Many nerves are thus stopped from transmitting pain messages to the brain. Its like shutting down a gate in the spinal cord, or like a website flooded with visitors.

__________refers to the perception of objects that do not stimulate the known sensory organs.

Clairvoyance

_________ refers to the tendency to perceive a broken figure as being complete or whole. Closure ​Common fate ​Similarity ​Continuity

Closure

Which of the following is true of psychokinesis? It refers to the perception of objects that do not stimulate the known sensory organs. It refers to the direct transmission of thoughts or ideas from one person to another. It refers to mentally manipulating or moving objects. It refers to the transfer of information through an irregular or unusual process.

It refers to mentally manipulating or moving objects.

Despite being blind, Brian has never had a problem understanding how to use his limbs. He has been able to accurately judge the position and motion of his body parts, and thus, he is able perform activities such as walking and eating quite normally. Which of the following senses is illustrated in the scenario? Psychokinesis Kinesthesis Telepathy Clairvoyance

Kinesthesis

Which of the following terms best describes the process of becoming more sensitive to stimulation? Negative adaptation Retinal disparity Positive adaptation Perceptual organization

Positive adaptation

Which of the following is the function of the iris? Regulating the amount of light that enters the eye Conducting sensory input to the brain Transmitting perception of color Transmitting the perception of black and white

Regulating the amount of light that enters the eye

Which of the following is a new basic taste that was recently added to the primary taste qualities? Sour Sweet Bitter Savory

Savory

__________usually stems from damage to the structures of the inner ear, most often the loss of hair cells. People with this condition tend to be more sensitive to some pitches than others.

Sensorineural-deafness

In a painting that Shannon is observing, one object is perceived as a two-dimensional circle, and another appears to be a three-dimensional sphere. Which of the following monocular cues can account for this effect? Convergence Shadowing Clearness Shape constancy

Shadowing

Which of the following monocular cues is based on the perception that closer objects appear to have rougher surfaces? Clearness Proximity Motion parallax Texture gradient

Texture gradient

Which of the following is contained in the middle ear? The auditory nerve The organ of Corti The basilar membrane The eardrum

The eardrum

In the context of the pitch and loudness of sound, which of the following is true? The pitch of a sound roughly corresponds to the height, or amplitude, of sound waves. The greater the number of cycles per second (Hz), the higher the pitch of the sound. The frequency and amplitude of a sound are dependent on each other. The pitch of a sound is expressed in decibels (dB).

The greater the number of cycles per second (Hz), the higher the pitch of the sound.

Amy and George were practicing singing for their university cultural program. Their music teacher insisted that Amy sing the verses in a high pitch as it sounded better. Which of the following could be a reason for the music teacher's decision? The pitch of a woman's voice is usually higher than that of man's voice. The pitch of a man's voice is usually too high to resonate. A man's vocal cords are shorter and therefore vibrate at a greater frequency. A woman's vocal cords are usually longer and vibrate at a slower frequency.

The pitch of a woman's voice is usually higher than that of man's voice.

What are the two types of deafness? Distinguish between the two of them.

The two types of deafness are Conductive deafness and Sensorineural deafness. Conductive deafness stems from damage to the structures of the middle ear-either to the eardrum or to the bones that conduct or amplify sound waves from outer to the inner ear. While, Sensorineural deafness usually stems from damage to the structure of the inner ear, most often the loss of hair cells. This can stem from damage to the auditory nerve caused by either disease or exposure to loud sounds.

What are the two main theories of color vision? What do they state? Your Answer:

There are two main theories of color vision: the Trichromatic theory and the Opponent-Process theory. Trichromatic theory states the theory that color vision is made possible by three types of cones, some of which respond to red light, some to green light, and some to blue. While, the Opponent-Process theory states: the theory that color vision is made possible by three types of cones, some of which respond to red or green light, some to blue or yellow and some to the intensity of light. A person with normal color vision is called trichromat.

Which of the following is a function of the middle ear? To stimulate the basilar membrane To decrease the pressure of the air entering the ear To funnel the sound waves to the eardrum To increase the pressure of air entering the ear

To increase the pressure of air entering the ear

Frequency and amplitude are independent. True or False

True

The iris is the muscle in the eye that controls the amount of light that passes through the cornea. True or False

True

The__________accounts for pitch discrimination between a few hundred and 4,000 cycles per second.

Volley-principle

Lisa is a fabric specialist. Recently, she was invited to an exhibition of Persian silks. Being an expert on fabrics, Lisa continuously moved her hand along the surface of the different pieces of fabric to get an exact feel of it. This continuous feeling provided sensory input from the object and was known as__________.

active-touching

Which of the following is most likely to occur if an individual did not have a sense of smell? Nociceptors might remain inactive despite impact. The receptor neurons might be located under the skin. An onion and an apple might taste the same. An onion and garlic might look the same.

an onion and an apple might taste the same.

The colors across from one another on the color wheel are labeled _________.​ complementary colors ​supplementary colors ​auxiliary colors ​secondary colors

complementary colors

The colors across from one another on the color wheel are labeled__________.

complementary-colors

The perception of objects or events through means other than the recognized sensory organs is termed _________. ​vestibular perception ​psychokinesis ​kinesthesis extrasensory perception

extrasensory perception

Top-down processing involves assembling bits and pieces of information into a pattern. true or false

false Top-down processing is the use of contextual information or knowledge of a pattern in order to organize the parts of a pattern. See 3-3: Visual Perception

While looking at a painting in an art gallery, many of Jinan's brain cells fire in response to lines presented at various angles, while others fire in response to specific colors. These brain cells are termed__

feature-detectors

​When the relationship between objects and their surroundings seems ambiguous, people's perceptions tend to be unstable and shift back and forth, and this is known as _____ perception. figure-ground ​extrasensory ​subliminal ​depth

figure-ground

Visual acuity (sharpness and detail) is greatest at the _________.​ ​iris ​lens ​fovea ​blind spot

fovea

notes that for us to perceive lower pitches, we need to match the frequency of the sound waves with our neural impulses.

frequency-theory

According to the__________, the nervous system can process only a limited amount of stimulation at a time.

gate-theory

The term__________is derived from the ancient Greek words for "motion" and "perception".

kinesthesis

We learn to perceive objects that appear to move with us as being at greater distances due to a phenomenon known as _________.​ motion parallax ​motion reversal ​size constancy ​shape constancy

motion parallax

​When Shae was going through a book, she noticed a page on which several stars were drawn. Even though all the stars were identical and equal in size, some of them were closer to each other while the others were far away. This led Shae to immediately perceive the stars as belonging to two different groups. This perception of groups can be best explained by the law of _________. ​similarity proximity ​common fate ​continuity

proximity

When Shae was going through a book, she noticed a page on which several stars were drawn. Even though all the stars were identical and equal in size, some of them were closer to each other while the others were far away. This led Shae to immediately perceive the stars as belonging to two different groups. This perception of groups can be best explained by the law of__________.

proximity. According to the law of proximity, there is a perceptual tendency to group together objects that are near one another. See "Visual Perception" from chapter 3 for more information.

In the context of the human eye, the size of the__________is also sensitive to an individual's emotions.

pupil

On a bright, sunny day, Manny leaves a dimly-lit movie theater, which exits into the courtyard of a mall. The _____ in his eyes adjust to the sudden increase in light.​ ​ganglion cells ​fovea ​pupils ​optic nerves

pupils

is the stimulation of sensory receptors and transmission of sensory information to the central nervous system.

sensation

Visual stimuli that is flashed below a person's absolute threshold for conscious perception is an example of _________. ​ subliminal stimulation ​stimuli sensitization ​stimuli desensitization ​dark adaptation

subliminal stimulation

Michelle is walking on the road when she suddenly hears an intermittent ringing of church bells. She is unable to detect the source of the sound and looks around. She continues to walk ahead and slightly turns her head to the right. The intensity suddenly increases in her left ear. In this case, the sound of the church bells is most likely coming from _____.​ ​the back the front ​above ​the right

the front

​Andy is a professional skydiver. During his freefall, he is able to automatically sense his body's position in relation to the earth's gravity without really having to look around him. This allows him to adjust his position appropriately during his fall to regulate his momentum. The sense that is illustrated in this scenario is _____. vestibular sense ​kinesthetic sense ​precognitive sense ​telepathic sense

vestibular sense

__________tells us whether we are falling and provides cues to whether our body is changing speed.

vestibular-sense

​Jack was teaching his son, Philip, types of geometric shapes. As part of an exercise, Jack asked Philip to identify the different shapes drawn on a sheet of paper. Jack noticed that a part of the image of circle was erased accidentally, and there was a blot of ink left on that spot. Nevertheless, Philip identified the shape as a circle. This response of Philip is best explained by the law of _________. ​continuity ​proximity ​common fate ​similarity

​continuity

In the context of the human eye, the size of the _________ is also sensitive to an individual's emotions.​ ​retina ​pupil ​optic nerve ​cornea

​pupil

Derek's school socks are green in color. However, one day he wore one red sock and one green sock to school. His friends laughed at him, and his teacher was surprised. His teacher had noticed Derek's difficulty in distinguishing between the two colors on a few previous occasions, and she suspected that Derek had a certain condition. What is the condition that Derek has, and what are the related conditions that people could have?

Derek could be partially color blinded. Partially color blinded people are called dichromats. This is a sex-linked condition affecting mostly males. dichromats have a hard time distinguishing between two colors either green and red, or blue and yellow. Likewise, there are others although rare that are totally color blinded. They are called monochromats and are sensitive only to lightness and darkness and see black and white.

Amy was playing in the living room, when she accidentally hit her elbow against the edge of the wall. Her sharp cry attracted the attention of Amy's mother who rushed to her and rubbed the affected elbow. The immediate rubbing of the elbow seemed to lessen Amy's pain. Which theory would best explain why this occurred? Signal-detection theory Place theory Gate theory Opponent-process theory

Gate theory

Mitch has been an organizer for rock concerts for over five years. He enjoys rock concerts and has attended several since the time he was in high school. For the past few days, he has been experiencing a weird ringing sensation in his ears, after getting out of a concert. He also finds it difficult to hear people who are very soft-spoken. What is likely to have happened to Mitch, is it likely to get worse, and what could be the solution?

Mitch's exposure to loud sounds of 140 dB is probably causing Sensorineural deafness and has damaged his inner ear. The ringing sensation probably means Mitch has damage and has loss of hair cells. The solution is to start wearing protective gear and limit exposure to loud to sound of 85 to 90dB.

In the context of difference threshold, identify the correct statement. Weber's constant is especially accurate when comparing extremely bright or extremely dull lights. On average, people can tell when a tone rises or falls in pitch by an extremely small one-third of 1%. On average, people can detect differences in saltiness of less than 10%. Ernst Weber discovered through laboratory research that the threshold for perceiving differences in the intensity of light is about 20% of their intensity.

On average, people can tell when a tone rises or falls in pitch by an extremely small one-third of 1%.