Chapter 2 - MC

The process of self-regulation can include A) observation of models. B) goal setting. C) rehearsal. D) collection of self-observation data. E) all of the above.

E) all of the above.

Which of the following represents the most effective punishment strategy? A) Continuous B) Partial C) Intermittent D) Delayed E) This question cannot be answered accurately as stated.

A) Continuous

Which of the following statements represents bad advice on administering punishment? A) Punishment should start off with a very mild warning, gradually proceeding to stronger punishment if the offense continues. B) Do not reward unwanted behaviours before or after punishment. C) Do not inadvertently punish desirable behaviour. D) The chosen punishment should be truly aversive to the individual being punished. E) Punishment should be coupled with an indication of the correct behaviour in the situation.

A) Punishment should start off with a very mild warning, gradually proceeding to stronger punishment if the offense continues.

An individual's personality encompasses A) a relatively stable set of psychological characteristics. B) all aspects of the individual's physical and emotional response to their environment. C) all aspects of the individual's consciousness. D) behaviours which are mostly learned through childhood experience. E) a constantly shifting set of personal characteristics.

A) a relatively stable set of psychological characteristics.

Which one of the dimensions of the five-factor model of personality is also one of the traits of core self-evaluations? A) emotional stability B) agreeableness C) extraversion D) conscientiousness E) openness to experience

A) emotional stability

Stop reinforcement to ________ a behaviour. A) extinguish B) punish C) learn D) model E) strengthen

A) extinguish

Positive reinforcement ________ the probability of a behaviour by applying a ________ stimulus after that behaviour occurs. A) increases; pleasant B) increases; neutral C) decreases; pleasant D) increases; nasty E) decreases; nasty

A) increases; pleasant

Which of the following most accurately indicates the forms of positive reinforcement that have been found to be effective for organizational behaviour modification? A) money, feedback, and social recognition B) only money C) money and social recognition but not feedback D) social recognition and feedback but not money E) money and feedback but not social recognition

A) money, feedback, and social recognition

According to research on organizational behaviour modification, which combination of factors has the strongest effect on task performance? A) money, social recognition, and performance feedback B) money, peer recognition, performance feedback C) money, formal recognition, performance feedback D) formal recognition, social recognition, performance feedback E) money, social recognition, formal recognition

A) money, social recognition, and performance feedback

Which of the following is not one of the traits of core self-evaluations? A) negative affectivity B) general self-efficacy C) locus of control D) self-esteem E) neuroticism

A) negative affectivity

If an organization decides to change the characteristics of work tasks in order to improve employee satisfaction and performance, what approach to organizational behaviour are they following? A) situational approach B) dispositional approach C) operant learning approach D) personality approach E) interactionist approach

A) situational approach

When one individual provides informal acknowledgement, attention, praise, approval, or genuine appreciation for work well done to another individual, he/she is is providing A) social recognition B) continuous and immediate reinforcement C) peer recognition D) a good example of a model E) performance feedback

A) social recognition

The concepts of modelling and self-regulation both assume A) that people can reinforce themselves. B) that cognitive learning cannot occur. C) that all workers prefer the same reinforcers. D) that extinction is superior to punishment. E) that learning can occur without reinforcement.

A) that people can reinforce themselves.

The personality dimension of conscientiousness is defined as A) the degree to which a person is responsible and achievement oriented. B) the degree to which a person has appropriate emotional control. C) the extent to which a person is outgoing and enjoys social situations. D) the degree to which a person thinks flexibly and is receptive to new ideas. E) the extent to which a person is friendly and approachable.

A) the degree to which a person is responsible and achievement oriented.

When we say that organizations sometimes confuse rewards with reinforcers, we mean that A) the rewards are not made contingent on a desired behaviour. B) only monetary rewards work as effective reinforcers. C) people differ as to which rewards are reinforcing. D) rewards cannot serve as reinforcers. E) the reinforcers are not backed up with attractive rewards.

A) the rewards are not made contingent on a desired behaviour.

According to social cognitive theory, human behaviour can best be explained through a system of A) triadic reciprocal causation B) triadic bidirectional causation C) cognitive reciprocal causation D) bidirectional reciprocal causation E) triadic cognitive causation

A) triadic reciprocal causation

The personality dimension which helps foster cooperation and nurturing of others as well as involve teamwork is A) Conscientiousness. B) Agreeableness. C) Emotional stability. D) Collaborativeness. E) Friendliness.

B) Agreeableness.

________ decreases the probability of a behaviour by the application of a negative stimulus after that behaviour occurs. A) Negative reinforcement B) Punishment C) Modeling D) Positive reinforcement E) Extinction

B) Punishment

Extraversion is especially important for jobs that require A) in-depth research and analysis with great independence. B) a lot of interpersonal interaction such as sales and customer service. C) being a solo practitioner. D) low interpersonal interaction and independence. E) extensive education and credibility e.g. Ph.D.

B) a lot of interpersonal interaction such as sales and customer service.

If an organization decides to use personality tests in the hiring of employees in order to improve employee satisfaction and performance, what approach to organizational behaviour are they following? A) situational approach B) dispositional approach C) interactionist approach D) military approach E) testing approach

B) dispositional approach

There are two strategies that can be used to reduce the probability of learned behaviour. They are A) modeling and positive reinforcement. B) extinction and punishment. C) organizational behaviour modification and reinforcement. D) negative reinforcement and extinction. E) negative reinforcement and punishment.

B) extinction and punishment.

Recent studies suggest that extraversion is related to absenteeism in a positive direction. This means that A) the more extraverted a person is, the less absent they are. B) extraverts tend to be absent more often than introverts. C) the more introverted a person is, the more absent they are. D) people become more extraverted through higher absenteeism. E) extraverts tend to be absent less often than introverts.

B) extraverts tend to be absent more often than introverts.

In the text, modelling is described as a process of A) showing others. B) imitating others. C) punishing others. D) managing others. E) reinforcing others.

B) imitating others.

In order to obtain the fastest acquisition of some response, it should be reinforced A) after a long delay and continuously. B) immediately and continuously. C) after a long delay and partially. D) intermittently and cautiously. E) immediately and partially.

B) immediately and continuously.

Research on behaviour modelling training has concluded that it has a positive effect on A) learning and skills B) learning, skills, and behaviour C) learning only D) learning and behaviour E) learning and behaviour

B) learning, skills, and behaviour

Ron is a sensitive person, and he works very hard so that his boss doesn't criticize him. Criticism is a(n) ________ of Ron's work. A) extinguisher B) negative reinforcer C) positive reinforcer D) continuous reinforcer E) punisher

B) negative reinforcer

Janet has shown her boss how effective she is on the job because she is naturally curious about what is happening with her company, has broad interests and has a vibrant imagination. She is demonstrating great A) willingness to get along with everyone. B) openness to experience. C) reluctance to work long hours. D) focus on getting promoted and is highly ambitious. E) emotional stability.

B) openness to experience.

Persistent learning is best achieved through A) continuous, delayed reinforcement. B) partial, delayed reinforcement. C) partial, immediate reinforcement. D) punishment. E) continuous, immediate reinforcement.

B) partial, delayed reinforcement.

A manager has just provided an employee with information on past performance for the purpose of changing or maintaining performance in specific ways. What is this called? A) behaviour modelling training B) performance feedback C) modelling D) self-regulation E) social recognition

B) performance feedback

Luke has just provided opportunities for trainees to practise using newly learned behaviours What does he need to do next? A) describe to trainees a set of well-defined behaviours to be learned B) provide feedback and social reinforcement to trainees C) take steps to maximize the transfer of those behaviours to the job D) collect self-observation data E) provide a model or models displaying the effective use of those behaviours

B) provide feedback and social reinforcement to trainees

Managers should be especially careful in administering punishment because A) punishment will always lead to the emergence of other undesirable behaviours. B) punishment has a tendency to provoke a strong emotional reaction on the part of the punished individual. C) over a long period of time, repeated punishment becomes positively reinforcing. D) punishment must be administered in front of other employees, and this often results in lowered morale. E) punishment usually has no impact on the behaviour they are trying to eliminate.

B) punishment has a tendency to provoke a strong emotional reaction on the part of the punished individual.

The idea of triadic reciprocal causation has its basis in A) operant learning theory B) social cognitive theory C) employee recognition programs D) behaviour modelling training E) organizational behaviour modification

B) social cognitive theory

What is the most sensible strategy for administering punishment, as long as conditions permit? A) Partially and immediately B) Partially with delay C) Continuously and immediately D) Intermittently and cautiously E) Continuously with delay

C) Continuously and immediately

A manager realizes that her complaints about employee horseplay seem to encourage more horseplay. She resolves to ignore their horseplay in the future. In operant terms, what has she decided to do? A) Negatively reinforce horseplay B) Positively reinforce proper work behaviour C) Extinguish horseplay D) Model horseplay E) Punish horseplay

C) Extinguish horseplay

Which of the following best describes the effects of organizational behaviour modification on task performance? A) It depends on the type of positive reinforcement used. B) The effects are strongest in service organizations. C) The effects are strongest in manufacturing organizations. D) The effects are the same in all organizations. E) The effects are strongest in military organizations.

C) The effects are strongest in manufacturing organizations.

Which of the following statements concerning punishment is generally true? A) Punishment involves the same process as extinction. B) Punishment differs from negative reinforcement in that punishment removes a nasty stimulus following some behaviour. C) While punishment signals which behaviours are inappropriate, it fails to illustrate correct behaviour. D) Managers seldom use punishment to control organizational behaviour. E) Managers should punish subordinates in front of other employees to set an example.

C) While punishment signals which behaviours are inappropriate, it fails to illustrate correct behaviour.

Which of the following is related to the probability of obtaining employment? A) agreeableness B) openness to experience C) conscientiousness D) emotional stability E) extraversion

C) conscientiousness

When individuals attain their goals, they are likely to set even higher and more challenging goals, a process known as A) discrepancy induction B) discrepancy reduction C) discrepancy production D) discrepancy seduction E) discrepancy function

C) discrepancy production

When there exists a discrepancy between one's goals and performance, this is known as A) discrepancy induction B) discrepancy function C) discrepancy reduction D) discrepancy production E) discrepancy seduction

C) discrepancy reduction

Personality is most commonly thought to consist of ________ dimensions. A) seven B) three C) five D) four E) six

C) five

In learning terms, a model is a person who A) administers a high degree of positive reinforcement. B) seeks a mentor. C) has his or her behaviour imitated. D) engages in self-management. E) imitates the behaviour of others.

C) has his or her behaviour imitated.

According to the ________ approach, organizational behaviour is a function of both dispositions and the situation. A) contingency B) personality C) interactionist D) operant learning E) social cognitive

C) interactionist

A person who is a high self-monitor will A) ignore the situation when determining how to behave. B) have difficulty regulating their behaviour in social situations. C) observe the situation when determining how to behave. D) be prone to uncontrollable emotional outbursts. E) be rather rigid in his or her leadership style.

C) observe the situation when determining how to behave.

To make behaviour most resistant to extinction, it should be learned under __________ reinforcement. A) continuous and immediate B) partial and immediate C) partial and delayed D) continuous and delayed E) negative

C) partial and delayed

According to behavioural plasticity theory, A) people's self-esteem can easily be changed in response to external and social influences. B) people's behaviour will only change when their self-esteem is threatened. C) people with low self-esteem are more susceptible to external and social influences. D) the best way to change people's behaviour is to use external and social influence. E) people with high self-esteem are more likely to benefit from external and social influences.

C) people with low self-esteem are more susceptible to external and social influences.

Luke has just described to trainees a set of well-defined behaviours to be learned. What does he need to do next? A) provide opportunities for trainees to practise using those behaviours B) take necessary steps that are required to achieve an individual's goals and career plans C) provide a model or models displaying the effective use of those behaviours D) take steps to maximize the transfer of those behaviours to the job E) provide feedback and social reinforcement to trainees

C) provide a model or models displaying the effective use of those behaviours

The most difficult tactic for a manager to use effectively is A) positive reinforcement. B) modeling. C) punishment. D) negative reinforcement. E) extinction.

C) punishment.

A person with low self-esteem will likely A) be able to deal with negative feedback. B) be less susceptible to external and social influences. C) respond well to mentoring. D) react well to ambiguous stressful situations. E) be less pliable than someone with high self-esteem.

C) respond well to mentoring.

The personality dimension of emotional stability is defined as A) the extent to which a person is outgoing and enjoys social situations. B) the extent to which a person is friendly and approachable. C) the degree to which a person has appropriate emotional control. D) the degree to which a person is responsible and achievement oriented. E) the degree to which a person thinks flexibly and is receptive to new ideas.

C) the degree to which a person has appropriate emotional control.

Which of the following is true about high self-monitors? A) they experience less role stress and show less commitment to their organization B) they experience more role stress and show higher commitment to their organization C) they experience more role stress and less commitment to their organization D) they experience no role stress and show less commitment to their organization E) they experience less role stress and show higher commitment to their organization

C) they experience more role stress and less commitment to their organization

Which of the following is true about high self-monitors? A) they tend to be less involved in their jobs and experience more role stress B) they tend to more involved in their jobs and show more commitment to their organization C) they tend to be more involved in their jobs and to experience more role stress D) they tend to be less involved in their jobs and show more commitment to their organization E) they tend to be less involved in their jobs and more likely to emerge as leaders

C) they tend to be more involved in their jobs and to experience more role stress

Personality will have the most impact in which situation? A) weak situations with well defined roles, rules, and contingencies. B) strong situations with well defined roles, rules, and contingencies. C) weak situations of loosely defined roles with few rules. D) both weak and strong situations. E) situations of medium strength.

C) weak situations of loosely defined roles with few rules.

To obtain the best compromise between the speed of acquisition of a desired response and resistance to its extinction, which reinforcement strategy should be used in training? (In other words, how do we get the fastest learning combined with the strongest resistance to extinction?) A) Continuous reinforcement. B) Begin with self-management and then go to modeling. C) Begin with negative reinforcement and gradually change to continuous positive reinforcement. D) Begin with immediate and continuous reinforcement and gradually go to delayed and partial reinforcement. E) Begin with delayed and partial reinforcement and gradually go to immediate and continuous reinforcement.

D) Begin with immediate and continuous reinforcement and gradually go to delayed and partial reinforcement.

The book described a company that posted a feedback chart in the workplace to indicate the percentage of safe behaviours observers noted every three days. Which of the following is not true about this practice? A) It was an example of positive reinforcement. B) It was an example of organizational behaviour modification. C) The posting of safe behaviours every three days is essentially a delayed, continuous reinforcement strategy. D) It was an example of self-regulation. E) The scheme was designed to improve safe working practices.

D) It was an example of self-regulation.

________ increase or maintain the probability of some response by their ________ the situation in question. A) Negative reinforcers; modeling of B) Negative reinforcers; application or addition to C) Positive reinforcers; removal from D) Positive reinforcers; application or addition to E) Rewards; removal from

D) Positive reinforcers; application or addition to

A supervisor complimented each of his workers as he or she arrived promptly to work every morning. Due to time constraints, the supervisor had to stop this practice, resulting in a much higher rate of tardiness among his workers. Which of the following statements best explains this situation in operant terms? A) The supervisor's negative reinforcement strategy was stopped, thus extinguishing the behaviour of arriving promptly. B) The supervisor was using a partial reinforcement strategy, and behaviour learned under such conditions is easily extinguishable. C) The supervisor was using a delayed reinforcement strategy, and behaviour learned under such conditions is easily extinguishable. D) The supervisor was using a continuous, immediate reinforcement strategy, and behaviour learned under such conditions is easily extinguishable. E) The supervisor was inadvertently punishing his workers by not complimenting them, so the workers didn't arrive on time any more.

D) The supervisor was using a continuous, immediate reinforcement strategy, and behaviour learned under such conditions is easily extinguishable.

Which of the following statements concerning extinction is false? A) Behaviours which are eliminated through extinction may reappear if they become positively reinforced again. B) Extinction works best when coupled with the reinforcement of a desired substitute behaviour. C) Behaviours learned under delayed or partial reinforcement schedules are more difficult to extinguish than those learned under continuous, immediate reinforcement. D) Using the application of an unpleasant stimulus after an unwanted behaviour, extinction can reduce the probability of that behaviour occurring again. E) Extinction can be successful in reducing an unwanted behaviour by removing the reinforcer of that behaviour.

D) Using the application of an unpleasant stimulus after an unwanted behaviour, extinction can reduce the probability of that behaviour occurring again.

Learning is A) not directly related to behaviour or experience. B) related to behaviour more than experience. C) a relatively temporary change in behaviour potential due to experience. D) a relatively permanent change in behaviour potential due to experience. E) concerned with both permanent and temporary changes.

D) a relatively permanent change in behaviour potential due to experience.

Luke has just described a set of well-defined behaviours to be learned. What is he doing? A) career planning B) organizational behaviour modification C) self-regulation D) behaviour modelling training E) career development

D) behaviour modelling training

Performance feedback is most effective when it is A) represented verbally, such as a written description B) delivered only after everyone has had a chance to think about the performance C) conveyed in a negative manner D) delivered immediately after observing performance E) delivered by several observers

D) delivered immediately after observing performance

Which of the following is not one of the four primary categories of learning content in organizations? A) intrapersonal skills B) interpersonal skills C) practical skills D) financial management E) cultural awareness

D) financial management

Which of the following is an example of a motivational trait? A) emotional stability B) self-esteem C) positive affectivity D) general self-efficacy E) core self-evaluations

D) general self-efficacy

Social cognitive theory is most strongly associated with which of the following concepts? A) partial reinforcement B) delayed reinforcement C) extinction D) modelling E) punishment

D) modelling

Which of the following is an emotional disposition that predicts people's general emotional tendencies? A) self-esteem B) proactive personality C) locus of control D) positive affectivity E) general self-efficacy

D) positive affectivity

A person who is relatively unconstrained by situational forces and acts to change and influence the environment has what kind of personality? A) positive affect B) high self-esteem C) internal locus of control D) proactive personality E) general self-efficacy

D) proactive personality

A manager who scolds her employees for being late with the hope that this will stop them from being late is using A) extinction. B) negative reinforcement. C) modeling. D) punishment. E) positive reinforcement.

D) punishment.

A new manager wants her employees to learn the principles of self-regulation. She has them set a goal so that there is a discrepancy between their goal and their performance. When employees attain their goals, they are likely to A) set lower goals B) stop setting goals C) ask the manager to set a new goal D) set even higher and more challenging goals E) set the same goal

D) set even higher and more challenging goals

The personality dimension of openness to experience is defined as A) the extent to which a person is outgoing and enjoys social situations. B) the degree to which a person is responsible and achievement oriented. C) the extent to which a person is friendly and approachable. D) the degree to which a person thinks flexibly and is receptive to new ideas. E) the degree to which a person has appropriate emotional control.

D) the degree to which a person thinks flexibly and is receptive to new ideas.

Emotional stability helps support positive work performance if A) the person is neurotic about their responsibilities and is fanatically detail oriented. B) the person is obsessive with customer service quality. C) The person expresses great detachment and apathy. D) the person is more calm and has highly effective interactions with co-workers and customers. E) the person keeps sticks to their established patterns and ignores updated information.

D) the person is more calm and has highly effective interactions with co-workers and customers.

The effects of behaviour modelling training are greatest when A) trainees are instructed to set goals and rewards are used in the work environment B) trainees are instructed to set goals and sanctions are used in the work environment C) rewards and sanctions are used in the work environment D) trainees are instructed to set goals and rewards and sanctions are used in the work environment E) trainees are instructed to set goals

D) trainees are instructed to set goals and rewards and sanctions are used in the work environment

Edward has recently been told that he is very effective at networking with potential customers. However, his follow-up after initial contact is sloppy and his files are not up to date. In order to be more effective on the job he needs to keep working on the ________ part of this personality. A) Emotional stability. B) Independence. C) Openness to experience. D) Neuroticism. E) Conscientiousness.

E) Conscientiousness.

________ increases the probability of a behaviour by the removal of a negative stimulus after that behaviour occurs. A) Positive reinforcement B) Extinction C) Modeling D) Punishment E) Negative reinforcement

E) Negative reinforcement

A positive reinforcer is A) interesting work. B) a company car. C) a holiday. D) pay. E) There is insufficient information to accurately answer this question.

E) There is insufficient information to accurately answer this question.

Which of the following represents the least effective reinforcement strategy? A) Delayed reinforcement B) Continuous reinforcement C) Negative reinforcement D) Immediate reinforcement E) This question cannot be answered accurately as stated.

E) This question cannot be answered accurately as stated.

A company converted its machine operators from piece rate pay to hourly pay and found that accidents involving the machines were reduced to almost zero from a previously high level. What can we conclude? A) Unsafe working practices were punished. B) Safe working practices were negatively reinforced. C) Hourly pay resulted in bigger paycheques for the machine operators. D) Safe working practices were positively reinforced. E) Unsafe working practices were extinguished.

E) Unsafe working practices were extinguished.

One of the most widely used and effective methods of training is A) self-efficacy training B) organizational behaviour modification C) social cognitive training D) self-regulation training E) behaviour modelling training

E) behaviour modelling training

What are the components of career development? A) career planning and career decision making B) career management and career advancement C) career choice and career planning D) career decision making and career management E) career planning and career management

E) career planning and career management

To reduce the probability of some unwanted behaviour we can use A) continuous reinforcement. B) positive reinforcement. C) negative reinforcement. D) immediate reinforcement. E) extinction.

E) extinction.

If a behaviour is increasing in probability, we can be certain that it is not being A) positively reinforced. B) negatively reinforced. C) learned. D) modeled. E) extinguished.

E) extinguished.

Gary Reynolds is the CEO of Reynolds Software Limited. He attributes his success to careful planning, hard work, and a good business education. In terms of locus of control, Gary is most likely a(n) A) high self-monitor. B) extravert. C) external. D) introvert. E) internal.

E) internal.

Which of the following represents the findings of research on organizational behaviour modification? A) money and social recognition have stronger effects on performance than performance feedback B) social recognition has stronger effects on performance than money and performance feedback C) performance feedback has stronger effects on performance than money and social recognition D) social recognition and performance feedback have the same effects on performance as money E) money has stronger effects on performance than social recognition and performance feedback

E) money has stronger effects on performance than social recognition and performance feedback

Which of the following is a key part of an employee recognition program? A) the type of recognition B) the amount of financial reward C) the fairness of the program D) the type of award E) public acknowledgement

E) public acknowledgement

The personality dimension of agreeableness is defined as A) the extent to which a person is outgoing and enjoys social situations. B) the degree to which a person thinks flexibly and is receptive to new ideas. C) the degree to which a person is responsible and achievement oriented. D) the degree to which a person has appropriate emotional control. E) the extent to which a person is friendly and approachable.

E) the extent to which a person is friendly and approachable.

The personality dimension of extraversion is defined as A) the degree to which a person is responsible and achievement oriented. B) the extent to which a person is friendly and approachable. C) the degree to which a person thinks flexibly and is receptive to new ideas. D) the degree to which a person has appropriate emotional control. E) the extent to which a person is outgoing and enjoys social situations.

E) the extent to which a person is outgoing and enjoys social situations.

Which of the following is the most widely accepted perspective within organizational behaviour? A) the five-factor approach B) the dispositional approach C) the situational approach D) the personality approach E) the interactionist approach

E) the interactionist approach