Chapter 2 Oceanography

ophiolites

A researcher interested in the vertical zonation of oceanic lithosphere would want to study __________. nemataphs ophiolites atolls mantle plumes magnetic reversals

all of the above.

Evidence for continental drift includes: past glacial activity. the fit of the continents. the distribution of organisms. matching sequences of rocks and mountain chains. all of the above.

A. Aleutian Islands

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A. Aleutian Islands B. Canary Islands C. Galapagos Islands D. Hawaiian Islands E. Iceland

B. Panamerica

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A. Gondwanaland B. Panamerica C. Pangaea D. Panthalassia E. Tethys Sea

E. hot spot

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A. divergent plate boundary B. oceanic-continental convergence C. oceanic-oceanic convergence D. transform plate boundary E. hot spot

A. hydrothermal vents

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A. hydrothermal vents B. island arc C. mountains D. oceanic trench E. volcanoes

Coal deposits from the same geologic age are now present in North America and Europe, which formed from the remains of vast tropical swamp plants.

Regarding glacial ages, why is it unlikely that the entire world was covered by ice 300 million years ago? The only places in the world that have ever had thick continental ice sheets are in the polar regions such as Greenland and Antarctica. The world was covered by ice 300 million years ago. Even tropical areas were covered by thick ice. Ice has never covered lower-latitude regions such as South America, Africa, India, and Australia. The entire world was covered with ice, indicating that the positions of the continents were the same 300 million years ago as they are today. Coal deposits from the same geologic age are now present in North America and Europe, which formed from the remains of vast tropical swamp plants.

lithosphere; asthenosphere

Tectonic plates are pieces of the ________ that float on the more fluid ________ below. mantle; crust crust; lithosphere lithosphere; mesosphere asthenosphere; lithosphere lithosphere; asthenosphere

moving over a hot spot or mantle plume.

The Hawaiian Islands are located where the Pacific plate is: moving over a hot spot or mantle plume. being subducted beneath Japan. being thrust over the North American plate. diving under Japan. being subducted beneath the North American plate.

divergent plate boundary.

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is an example of a: divergent plate boundary. convergent plate boundary (continent-continent). transform fault boundary. convergent plate boundary (oceanic-oceanic). convergent plate boundary (continent-oceanic)

They are all associated with zones of earthquakes.

What do all plate boundaries have in common? Select only one answer. They occur only on the ocean floor. They occur entirely within the middle of continents. They are all located along the edges of continents. They are all associated with an abundance of volcanic activity. They are all associated with zones of earthquakes.

uplifted mountain ranges

Which of the following is characteristic of continental-continental convergent plate boundaries? mid-ocean ridges uplifted mountain ranges volcanic island arcs hot spots

andesitic volcanoes

Which of the following is characteristic of oceanic-continental convergent plate boundaries? Which of the following is characteristic of oceanic-continental convergent plate boundaries? hot spots mid-ocean ridges fracture zones volcanic island arcs andesitic volcanoes

E. Mariana Trench

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A. transform fault B. Sand Andreas Fault C. oceanic transform fault D. Juan de Fuca Ridge E. Mariana Trench

plants lived near the poles, but landmasses have drifted to current locations.

Fossils of ancient polar plants are currently found near the equator because the: plants were distributed to current locations by ancient glacial ice sheets. entire earth had polar conditions at the time the plants were living. poles were at the equator at times in the geologic past. plants lived near the poles, but landmasses have drifted to current locations. plants probably were tolerant of both tropical and polar conditions.

A seamount is a volcano with a cone-shaped top, whereas a tablemount is a volcano with a flattened top. Though both of these features originate at the crest (and topographic high) of the mid-ocean ridge, a tablemount has been subject to wave erosion when it rises above sea level. When the crust containing the tablemount is pushed away from the crest (and therefore onto a topographically lower position), or is moved away from a hot spot, it is re-submerged with its flat top.

How can plate tectonics be used to help explain the difference between a seamount and a tablemount? A seamount is a coral reef with a cone-shaped top, whereas a tablemount is a coral reef with a flattened top. Though both of these features originate at the crest (and topographic high) of the mid-ocean ridge, a tablemount has been subject to wave erosion. When the crust containing the tablemount is pushed away from the crest (and therefore onto a topographically lower position), it is re-submerged with its flat top. A tablemount is a volcano with a cone-shaped top. A seamount is a volcano with a flat top. Though both of these features originate at the crest (and topographic high) of the mid-ocean ridge, a seamount has been subject to wave erosion. When the crust containing the seamount is pushed away from the crest (and therefore onto a topographically lower position) it is re-submerged with its flat top. A seamount is a volcano with a cone-shaped top, whereas a tablemount is a volcano with a flattened top. Though both of these features originate at the crest (and topographic high) of the mid-ocean ridge, a tablemount has been subject to wave erosion when it rises above sea level. When the crust containing the tablemount is pushed away from the crest (and therefore onto a topographically lower position), or is moved away from a hot spot, it is re-submerged with its flat top. Seamounts and tablemounts are volcanos with a cone-shaped top. Though both of these features can originate at the crest (and topographic high) of the mid-ocean ridges, a tablemount has not been subject to wave erosion. The crust containing the tablemount is pushed away from the crest (and therefore onto a topographically lower position), and it is re-submerged with its conical-shaped top. A seamount is a volcano with a cone-shaped top, whereas a tablemount is a volcano with a flattened top. Though both of these features originate far from the crest of the mid-ocean ridge, a tablemount has been subject to wave erosion. When the crust containing the tablemount is pushed toward the crest it is re-submerged with its flat top.

the newest Hawaiian volcano

Loihi is __________. the newest Hawaiian volcano a flat-topped seamount a volcanic rock of intermediate composition a prehistoric palm tree the geophysical boundary between the crust and the mantle

spreading center

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. seafloor magnetic stripes subduction zone spreading center

subduction zone

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. island arc subduction zone spreading center

subduction zone

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. trench subduction zone spreading center

latitude

Climate distribution on Earth is primarily controlled by: presence or absence of glacial debris. longitude. Earth's geologic history. latitude. plants and animals that live in an area

Earth's magnetic field is composed of invisible lines of magnetic force that originate within Earth and travel out into space. The polarity of the field has reversed itself throughout geologic time.

Describe Earth's magnetic field, including how it has changed through time. Earth's magnetic field is composed of invisible lines of magnetic force that originate within Earth and travel out into space. The polarity of the field has remained the same throughout geologic time. Earth's magnetic field is composed of invisible lines of magnetic force that originate from beyond Earth's gravitational force and travel out into space. The polarity of the field has reversed itself throughout geologic time. Earth's magnetic field is composed of the aurora borealis, which indicates that the polarity of the field has remained the same throughout geologic time. Earth's magnetic field is composed of invisible lines of magnetic force that originate from beyond Earth's gravitational force and travel out into space. The polarity of the field has remained the same throughout geologic time. Earth's magnetic field is composed of invisible lines of magnetic force that originate within Earth and travel out into space. The polarity of the field has reversed itself throughout geologic time.

Captain Hess suggested that new ocean crust was created at the mid-oceanic ridges and disappeared back into deep Earth at the trenches near the edges of ocean basins. This was an important piece of evidence in support of plate tectonics because it provided a mechanism for continental and oceanic plate motion.

Describe seafloor spreading and why it was an important piece of evidence in support of plate tectonics. Captain Hess suggested that new ocean crust was created at the trenches near the edges of ocean basins and disappeared back into deep Earth at the mid-oceanic ridges. This was an important piece of evidence in support of plate tectonics because it provided a mechanism for continental motion and how continents move across ocean basins. Captain Hess suggested that new ocean crust was created at the edges of ocean basins and disappeared back into deep Earth at the trenches near the mid-oceanic ridges. This was an important piece of evidence in support of plate tectonics because it showed that tidal forces moved continental masses. Captain Hess suggested that new ocean crust was created at the mid-oceanic ridges and disappeared back into deep Earth at the trenches near the edges of ocean basins. This was an important piece of evidence in support of plate tectonics because it provided a mechanism for continental and oceanic plate motion. Captain Hess suggested that new ocean crust was created at the mid-oceanic ridges and disappeared back into deep Earth at the trenches near the edges of ocean basins. This was an important piece of evidence in support of plate tectonics because it showed that tidal forces moved continental masses. Captain Hess suggested that new ocean crust was created at the mid-oceanic ridges and disappeared back into deep Earth at the trenches near the edges of ocean basins. This was an important piece of evidence in support of plate tectonics because it proved that continental rock plowed through oceanic rock.

Yes, most lithospheric plates contain both oceanic- and continental-type crust.

Do most lithospheric plates contain both oceanic- and continental-type crust? No, lithospheric plates cannot contain both continental- and oceanic-type crust. No, most lithospheric plates contain only continental-type crust. No, most lithospheric plates contain only oceanic-type crust. Yes, most lithospheric plates contain both oceanic- and continental-type crust. Yes, lithospheric plates must contain both continental- and oceanic-type crust.

lithosphere

Earthquakes can occur only in the __________. asthenosphere lithosphere mesosphere crust outer core

The volcanoes in the Hawaiian Island-Emperor Seamount chain get progressively older as one heads northwestward from Hawaii. These age relationships suggest that the Pacific Plate has been steadily moving northwestward, while the underlying mantle plume has remained relatively stationary.

How is the age distribution pattern of the Hawaiian Islands-Emperor Seamount chain explained by the position of the Hawaiian hot spot? The volcanoes in the Hawaiian Island-Emperor Seamount chain get progressively older as one heads southeastward. These age relationships suggest that the Pacific Plate has steadily moved northwestward, while the underlying mantle plume has remained relatively stationary. The volcanoes in the Hawaiian Island-Emperor Seamount chain get progressively younger as one heads northwestward. These age relationships suggest that the Pacific Plate has steadily moved northwestward, while the underlying mantle plume has remained relatively stationary. The volcanoes in the Hawaiian Island-Emperor Seamount chain get progressively older as one heads northwestward. These age relationships suggest that the Pacific Plate has steadily moved southeastward, while the underlying mantle plume has remained relatively stationary. The volcanoes in the Hawaiian Island-Emperor Seamount chain get progressively older as one heads northwestward from Hawaii. These age relationships suggest that the Pacific Plate has been steadily moving northwestward, while the underlying mantle plume has remained relatively stationary. The volcanoes in the Hawaiian Island-Emperor Seamount chain get progressively younger as one heads northeastward. These age relationships suggest that the Pacific Plate has steadily moved northeastward, while the underlying mantle plume has remained relatively stationary.

Divergent

Iceland is located on what type of plate boundary? Oceanic/continental Divergent Continental/continental convergent Transform Oceanic/oceanic convergent

Harry Hess.

The book The History of Ocean Basins, which contained the idea of seafloor spreading, was written by geologist: Frederick Vine. Drummond Matthews. Harry Hess. John Tuzo Wilson. Alfred Wegener.

About 12,230,000 years

The cities of Los Angeles and San Francisco, CA, are about 380 miles apart. Plate motion along the San Andreas Fault is about five centimeters per year. If the Los Angeles Dodgers and the San Francisco Giants continue to play at their current locations, how long will it be before their games will constitute a cross-town rivalry? About 17,930,000 years About 12,230,000 years About 10,110,000 years About 18,490,000 years About 15,650,000 years

Charles Darwin.

The first scientist to propose the origin of coral reefs based upon subsidence (sinking) of volcanic islands was: Charles Darwin. John Tuzo Wilson. Drummond Matthews. Alfred Wegener. Harry Hess.

PARALLEL to AND symmetric about mid-ocean ridges.

The seafloor magnetic pattern is best described as: perpendicular to, but not symmetric about mid-ocean ridges. parallel to, but not symmetric about mid-ocean ridges. not related to the location of mid-ocean ridges. perpendicular to and symmetric about mid-ocean ridges. parallel to and symmetric about mid-ocean ridges.

paleogeography

The study of historical changes of continental shapes and positions is called: paleomagnetism. sedimentology. paleoclimatology. paleogeography.

tablemounts

volcanoes on the seafloor that are flat-topped because of wave erosion are called: abyssal hills. hotspots. mantle plumes. seamounts. tablemounts.