Chapter 2: Old Worlds, New Worlds

One of the consequences of political centralization in Europe was

a better ability to manage colonies

What was the first continent to experience Europe's expansionist ideas

Africa

Who controlled sub-Saharan trade routes in the fifteenth century?

African kingdoms

The ___ and the growth of the Ottoman Empire reduced Portuguese access to traditional sources of slave labor for their sugar plantations.

Black Death

The conquest of which country served as a model for England's colonization of America?

Ireland

The dominant Islamic Empire during the 15th and 16th century was the

Ottoman Empire

Hernan de Soto explored

Peru and the Southeast of America

By the 16th century, England had adopted the ____ Christian faith.

Protestant

One of the advantages that allowed the Spanish to intimidate and eventually defeat the Aztecs was

advanced metal weaponry

The mines in the New Spanish World was worked by

black slaves, white workers, and Indians

The Spanish Empire in the New World was governed primarily by

bureaucrats

One of the consequences of Hernan de Soto's venture into North America was the

decentralization of native chiefdoms

Characteristics that the Aztecs and the Spanish civilizations shared

expansionist aims, merchants, skilled craftsmen, and guilds, a largely rural and agricultural population, powerful noble and priestly classes, and large cities.

What was threatened by inadequate infrastructure and constant warfare in early modern Europe?

food supply

A significant factor in the Aztec defeat was the

internal opposition to Aztec rule

Early modern Europe was volatile because of its

rampant crime

Two members of the 1584 expedition to Virginia produced a text that

served as a key source of information on North America and its people

What killed the most American Indians in the early years of European colonization?

smallpox