Chapter 2 , Stress Physiology

bloodstream

ACTH travels via ______ to adrenal gland(cortex)

central nervous system

Composed of the brain and spinal cord

endocrine system, autonomic nervous system

When the hypothalamus experiences a stressor, it activates what two major stress reactivity pathways?

cardiovascular system

___________ transports blood to cells and organs

smooth muscles

muscles that control the contraction of internal organs

thyroxine axis

~Hypothalamus triggers release of Thyrotropic Hormone Releasing Factor(TRF) to pituitary ~Triggers pituitary to release thyrotropic hormone (TTH) to thyroid

epinephrine

A catecholamine secreted by the adrenal medulla and is commonly called adrenaline

norepinephrine

A catecholamine secreted by the adrenal medulla and is commonly called noradrenaline

ACTH(Adrenocorticotropic hormone)

Activates the adrenal cortex to secrete corticoid hormones

thyroid gland

An endocrine gland that secretes the hormone thyroxin and is involved in stressed reaction ~Activated by the thyrotropic Hormone (TTH)

autonomic nervous system

Controls such body processes as hormone balance, temperature, and width of blood vessels

neocortical level

Highest, most sophisticated level of the CNS; sensory information is processed (conscious power to override stress response exists)

Autonomic nervous system

Part of peripheral nervous system that regulates circulation , digestion, respiration, temperature

sympathetic nervous system

Part of the autonomic nervous system that is responsible for expanding energy

thalamus

Part of the diencephalon that relays sensory impulse to the cerebral cortex

hypothalamus

Part of the endocrine system that regulates the pituitary gland

cerebellum

Part of the subcortex responsible for coordination

pons

Part of the subcortex responsible for regulating sleep

medulla oblongata

Part of the subcortex responsible for the regulation of the heartbeat and breathing

cortisol

Primary glucocorticoid secreted from the adrenal cortex that is responsible for an increase in blood glucose ~designed to prepare us to fight or run from stressor ~decreases effectiveness in immune response

aldosterone

Primary mineralocorticoid secreted from the adrenal cortex and is responsible for an increase in blood pressure ~prepares us for action ~raises bp by increasing blood volume

glucocorticoids

Regulate metabolism of glucose and is secreted by adrenal cortex

thyrotropic hormone releasing factor(TRF)

Released by hypothalamus and stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete thyrotropic hormone.

CRF(corticotropin releasing factor)

Released by the hypothalamus and results in the release of adrenocorticotropin hormone

vegetative level

Reticular formation and brain stem; Responsible for heartbeat, respiration , vasomotor activity. ~Considered automatic control center of brain

mineralocorticoids

Secreted by the adrenal cortex that regulates the balance between sodium and potassium

thyrotropic hormone

Stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxin

oxytocin, vasopressin

Stress on the circulatory system may cause release of _____ and_____ both can constrict blood vessels leading to increased BP

true

T/ F The skins ability to conduct electrical currents and the skin's temperature are both affected by stress

true

T/F Some possible Thyroxin effects are increased basal metabolic rate and heart rate

smooth

The _____ muscle contraction of the walls of blood vessels in response to stress can lead to hypertension

cerebral cortex

The ______ controls high-order abstract functioning , such as language and judgment.

hypothalamus

The _______, a key structure in stress reactivity and is the primary activator of the autonomic nervous system

endocrine system

The __________ includes all the glands that secrete hormones. Includes the pituitary , thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands, as well as the pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal glad, and thymus gland.

medulla, cortex

The adrenal glands are made up of two portions 1) The _____ which releases epinephrine and norepinephrine 2) The ______ which releases corticosteriods

sympathetic, parasympathetic

The autonomic nervous system is made up of two components the __________ nervous system and the __________ nervous system

gastrointestinal system

The body system responsible for digestion

cerebral cortex, subcortex

The brain includes two major components: the ________ which is the upper portion and the ____ which is the lower.

gray matter

The cerebral cortex is also called

skeletal

The contraction of _____ muscle that results from stress can lead to tension headaches, backaches, and fatigue

thalamus, hypothalamus

The diencephalon is made up of the _____ and _____

galvanic skin response(GSR)

The electrodermal response or the electrical conductance of the skin ; Major part of the lie detector test

adrenal medulla

The inner portion of the adrenal gland that secretes catecholamines such as epinephrine and norepinephrine

subcortex

The lower part of the brain responsible for various physiological processes necessary to live

adrenal cortex

The outer layer part of the adrenal gland that secretes corticoids

acetylcholine

The parasympathetic nervous system is facilitated by the neurotransmitter _______

digest and rest

The parasympathetic nervous system stress response is _____________

hippocampus

The part of the brain the "sounds the alarm" that stress is present

somatic, autonomic

The peripheral nervous system is composed of the _____ network and the ________nervous system

gluconeogenesis

The production of glucose from amino acids by the liver

epinephrine, norepinephrine

The sympathetic nervous system is facilitated by _______ and _________

expenditure, conservation

The sympathetic nervous system is involved in energy ______, while the parasympathetic nervous system is involved in energy _________.

fight or flight

The sympathetic nervous system stress response is ___________

psychophysiology

The term "_______" refers to mind-body connection

somatic network

Transmits motor and sensory messages to and from CNS; voluntary muscle movement, processes sensory information

true

True or False Cholesterol and Free fatty acids increase risk of heart disease

bracing

Unnecessary muscle tension

cerebral cortex

Upper part of the brain responsible for thinking function

Vasopressin axis

Vasopressin aka Antidiuretic Hormone(ADH) released via pituitary ~Acts to increase water reabsorption and decrease perspiration

pituitary, adrenal, thyroid

What are the 3 glands of the Endocrine System are most involved in stress response?

ACTH axis, Vasopressin axis, Thyroxine axis

What are the three neuroendocrine pathways?

hypothalamus

What is the primary activator of the autonomic nervous system

adrenal glands

What sit on top of each of the kidneys and are cone-shaped in appearance?

reticular activating system

a network of nerves that connect the mind and the body

limbic system

also called the "seat of emotions" because it produces emotions -consists of the thalamus and hypothalamus(diencephalon)

diencephalon

part of the sub cortex responsible for the regulation of the emotions

ACTH axis

~Aka HPA axis(hypothalamus/pituitary/Adrenal) ~CRF is released from anterior hypothalamus ~Triggers pituitary gland to release ACTH ~ACTH travels via blood stream to adrenal gland(cortex) ~Adrenal cortex releases corticosterioids(cortisol&aldosterone)

limbic system

Part of the CNS that is considered the emotional control center. Responsible for appetite, temperature regulation, pain and pleasure. ~Contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary

parasympathetic nervous system

Part of the autonomic nervous system that is responsible for conserving energy

pituitary gland

Oxytocin and vasopressin(ADH) are hormones secreted by the ___________

vasopressin

Effects of _____ Regulates blood pressure, high levels cause sodium and water retention; leads to increased blood volume and blood pressure

cortisol

Effects of ______ on the ACTH axis ~Gluconeogenesis (increases energy by causing live to create glucose) ~Requires breakdown of proteins ~Mobilizes free fatty acids ~Increases serum glucose levels ~Immune system suppression

aldosterone

Effects of ______ on the ACTH axis ~maintains plasma volume, electrolyte balance ~High levels produce sodium retention, increased blood volume and blood pressure

skin

Effects of stress on the _____ include ~Temperature and electrical conduction are affected ~increased perspiration ~vasoconstriction occurs, causing its color to change

gastrointestinal system

Effects of stress on the ____________ Stress reduces salive production and increases hydrochloric acid production Ulcers can develop Stress can alter rhythmic movement of food, leading to bowl distress and diseases

sympathetic nervous system

Energy expenditure Catabolic reactions break down nutrients for energy Assoicated with quick bursts of energy Facilitated by : Epinephrine and norepinephrine Stress response: fight or flight

corticotropin releasing factor(CRF), adrenocorticotropin hormone(ACTH)

For the hypothalamus to activate the endocrine system, the anterior portion of the hypothalamus releases _______________, which instructs the pituitary gland at the base of the brain to secrete ___________

steroids

Glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids are chemically classified as _____ molecules

contraction, sympathetic

Heart responds to stress by increasing its force of _______ and pumps out more blood when stressed due to the effects of the _______ nervous system

bracing

In the muscles, stress results in tensing known as ______

parasympathetic nervous system

Involved in resting& digesting Relaxation response Counter part to sympathetic nervous system Responsible for energy conservation Anabolic function

pituitary gland

Known as the master gland & manufactures several hormones

skeletal muscles

Muscles attached to the bone

Peripheral nervous system

Not housed in bone Neural pathways to body's extremities Two branches: Somatic and autonomic