Chapter 2
The domain used in a website's URL can tell you what type of organization sponsors the website. Match the type of domain with the sponsor of each website. URL type: ∙ .com ∙ .org ∙ .edu ∙ .gov Website: ∙ A nationally accredited university publishes highlights of a recent study about the effects of beef intake on risk of heart disease. ∙ A government health agency promotes its campaign to increase calcium consumption among pre-teen girls. ∙ A nationally recognized health association that is for people with diabetes provides information about choosing healthful foods for diabetes management. ∙ A commercial website contains ads for gluten-free food products and supplements that are targeted for people who have intestinal problems.
.com ∙ A commercial website contains ads for gluten-free food products and supplements that are targeted for people who have intestinal problems. .org ∙ A nationally recognized health association that is for people with diabetes provides information about choosing healthful foods for diabetes management. .edu ∙ A nationally accredited university publishes highlights of a recent study about the effects of beef intake on risk of heart disease. .gov ∙ A government health agency promotes its campaign to increase calcium consumption among pre-teen girls.
Match the term with its definition. Term: ∙ Anecdote ∙ Conventional wisdom ∙ Data ∙ Experiment ∙ Testimonial Definition: ∙ personal endorsement of a product ∙ systematic testing of a hypothesis ∙ facts observed over the course of an experiment ∙ traditional belief ∙ report of personal experiment
Anecdote ∙ report of personal experiment Conventional wisdom ∙ traditional belief Data ∙ facts observed over the course of an experiment Experiment ∙ systematic testing of a hypothesis Testimonial ∙ personal endorsement of a product
Registered dietitians can work in a variety of settings. Match the workplace setting with the type of dietitian who is associated with that kind of work. Type of dietician: ∙ Clinical dietician ∙ Food systems management dietician ∙ Community dietician ∙ Research dietician Workplace setting: ∙ A registered dietician who works in an outpatient hospital setting helping people who have recently had heart attacks develop more heart healthy eating habits. ∙ A registered dietician who works for a school district and is in charge of developing the school lunch menus, ordering food, and overseeing its distribution to the district's school-aged children. ∙ A registered dietitian who works at a clinic for low-income women who receive government assistance to help them purchase healthy foods during pregnancy and breastfeeding and for their children under 5 years of age. ∙ A registered dietician who works for a university-based research group studying the effect of fiber intake on colon cancer risk in newly emigrated populations.
Clinical dietician ∙ A registered dietician who works in an outpatient hospital setting helping people who have recently had heart attacks develop more heart healthy eating habits. Food systems management dietician ∙ A registered dietician who works for a school district and is in charge of developing the school lunch menus, ordering food, and overseeing its distribution to the district's school-aged children. Community dietician ∙ A registered dietitian who works at a clinic for low-income women who receive government assistance to help them purchase healthy foods during pregnancy and breastfeeding and for their children under 5 years of age. Research dietician ∙ A registered dietician who works for a university-based research group studying the effect of fiber intake on colon cancer risk in newly emigrated populations.
Determine whether each relationship described below is an inverse (negative) or a direct (positive) correlation. ∙ As high-calorie fast food consumption increases, waist circumference and weight increase. ∙ As vitamin D-fortified milk intake in childhood and adolescence increases, the risk of having bone fractures in older adulthood decreases. ∙ As cardiovascular exercise in people with hypertension (high blood pressure) increases, average systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings decrease. ∙ An increase n the number of pregnant women NOT taking folic acid leads to an increase in the number of neural tube defects in their babies. ∙ As a population's intake of whole grain products decreases, the population's fiber intake decreases.
Direct (positive) correlation ∙ As high-calorie fast food consumption increases, waist circumference and weight increase. ∙ An increase n the number of pregnant women NOT taking folic acid leads to an increase in the number of neural tube defects in their babies. ∙ As a population's intake of whole grain products decreases, the population's fiber intake decreases. Inverse (negative) correlation ∙ As vitamin D-fortified milk intake in childhood and adolescence increases, the risk of having bone fractures in older adulthood decreases. ∙ As cardiovascular exercise in people with hypertension (high blood pressure) increases, average systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings decrease.
A team of scientists wants to conduct a study to determine the effects of a high-fiber diet on the health of the colon (large intestine). Consider the situations below, and match the situation with the type of human research study that it is describing. Type of study: ∙ Experimental (intervention) study ∙ Prospective cohort study ∙ Retrospective cohort study ∙ Case-control study Options: ∙ The researchers randomly divide a group of people who have chronic constipation into two groups. Members of one group receive a fiber-rich beverage to consume daily. Members of the other group received a placebo beverage. For 6 weeks, subjects record the number of bowel movements they have daily. ∙ The investigators match persons with chronic constipation to persons who have similar characteristics but have normal bowel function. The scientists collect information about the lifestyle practices of each subject. This information is analyzed to determine whether the people with chronic constipation have different dietary practices than the people who do not have the condition. ∙ The investigators recruit a group of 2,500 healthy people and collect information about the participants current fiber and take and other lifestyle practices. At the end of the 15-year study, each participant undergoes medical testing to determine the health of his or her colon. ∙ The scientists randomly divide a group of healthy college students into two groups. One group receives fiber-rich crackers and the other group receives placebo bow crackers. For 3 months, subjects record the number of bowel movements they have each day. ∙ The researchers interview a group of older adults who have colon cancer concerning their past dietary practices. The scientists analyze the data to see if there is a correlation between fiber intake during the young adult years and the risk of colon cancer later in life.
Experimental (intervention) study ∙ The scientists randomly divide a group of healthy college students into two groups. One group receives fiber-rich crackers and the other group receives placebo bow crackers. For 3 months, subjects record the number of bowel movements they have each day. ∙ The researchers randomly divide a group of people who have chronic constipation into two groups. Members of one group receive a fiber-rich beverage to consume daily. Members of the other group received a placebo beverage. For 6 weeks, subjects record the number of bowel movements they have daily. Prospective cohort study ∙ The investigators recruit a group of 2,500 healthy people and collect information about the participants current fiber and take and other lifestyle practices. At the end of the 15-year study, each participant undergoes medical testing to determine the health of his or her colon. Retrospective cohort study ∙ The researchers interview a group of older adults who have colon cancer concerning their past dietary practices. The scientists analyze the data to see if there is a correlation between fiber intake during the young adult years and the risk of colon cancer later in life. Case-control study ∙ The investigators match persons with chronic constipation to persons who have similar characteristics but have normal bowel function. The scientists collect information about the lifestyle practices of each subject. This information is analyzed to determine whether the people with chronic constipation have different dietary practices than the people who do not have the condition.
Promoters of dietary supplements often make claims that may or may not be supported by scientific evidence of health benefits or risks. Match the dietary supplement with its known health effect. Dietary supplement: ∙ Ginger ∙ Flaxseed oil ∙ St. John's wort ∙ Bitter orange Effect: ∙ can safely treat morning sickness and some other forms of nausea ∙ generally safe but may cause diarrhea ∙ may interact with oral contraceptives ∙ may increase blood pressure and cause stroke
Ginger ∙ can safely treat morning sickness and some other forms of nausea Flaxseed oil ∙ generally safe but may cause diarrhea St. John's wort ∙ may interact with oral contraceptives Bitter orange ∙ may increase blood pressure and cause stroke
Based on the information that is provided in the description, determine whether the website is a source of reliable nutrition information. ∙ A website with a subscription-based product that promises to tell you about the weight-loss secret physicians and dietitians don't want you to know about. ∙ A pop-up ad for B vitamins that promotes "endless energy" when you are doing a general web search on natural sleep aids. ∙ A scientific review to determine if creatine supplements are effective in improving athletic performance that appears on the National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements page at https://ods.od.nih.gov ∙ A nutrition blog on fiber featuring the Health on the Net symbol at the bottom of the main page of the website.
Reliable ∙ A scientific review to determine if creatine supplements are effective in improving athletic performance that appears on the National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements page at https://ods.od.nih.gov ∙ A nutrition blog on fiber featuring the Health on the Net symbol at the bottom of the main page of the website. Not reliable ∙ A website with a subscription-based product that promises to tell you about the weight-loss secret physicians and dietitians don't want you to know about. ∙ A pop-up ad for B vitamins that promotes "endless energy" when you are doing a general web search on natural sleep aids.
Scientists plan to study a possible link between the development of arthritis and dietary factors. Consider the four research designs described below, and match the design with the type of experimental or epidemiological study that it is describing. Type of study: ∙ Retrospective Cohort Study ∙ Experimental (Intervention) Study ∙ Case-Control Study ∙ Prospective Cohort Study Research designs: ∙ Scientists interview a large group of people about their health and past dietary practices including the kinds of foods they usually ate and which dietary supplements they used regularly. The dietary practices of the subjects who have arthritis are compared to those of subjects who do not have the condition. ∙ A large group of people with arthritis are divided into two groups. The members of one group are given pills that contain the dietary supplement glucosamine with chondroitin and members of the other group are given pills that are placebos. During the study, members of each group do not know if they are taking the dietary supplement or the placebo. ∙ Researchers match one person with arthritis to a similar person who does not have arthritis. The scientists collect and analyze information from the subjects, including their food choices and use of dietary supplements. ∙ A research team recruits a group of healthy people, and studies them for 10 years to determine if any dietary practice is associated with an increased or decreased risk of arthritis.
Retrospective Cohort Study ∙ Scientists interview a large group of people about their health and past dietary practices including the kinds of foods they usually ate and which dietary supplements they used regularly. The dietary practices of the subjects who have arthritis are compared to those of subjects who do not have the condition. Experimental (Intervention) Study ∙ A large group of people with arthritis are divided into two groups. The members of one group are given pills that contain the dietary supplement glucosamine with chondroitin and members of the other group are given pills that are placebos. During the study, members of each group do not know if they are taking the dietary supplement or the placebo. Case-Control Study ∙ Researchers match one person with arthritis to a similar person who does not have arthritis. The scientists collect and analyze information from the subjects, including their food choices and use of dietary supplements. Prospective Cohort Study ∙ A research team recruits a group of healthy people, and studies them for 10 years to determine if any dietary practice is associated with an increased or decreased risk of arthritis.