Chapter 20
The venous sinuses in the cranial cavity drain blood into the A. cephalic vein. B. internal jugular vein. C. internal carotid vein. D. brachiocephalic vein. E. carotid artery.
B. internal jugular vein.
These are all tributaries of the inferior vena cava except A. the hepatic veins. B. the internal and external iliac veins. C. the inferior phrenic veins. D. the vertebral veins. E. the lumbar veins.
D. the vertebral veins.
Most blood is in the A. pulmonary circuit. B. heart. C. arteries. D. veins. E. capillaries.
D. veins.
Which of the following hormones does NOT influence blood pressure? A. ADH B. epinephrine C. atrial natriuretic hormone D. aldosterone E. growth hormone
E. growth hormone
A mean arterial pressure (MAP) below 60 mmHg can cause _____, whereas a MAP above 160 mmHg can cause _____________. A. neurogenic shock; syncope B. neurogenic shock; cardiogenic shock C. compensated shock; decompensated shock D. syncope; neurogenic shock E. syncope; cerebral edema
E. syncope; cerebral edema
What might account for a soldier experiencing syncope after standing at attention for a long period of time? a. increased respiratory rate b. vasoconstriction c. increased heart rate d. venous pooling
d. venous pooling
In capillary exchange, which of the following statements is true? A) Most fluid that leaves the arterial end of a capillary reenters the venous end of a capillary. B) Interstitial fluid normally has a higher osmotic pressure than plasma. C) Constriction of the precapillary sphincter will increase blood pressure in the capillary. D) Interstitial protein concentration is normally higher than plasma protein concentration. E) Most fluid that leaves the arterial end of a capillary enters the lymphatic system.
A) Most fluid that leaves the arterial end of a capillary reenters the venous end of a capillary.
In the aorta, A) the blood pressure and blood velocity are both high. B) the velocity of blood flow is high, but blood pressure is low. C) the resistance to blood flow is high, but velocity of blood flow is low. D) the resistance to blood flow and the blood pressure are both low. E) velocity is diminished because the total cross-sectional area is small.
A) the blood pressure and blood velocity are both high.
Which of the following statements regarding regulation of local blood flow is true? A. Increased metabolic rate in a tissue increases capillary blood flow into the tissue. B. Blood flow through capillaries is continuous. C. Contraction of precapillary sphincters will increase blood flow to a capillary bed. D. Increased levels of carbon dioxide increase the contraction of precapillary sphincters. E. Tissue need for oxygen and amino acids will cause precapillary sphincters to contract.
A. Increased metabolic rate in a tissue increases capillary blood flow into the tissue.
The cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis) is A. an anastomosis surrounding the pituitary gland. B. a portal system connecting the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary. C. a short anastomosis found in the cerebellum. D. formed by the superior and inferior sagittal sinuses. E. an anastomosis circling the entire cortex.
A. an anastomosis surrounding the pituitary gland.
Which of the following arteries sends branches to the stomach and liver? A. celiac artery B. superior mesenteric artery C. inferior mesenteric artery D. renal artery E. splenic artery
A. celiac artery
From superior to inferior, the major branches of the abdominal aorta are A. celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, renal arteries, gonadal arteries, inferior mesenteric artery, and common iliac arteries. B. celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, gonadal arteries, renal arteries, inferior mesenteric artery, and common iliac arteries. C. superior mesenteric artery, celiac trunk, renal arteries, gonadal arteries, inferior mesenteric artery, and common iliac arteries. D. superior mesenteric artery, celiac trunk, gonadal arteries, renal arteries, inferior mesenteric artery, and common iliac arteries. E. superior mesenteric artery, inferior mesenteric artery, celiac trunk, gonadal arteries, renal arteries, and common iliac arteries.
A. celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, renal arteries, gonadal arteries, inferior mesenteric artery, and common iliac arteries.
Which of the following is NOT a pericapillary cell found in capillaries? A. macrophages B. neurons C. undifferentiated smooth muscle cells D. fibroblasts
A. macrophages
Arteries are sometimes called the _______________ vessels of the cardiovascular system because they have strong-resilient tissue strucure. A. resistance B. capacitance C. hydrodynamic D. compliance E. fenestrated
A. resistance
Which type of capillaries have large fenestrae and are found in endocrine glands? A. sinusoidal capillaries B. continuous capillaries C. fenestrated capillaries D. sinusoids
A. sinusoidal capillaries
In which of the following clinical situations would you expect edema? A) shock (which is accompanied by low blood pressure) B) burns (which result in increased capillary permeability to plasma proteins) C) dehydration (which results in low blood pressure) D) vomiting (which leads to a decreased plasma volume) E) diarrhea (which leads to a decreased blood volume)
B) burns (which result in increased capillary permeability to plasma proteins)
Which of the following is correct? A) external iliac vein, internal iliac vein, common iliac vein B) liver sinusoid, central vein, hepatic vein C) superior vena cava, azygos vein, posterior intercostal vein D) fibular vein, femoral vein, popliteal vein E) hepatic vein, hepatic portal system, inferior vena cava
B) liver sinusoid, central vein, hepatic vein
Sympathetic nerve fibers that innervate blood vessel walls are found primarily in the A) tunica intima. B) tunica media. C) tunica adventitia. D) tunica externa. E) tunica interna.
B) tunica media.
The internal iliac arteries supply blood to the A) diaphragm. B) urinary bladder and rectum. C) lower leg. D) spleen. E) reproductive organs.
B) urinary bladder and rectum.
If a person develops high blood pressure, one of the compensatory mechanisms that comes into play is the fluid shift mechanism. This mechanism causes A) water to shift from inside cells into the extracellular fluid. B) water to shift from the capillaries into the interstitial spaces. C) water to shift from the interstitial space into the capillaries. D) increased filtration in the kidney thereby increasing urine output. E) water to stay inside the capillaries.
B) water to shift from the capillaries into the interstitial spaces.
When contrasting arteries and veins, which of the following statements is true? A. Veins have thicker walls than arteries. B. Arteries have a thicker tunica media than veins. C. Veins have a tunica media while arteries do not. D. Arteries have valves, but veins do not. E. Arteries have smooth muscle in their walls, but veins do not.
B. Arteries have a thicker tunica media than veins.
____________ would not increase capillary filtration. A. Blockage of lymphatic capillaries B. Dehydration C. Increased capillary permeability D. Dietary protein deficiency E. Obstructed venous return
B. Dehydration
Which of the following organs would be most likely to contain fenestrated capillaries? A. Spleen B. Kidney C. bone marrow D. muscle E. pancreas
B. Kidney
Which statement about precapillary sphincters is CORRECT? A. They contract when oxygen levels in the tissue are low. B. They can close off the capillaries by contracting. C. They are openings that allow large molecules and blood cells to leave the capillary. D. When the precapillary sphincters are open, blood flows only through the thoroughfare channels. E. They are voluntary.
B. They can close off the capillaries by contracting.
Which statement is CORRECT? A. For an artery and vein of the same diameter, the vein would have a thicker wall. B. Veins contain valves and arteries do not. C. Blood pressure is lower in arteries than in veins. D. When empty, an artery is more likely to be collapsed (flattened) than a vein. E. Both arteries and veins are under pressure.
B. Veins contain valves and arteries do not.
The vasa vasorum? A. are incompetent valves in the large veins. B. are special capillaries that supply nutrients to the walls of arteries and veins. C. are the blood vessels that supply blood to the vas deferens. D. are blood vessels that directly connect arteries to veins. E. supply blood to skeletal muscle.
B. are special capillaries that supply nutrients to the walls of arteries and veins.
Myocardial infarction can lead to _______________ shock. A. neurogenic B. cardiogenic C. obstructed venous return D. venous pooling (vascular) E. hypovolemic
B. cardiogenic
The abdominal aorta divides at L5 to form the two? A. Inferior mesenteric arteries. B. common iliac arteries. C. superior mesenteric arteries. D. femoral arteries. E. renal arteries.
B. common iliac arteries
Systemic blood vessels transport blood? A. from the left ventricle through the body to the left atrium. B. from the left ventricle through the body to the right atrium. C. from the right ventricle through the body to the left atrium. D. from the right ventricle through the body to the right atrium. E. from the left ventricle to the lungs
B. from the left ventricle through the body to the right atrium.
The velocity of blood flow inside a blood vessel? A. is equal to the blood pressure. B. is faster in the center of the blood vessel. C. is most rapid at a bend or turn in the vessel. D. increases along the walls of the blood vessel. E. is more rapid along the sides of the vessel.
B. is faster in the center of the blood vessel.
The central nervous system ischemic response A. is triggered by an increase in blood flow to the vasomotor center. B. plays an important role in controlling blood pressure under emergency conditions. C. is stimulated by a rise in oxygen. D. is inhibited by a rise in the level of hydrogen ions. E. plays an important role in regulating blood pressure under normal conditions.
B. plays an important role in controlling blood pressure under emergency conditions.
In the pulmonary circulation, the _____ carry blood to the lungs. A. carotid sinuses B. pulmonary arteries C. coronary arteries D. superior vena cava and inferior vena cava E. aorta
B. pulmonary arteries
The outermost wall of an artery or vein is called the __________________ and in large arteries and veins contains the ______________. A. tunica media; smooth muscle B. tunica externa; vasa vasorum C. tunica externa; valves D. tunica intima; endothelium E. tunica intima; basement membrane
B. tunica externa; vasa vasorum
In arteries, the thickest layer of the wall is the: A. tunica externa. B. tunica media. C. tunica intima. D. tunica adventitia. E. None of these because all the layers are of the same dimension
B. tunica media.
The major plasma protein that does NOT leave the capillary, facilitating fluid re-entry is: A. globulin B. neutrophil C. albumin D. gamma
C. albumin
What is the order of the blood vessels that a red blood cell would pass through as the blood leaves the heart, travels to a tissue, and then returns to the heart? A. arteriole, artery, capillary, vein, venule B. capillary, arteriole, artery, vein, venule C. artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, vein D. vein, capillary, artery, arteriole, venule E. artery, venule, capillary, arteriole, vein
C. artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, vein
The internal jugular veins join the subclavian veins to form the A. superior vena cavae. B. axillary veins. C. brachiocephalic veins. D. azygos veins. E. external jugular veins.
C. brachiocephalic veins.
The structure of a capillary wall differs from that of a vein or artery because A. the capillary wall has only two tunics. B. capillaries have more smooth muscle. C. capillary walls have only endothelium and a basement membrane. D. capillaries can constrict or dilate. E. capillaries are impermeable to all substances.
C. capillary walls have only endothelium and a basement membrane.
Pulmonary arteries have ________________ blood pressure compared to systemic arteries. A. similar B. a little lower C. considerably lower D. considerably higher E. a little higher
C. considerably lower
The blood vessels that are under the greatest pressure are the? A. arterioles. B. capillaries. C. elastic arteries. D. veins. E. venules.
C. elastic arteries.
From the heart to body tissues, which of the following sequences of vessels is correct? A. muscular artery, arteriole, elastic artery, capillary B. arteriole, muscular artery, elastic artery, capillary C. elastic artery, muscular artery, arteriole, capillary D. elastic artery, arteriole, muscular artery, capillary E. distributing artery, muscular artery, medium artery, capillary
C. elastic artery, muscular artery, arteriole, capillary
In people who stand for long periods, blood tends to pool in the lower limbs and this may result in varicose veins. Varicose veins are caused by A. an aneurysm or weak point in an artery. B. an aneurysm or weak point in a vein. C. failure of the venous valves. D. failure of the lymphatic valves. E. a ruptured aneurysm in a vein.
C. failure of the venous valves.
These are all possible circulatory routes from the heart except A. heart → arteries → capillary bed → veins → heart B. heart → arteries → capillary bed → vein → capillary bed → veins → heart C. heart → arteries → capillary bed → vein → capillary bed → arteries → heart D. heart → arteries → arterial anastomosis → capillary bed → veins → heart E. heart → arteries → arterial anastomosis → capillary bed → venous anastomosis → veins → heart
C. heart → arteries → capillary bed → vein → capillary bed → arteries → heart
A blood pressure reading of 120/80 would? A. indicate a diastolic pressure of 120 mm Hg. B. have Korotkoff sounds at pressures above 120 mm Hg. C. indicate a systolic pressure of 120 mm Hg. D. indicate a systolic pressure of 80 mm Hg. E. would be considered hypertensive.
C. indicate a systolic pressure of 120 mm Hg.
Which of the following arteries is part of a circulatory pathway to the brain? A. radial artery B. cephalic artery C. internal carotid artery D. external jugular vein E. axillary artery
C. internal carotid artery
Blood pressure is the? A. product of the stroke volume times heart rate. B. number of layers of blood in laminar flow models. C. measure of force blood exerts against blood vessel walls. D. viscosity of the blood and resistance to blood flow. E. measure of the volume of the blood.
C. measure of force blood exerts against blood vessel walls.
Blood is moved through the vascular system by? A. valves in the wall of the blood vessels. B. peristalsis caused by smooth muscle in the blood vessel walls. C. pressure gradients created by the heart. D. osmotic pressure. E. viscosity of the blood.
C. pressure gradients created by the heart.
What artery supplies the small intestine, cecum, ascending colon, and transverse colon? A. inferior phrenic artery B. lumbar artery C. superior mesenteric artery D. inferior mesenteric artery
C. superior mesenteric artery
Which of the following blood vessels supplies blood to the diaphragm? A. axillary artery B. intercostal artery C. superior phrenic artery D. inferior mesenteric artery E. gastric artery
C. superior phrenic artery
Capillaries have the slowest velocity because? A. the total cross-sectional area is the smallest. B. the resistance is the greatest. C. the total cross-sectional area is the largest. D. their diameters are the smallest.
C. the total cross-sectional area is the largest.
Which kind of vessel provides a bypass for a capillary bed? A. sinusoid B. portal vein C. thoroughfare channel D. vasa vasorum E. metarteriole
C. thoroughfare channel
Hormones from the adrenal medulla A) are released in response to parasympathetic stimulation. B) cause vasodilation in blood vessels of the skin. C) decrease the heart rate. D) cause an increase in stroke volume. E) are released in response to vagal stimulation.
D) cause an increase in stroke volume.
Which of the following thoracic organs is supplied by a parietal branch of the thoracic aorta? A) the heart B) the lungs C) the esophagus D) the intercostal muscles E) the thymus gland.
D) the intercostal muscles
When the blood pressure of a vessel drops below the critical closing pressure for that vessel, A) there is hypertension. B) there is an increase in blood flow. C) there is an increase in peripheral resistance. D) the vessel collapses. E) the vessel expands.
D) the vessel collapses.
Which part of the circulatory system holds the largest amount of blood? A. Pulmonary arteries B. Pulmonary veins C. Systemic arteries D. Systemic veins
D. Systemic veins
Edema can occur when there is? A. an increase in the amount of plasma proteins. B. a decrease in capillary permeability to proteins. C. a decrease in blood pressure. D. a blockage of the lymphatics. E. an increase in blood colloid osmotic pressure.
D. a blockage of the lymphatics.
Which of the following would increase resistance to blood flow? A. a decrease in the length of the vessel B. a decrease in the number of red blood cells C. a decrease in blood viscosity D. a decrease in the radius of the vessel E. a decreased hematocrit
D. a decrease in the radius of the vessel
An obstruction in the inferior vena cava would hamper the return of blood from the A. head and neck. B. upper extremities. C. lungs. D. abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs. E. heart.
D. abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs.
Which of the following is NOT a long-term regulator of blood pressure? A. renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism B. vasopressin mechanism C. stress-relaxation response D. oxygen tension response
D. oxygen tension response
Which function does the circulatory system share with the heart? A. directs blood flow to tissues B. exchanges nutrients and wastes with cells C. transports hormones to all areas of the body D. regulates blood pressure
D. regulates blood pressure
Vasomotion is associated with the presence of A. collagen and elastic tissue in the tunica media. B. elastic tissue in the tunica externa. C. endothelium in the tunica interna. D. smooth muscle in the tunica media. E. fenestrations in the tunica externa.
D. smooth muscle in the tunica media.
The three major arteries of the upper limb that form a continuum are the? A. brachial, radial, and ulnar arteries. B. brachial, axillary, and radial arteries. C. subclavian, axillary, and radial arteries. D. subclavian, axillary, and brachial arteries. E. cephalic, basilic, and brachial arteries
D. subclavian, axillary, and brachial arteries.
Which of the following happen when a person stands in one place for a long period of time? A) Gravity causes an increased accumulation of blood in the veins in the feet and legs. B) Blood pressure rises in the venules of the feet. C) Without muscular movement the pressure at the venous end of the capillaries increases. D) Edema may occur in the lower extremities. E) All of the above.
E) All of the above
When measuring blood pressure with a sphygmomanometer, which of the following best describes when blood flow in the brachial artery is turbulent? A) while the left ventricle is contracting B) when pressure in the blood pressure cuff is greater than systolic but less than the diastolic pressure C) when pressure in the blood pressure is greater than the diastolic pressure D) when pressure in the blood pressure cuff is less than the diastolic pressure E) when pressure in the brachial artery is greater than in the blood pressure cuff and greater than the diastolic pressure
E) when pressure in the brachial artery is greater than in the blood pressure cuff and greater than the diastolic pressure
______________ shock occurs when bacterial toxins trigger vasodilation and increase capillary permeability. A. Compensated B. Anaphylactic C. Neurogenic D. Cardiogenic E. Septic
E. Septic
Which of the following chemical substances, when released into the blood, would cause blood pressure to decrease? A. angiotensin II (active angiotensin) B. aldosterone C. ADH D. vasopressin E. atrial natriuretic hormone
E. atrial natriuretic hormone
All of these increase blood pressure except A. norepinephrine. B. antidiuretic hormone (ADH). C. angiotensin II. D. aldosterone. E. atrial natriuretic peptide.
E. atrial natriuretic peptide.
The most important force driving filtration at the arterial end of a capillary is A. oncotic pressure. B. tissue fluid colloid osmotic pressure. C. blood colloid osmotic pressure. D. interstitial hydrostatic pressure. E. blood hydrostatic pressure.
E. blood hydrostatic pressure.
According to Poiseuille's law, A. blood flow is not related to resistance. B. pH of the blood influences flow. C. viscosity of the blood is not related to flow. D. if resistance increases, flow increases. E. if resistance increases, flow decreases.
E. if resistance increases, flow decreases.
Arteriosclerosis is characterized by A. a thickening of the tunica adventitia. B. increased elasticity of the tunica media. C. decreased resistance to blood flow. D. an enlargement of the lumen of the vessel. E. thickening of the tunica intima and loss of elasticity in the tunica media.
E. thickening of the tunica intima and loss of elasticity in the tunica media.
The following is a list of the vessels that blood passes through from the heart and back to the heart. 1. venules 2. arterioles 3. capillaries 4. elastic arteries 5. medium veins 6. large veins 7. muscular arteries The correct order in which blood passes through these structures from leaving the heart until its return is a) 4, 7, 2, 3, 1, 5, 6. b) 5, 6, 1, 3, 2, 7, 4. c) 2, 7, 6, 3, 1, 5, 6. d) 7, 4, 2, 3, 1, 5, 6. e) 6, 5, 1, 3, 2, 7, 4.
a) 4, 7, 2, 3, 1, 5, 6.
Which of the following statements about TIAs and CVAs is TRUE a. TIAs are often early warning signs of an impending stroke b. TIAs are the result of brain tissue death caused by ischemia c. A CVA usually results from spasms of diseased cerebral arteries d. TIAs often result in blindness and paralysis
a. TIAs are often early warning signs of an impending stroke
During exercise, arterioles to the skeletal muscles a. dilate in response to increased muscle metabolites b. constrict in response to increased muscle metabolites c. dilate in response to increased O2 and decreased CO2 d. constrict in response to increased O2 and decreased CO2
a. dilate in response to increased muscle metabolites
How is venous return to your heart affected when you go for an easy jog? a. it is increased due to increased skeletal muscular pump activity b. it is decreased due to decreased skeletal muscular pump activity c. it is decreased due to increased skeletal muscular pump activity d. it is increased due to decreased skeletal muscular pump activity
a. it is increased due to increased skeletal muscular pump activity
Capillaries that have a complete lining are called a) Sinusoidal capillaries. b) Continuous capillaries. c) Sinusoids. d) Fenestrated capillaries. e) Vasa vasorum.
b) Continuous capillaries.
Capillaries with an incomplete lining are called a) Incomplete capillaries. b) Fenestrated capillaries. c) sinuses. d) Continuous capillaries. e) vasa vasorum.
b) Fenestrated capillaries.
Vascular resistance is related to all of the following, except the a) Viscosity of the blood. b) Osmolarity of interstitial fluids. c) Length of a blood vessel. d) Nature of the blood flow. e) Diameter of a blood vessel.
b) Osmolarity of interstitial fluids.
The vasomotor center of the _______ controls blood vessels throughout the body. a) hypothalamus b) medulla oblongata c) spinal cord d) cerebellum e) cortex
b) medulla oblongata
There are no ________________ in humans. a) right and left common carotid arteries b) right and left brachiocephalic arteries c) right and left brachiocephalic veins d) right and left subclavian veins e) right and left subclavian arteries
b) right and left brachiocephalic arteries
Blood moves forward through veins by all of the following, except; a) Because of contraction-relaxation pumping of the smooth muscle in the wall of the vein. b) With the aid of the thoracoabdominal pump. c) With the aid of contractions of skeletal muscles. d) Because valves in the veins prevent the backflow of blood. e) Because the pressure in the veins is lower than in the arteries.
a) Because of contraction-relaxation pumping of the smooth muscle in the wall of the vein.
Blood flow to a tissue will increase if the a) Level of carbon dioxide at the tissue increases. b) PH rises. c) Level of oxygen at the tissue increases. d) Vessel constricts. e) both A and C
a) Level of carbon dioxide at the tissue increases.
Blood flow through the circulatory system is affected by all of the following, except a) The presence or absence of collateral systems. b) The amount of friction in the blood vessels. c) Pressure differences. d) The length and diameter of the blood vessels. e) The viscosity of the blood.
a) The presence or absence of collateral systems.
Symptoms of shock include all of the following, except a) Acidosis. b) Hypotension. c) Decreased urine formation. d) Profuse sweating. e) Rapid, weak pulse
d) Profuse sweating.
While out hiking, a friend of yours falls and suffers a trauma. You notice they start to go into shock. What do you do to help? a. lie them down and elevate their head b. hold them upright in a standing position c. encourage them to sit up d. lie them down and elevate their legs
d. lie them down and elevate their legs
Which of the following factors assists in the return of venous blood to the heart? (1) arterial dilation (2) valves in the veins (3) sympathetic stimulation (4) compression of veins by muscular movements 1 and 2 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3, 4 2, 3, 4 1, 3, 4
2, 3, 4
Chemoreceptors A) are located in the aortic and carotid bodies. B) are sensitive to small changes in oxygen levels in the blood. C) monitor blood pressure. D) are not sensitive to carbon dioxide or hydrogen ion levels. E) are not sensitive to changes in pH of the blood.
A) are located in the aortic and carotid bodies.
When there is a drop in blood pressure, the body reacts immediately by way of the A) baroreceptor mechanism. B) chemoreceptor mechanism. C) CNS ischemic mechanism. D) stress-relaxation mechanism. E) adrenal medullary mechanism.
A) baroreceptor mechanism.
Arteriosclerosis results in decreased compliance, which in turn causes the pulse pressure to A) increase. B) decrease. C) increase, then decrease. D) decrease, then increase. E) remain the same.
A) increase.
Atrial natriuretic factor A) is released in response to elevated atrial pressure. B) stimulates the release of ADH. C) decreases urine production. D) stimulates release of aldosterone. E) increases blood volume.
A) is released in response to elevated atrial pressure.
How many pulmonary arteries empty into the right atrium of the heart? A. 0 B. 1 C. 2 D. 4 E. 7
A. 0
Which of the following is NOT a vasodilator substance produced in the extracellular fluid? A. ATP B. lactic acid C. ADP D. carbon dioxide
A. ATP
________________ by the capillaries at their venous end. A. Waste products are taken up B. Oxygen and glucose are taken up C. Oxygen and glucose are given off D. Wastes are given off E. Organic nutrients are taken up
A. Waste products are taken up
Match the term with the appropriate description. Aneurysm: A. a bulge (a weak spot) in the artery wall B. degenerative changes in arteries C. an overstretching of the veins of the lower extremities D. inflammation of the veins E. small vessels that supply nutrients to large arteries
A. a bulge (a weak spot) in the artery wall
According to Poiseuille's law, a small decrease in the diameter of a vessel will A. dramatically decrease blood flow. B. slightly decrease blood flow. C. not affect blood flow. D. slightly increase blood flow. E. dramatically increase blood flow
A. dramatically decrease blood flow.
What structure helps to regulate body temperature? A. glomus B. tunic C. fenestrae D. metarteriole
A. glomus
Which vein drains blood from the left side of the thorax and esophagus into the left brachiocephalic vein? A. hemiazygos vein B. left azygos vein C. internal thoracic vein D. accessory hemiazygos vein
A. hemiazygos vein
Blood flow to the _______________ remains quite stable even when mean arterial pressure (MAP) fluctuates from 60 to 140 mm Hg. A. hypothalamus B. adrenal gland C. stomach D. skeletal muscles E. kidneys
A. hypothalamus
The medullary ischemic reflex results in A. increased circulation to the brain. B. reduced circulation to the brain. C. ischemia of the medulla oblongata. D. increased circulation to the adrenal medulla. E. hormone secretion by the adrenal medulla when perfusion drops.
A. increased circulation to the brain.
The kidneys are supplied by the A. renal arteries. B. suprarenal arteries. C. lumbar arteries. D. inferior mesenteric arteries.
A. renal arteries.
Circulation to the spleen demonstrates a(n): A. simple pathway, as one artery delivers blood and one vein drains the organ. B. simple pathway, as its two capillary beds are separated by a portal vein. C. anastomosis, as one artery delivers blood and one vein drains the organ. D. anastomosis, as its two capillary beds are separated by a portal vein.
A. simple pathway, as one artery delivers blood and one vein drains the organ.
Blood colloid osmotic pressure is largely due to: A. the proteins in the blood, and it promotes reabsorption. B. the high amount of water in the blood, and it promotes diffusion out of the capillaries. C. the proteins in the blood, and it promotes filtration. D. the pressure generated by the heart, and it favors osmosis into the arteriole end of the capillary bed. E. the high amount of water in the blood, and it promotes filtration from arterioles.
A. the proteins in the blood, and it promotes reabsorption.
Which coat of an artery contains endothelium? A. tunica intima B. tunica media C. tunica adventitia D. tunica elastica E. tunica intermedia
A. tunica intima
The ________ is composed of circularly arranged layers of smooth muscle cells. A. tunica media B. tunica externa C. tunica intima D. tunica interna E. None of the answers is correct.
A. tunica media
A bee sting can trigger a massive release of histamine, which causes ___________ and a(n) _____________ in arterial blood pressure. A. vasodilation; decrease B. vasodilation; increase C. vasoconstriction; decrease D. vasoconstriction; increase E. vasoconstriction; oscillation
A. vasodilation; decrease
The velocity of blood flow decreases when A. viscosity increases. B. blood pressure increases. C. vessel radius increases. D. afterload increases. E. vasomotion decreases.
A. viscosity increases.
When blood pressure is greater than the blood colloid osmotic pressure, there is A) a net movement of fluid into the capillary. B) a net movement of fluid out of the capillary. C) less lymph formed. D) a decrease in the volume of the interstitial fluid. E) a decreased likelihood of edema.
B) a net movement of fluid out of the capillary.
When a person rises quickly from a lying position, there is A) an increase in the frequency of action potentials produced by the baroreceptors. B) an increase in vasomotor sympathetic stimulation to the blood vessels causing vasoconstriction. C) reflexive slowing of the heart. D) an increase of parasympathetic stimulation of the heart. E) a decrease in heart rate and stroke volume.
B) an increase in vasomotor sympathetic stimulation to the blood vessels causing vasoconstriction.
Epinephrine A) increases the heart rate but decreases the stroke volume. B) causes vasodilation of coronary blood vessels. C) causes vasoconstriction of blood vessels in skeletal muscle. D) decreases red blood cell count. E) decreases the force of contraction.
B) causes vasodilation of coronary blood vessels.
Which of the following would lead to relaxation of the precapillary sphincter? A) decreased tissue metabolism B) decreased oxygen levels in tissue cells served by the capillary C) decreased carbon dioxide concentration in the capillary bed D) decreased lactic acid production by cells in the capillary bed E) decreased nitric acid levels
B) decreased oxygen levels in tissue cells served by the capillary
Vasomotor tone can be increased by A) taking a nap. B) emotional excitement. C) soaking in a warm bathtub. D) an increase in body temperature. E) relaxing with a cup of tea.
B) emotional excitement.
Increased venous tone will A) relax the veins. B) help return blood to the heart. C) allow blood to pool in the veins. D) stabilize blood velocity in the veins. E) dilate the veins.
B) help return blood to the heart.
Increased pressure in the aortic arch will activate the aortic arch reflex and cause A) a decrease in the frequency of action potentials from the aortic baroreceptors. B) increased parasympathetic stimulation of the heart. C) vasoconstriction of peripheral vessels increasing the blood pressure. D) increased ADH secretion. E) increased sympathetic stimulation of the heart.
B) increased parasympathetic stimulation of the heart.
In response to circulatory shock, A) the body decreases ADH secretion. B) the renin-angiotensin mechanism is activated. C) atrial natriuretic factor is released. D) the vasomotor center is inhibited. E) the baroreceptors and chemoreceptors are inactivated.
B) the renin-angiotensin mechanism is activated.
_______________ has the most important effect on blood velocity. A. Blood viscosity B. Vessel radius C. Blood osmolarity D. Hematocrit E. Vessel length
B. Vessel radius
Match the term with the appropriate description. Arteriosclerosis: A. a bulge (a weak spot) in the artery wall B. degenerative changes in arteries C. an overstretching of the veins of the lower extremities D. inflammation of the veins E. small vessels that supply nutrients to large arteries
B. degenerative changes in arteries
The anterior tibial artery becomes the? A. posterior tibial artery. B. dorsalis pedis artery. C. femoral artery. D. plantar artery. E. fibular artery.
B. dorsalis pedis artery.
What creates the pulse? A. the diastole of the ventricles B. ejection of blood from the left ventricle into the aorta C. the compliance of the arteries D. constriction of the arterioles
B. ejection of blood from the left ventricle into the aorta
The greater the compliance the? A. greater the resistance generated in the vessel. B. more easily the vessel wall stretches. C. longer the blood vessel will measure. D. higher the blood pressure will be. E. less the elasticity of the vessel.
B. more easily the vessel wall stretches.
Which of the following events would cause a decrease in mean arterial blood pressure? A. an increase in ADH production B. release of atrial natriuretic factor C. constriction of blood vessels in the skin D. activation of the renin-angiotensin mechanism E. an increase in aldosterone production
B. release of atrial natriuretic factor
The principal venous drainage of the thoracic organs is accomplished by way of A. the branches of the celiac trunk. B. the azygos system. C. mesenteric circulation. D. the hepatic portal system. E. the coronary and pulmonary veins.
B. the azygos system.
The most important force in venous flow is A. cardiac suction. B. the pressure generated by the heart. C. the skeletal muscle pump. D. the thoracic (respiratory) pump. E. one way flow due to valves.
B. the pressure generated by the heart.
Blood from the posterior abdominal wall drains into the A) hepatic portal vein. B) inferior vena cava. C) ascending lumbar vein. D) mesenteric vein. E) hepatic vein.
C) ascending lumbar vein.
Baron von Quacko, famous tag-team wrestler, has a famous "sleeper hold" that he uses on his opponents. Using only a single digit on each hand, he presses on his opponent's neck until his opponent passes out. What are the structures on which he is pressing and what is the effect? A) subclavian arteries; blood flow to brain is stopped B) carotid chemoreceptors; blood pressure increases C) baroreceptors in carotid sinus; peripheral vasodilation and decreased heart rate D) vertebral arteries; blood flow to brain is increased E) jugular vein; blood flow back to heart is decreased
C) baroreceptors in carotid sinus; peripheral vasodilation and decreased heart rate
The systemic circulation A) carries blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. B) includes all arteries but the veins are part of the pulmonary circulation pathway. C) includes the aorta and all of its branches. D) ends in capillaries of the toes. E) includes blood flow to the body but not the brain.
C) includes the aorta and all of its branches.
A venule becomes a vein when its diameter is greater than ____ micrometers. A. 1 B. 10 C. 100 D. 1000
C. 100
Which is the most common type of capillary? A. Fenestrated B. Sinusoids C. Continuous D. Venules E. Discontinuous
C. Continuous
____________ are powerful vasoconstrictors, and _______________ also increases heart rate. A. Norepinephrine and antidiuretic hormone (ADH); antidiuretic hormone (ADH) B. Norepinephrine and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP); norepinephrine C. Epinephrine and angiotensin II; epinephrine D. Epinephrine and aldosterone; epinephrine E. Epinephrine and antidiuretic hormone (ADH); antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
C. Epinephrine and angiotensin II; epinephrine
___________________ shock can be produced by hemorrhage, severe burns, or dehydration. A. Anaphylactic B. Cardiogenic C. Hypovolemic D. Venous pooling (vascular) E. Neurogenic
C. Hypovolemic
______________ have the thickest tunica media. A. Small arteries B. Small veins C. Large arteries D. Large veins E. Capillaries
C. Large arteries
Which of the artery types contain the internal and external elastic laminae? A. Elastic arteries B. Arterioles C. Muscular arteries D. Elastic and muscular arteries E. Elastic arteries and arterioles
C. Muscular arteries
Which of the following is NOT involved in short-term regulation of blood pressure? A. baroreceptor reflex B. adrenal medullary mechanism C. alteration in blood volume D. chemoreceptor mechanism
C. alteration in blood volume
Match the term with the appropriate description. Varicose veins: A. a bulge (a weak spot) in the artery wall B. degenerative changes in arteries C. an overstretching of the veins of the lower extremities D. inflammation of the veins E. small vessels that supply nutrients to large arteries
C. an overstretching of the veins of the lower extremities
A force that attracts fluid into the capillary from the tissue spaces is A. blood pressure. B. negative interstitial pressure. C. blood colloid osmotic pressure. D. venous pressure. E. active transport.
C. blood colloid osmotic pressure.
The most important force driving reabsorption at the venous end of a capillary is A. oncotic pressure. B. tissue fluid colloid osmotic pressure. C. blood colloid osmotic pressure. D. interstitial hydrostatic pressure. E. blood hydrostatic pressure.
C. blood colloid osmotic pressure.
Tracing the blood from the heart to the right hand, blood leaves the heart, passes through the ascending aorta, aortic arch, right subclavian artery, axillary and brachial arteries, either the radial or ulnar arteries and palmar arches to arrive at the hand. Which artery is missing in this sequence? A. cephalic B. jugular C. brachiocephalic D. right common carotid E. left subclavian artery
C. brachiocephalic
A vein responsible for draining blood from the upper limb is the A. azygos vein. B. portal vein. C. cephalic vein. D. peroneal vein. E. common iliac vein.
C. cephalic vein.
The _______________ supplies 80% of the cerebrum. A. superficial temporal artery B. occipital artery C. internal carotid artery D. anterior cerebral artery E. middle cerebral artery
C. internal carotid artery
These are all mechanisms of movement through the capillary wall except A. reabsorption. B. filtration. C. secretion. D. transcytosis. E. diffusion.
C. secretion.
Which of the following is LESS likely to result in edema? A) increase in capillary permeability B) reduced plasma colloid osmotic pressure C) blockage of veins D) increased mean arterial pressure E) A and B
D) increased mean arterial pressure
Hypertension is commonly considered to be a chronic resting blood pressure higher than A. 180/90. B. 130/60. C. 120/75. D. 140/90. E. 200/90.
D. 140/90.
_______________ does not contribute to venous return. A. The difference of pressure between venules and the venae cavae B. The expansion and contraction of the thoracic cavity during ventilation C. The suction created by the atria slightly expanding during ventricular systole D. Widespread vasodilation E. Contraction of skeletal muscles of the limbs
D. Widespread vasodilation
The lungs receive a systemic blood supply by way of the A. right pulmonary artery. B. left pulmonary artery. C. pulmonary veins. D. bronchial arteries. E. lobar arteries.
D. bronchial arteries.
Valves in veins: A. make the use of a skeletal muscle pump unnecessary for venous blood flow. B. are the leading cause of high blood pressure. C. are found only in the largest veins. D. cause venous blood flow to go in only one direction. E. are formed of the tunica media.
D. cause venous blood flow to go in only one direction.
Precapillary sphincters? A. serve as valves in veins. B. are found in the tunica media. C. carry blood under high pressure. D. control the blood flow into capillary beds. E. are voluntary structures.
D. control the blood flow into capillary beds.
Atherosclerosis is the? A. hypertrophy of the tunica intima. B. stretching of arterial walls. C. inflammation of veins. D. deposition of plaques in arterial walls.
D. deposition of plaques in arterial walls.
The longest vein in the body is the? A. superior vena cava. B. inferior vena cava. C. hepatic portal vein. D. great saphenous vein. E. femoral vein.
D. great saphenous vein.
All these can lead to edema except A. obstruction of lymphatic vessels. B. liver disease. C. famine. D. hyperproteinemia. E. hypertension.
D. hyperproteinemia.
Match the term with the appropriate description. Phlebitis: A. a bulge (a weak spot) in the artery wall B. degenerative changes in arteries C. an overstretching of the veins of the lower extremities D. inflammation of the veins E. small vessels that supply nutrients to large arteries
D. inflammation of the veins
Reactive hyperemia is a result of ________________ to increase perfusion into a tissue. A. urinary control B. neural control C. hormonal control D. local control E. respiratory control
D. local control
The hepatic portal system? A. begins and ends with capillary beds. B. transports nutrients from the digestive tract to the liver. C. allows the liver to detoxify substances entering the body through the digestive tract. D. has no pumping mechanism between the capillary beds. E. All of these are correct
E. All of these are correct
Which of the following are components of the hepatic portal system? A. azygos vein B. inferior vena cava C. gastric vein D. inferior mesenteric vein E. both the gastric vein and the inferior mesenteric vein
E. both the gastric vein and the inferior mesenteric vein
A thrombus in the first branch (not including coronary arteries) off of the aortic arch might affect the flow of blood to which of the following structures? A. right arm B. right side of the brain C. left side of the brain D. left arm E. both the right arm and the right side of the brain
E. both the right arm and the right side of the brain
Match the term with the appropriate description. Vasa vasorum: A. a bulge (a weak spot) in the artery wall B. degenerative changes in arteries C. an overstretching of the veins of the lower extremities D. inflammation of the veins E. small vessels that supply nutrients to large arteries
E. small vessels that supply nutrients to large arteries
These are all vessels of the lower limb except A. the popliteal vein. B. the posterior tibial artery. C. the medial plantar artery. D. the fibular vein. E. the anterior interosseous artery.
E. the anterior interosseous artery.
Valves similar to the semilunar valves of the heart are found in medium and large? A. arteries. B. arterioles. C. capillaries. D. venules. E. veins.
E. veins.
Which of the following statements concerning blood vessel walls is true? A) The tunica intima is the innermost layer of a blood vessel wall. B) The tunica media is found in all blood vessels except veins. C) The tunica adventitia is composed of smooth muscle and endothelium. D) Capillaries have both a tunica intima and a tunica media. E) Vessel diameter is control primarily by the tunica intima.
A) The tunica intima is the innermost layer of a blood vessel wall.
According to the Laplace's Law, as the diameter of a blood vessel increases, the force applied to the wall of that vessel A) increases. B) decreases. C) increases, then decreases. D) remains the same. E) none of the above.
A) increases.
A thrombus in the second branch (not including coronary arteries) off of the aortic arch would affect the flow of blood to the A) left side of the head and neck. B) myocardium of the heart. C) right side of the head and neck and right upper extremity. D) left upper extremity. E) right arm.
A) left side of the head and neck.
The hepatic portal vein is formed by the union of the splenic vein and the A) superior mesenteric vein. B) inferior mesenteric vein. C) hepatic vein. D) renal vein. E) gastric vein.
A) superior mesenteric vein.
Resistance in the cardiovascular system A) tends to increase if blood viscosity increases. B) tends to decrease as the diameter of blood vessels decreases. C) dramatically increases blood flow through the circulatory system. D) is directly related to flow ( R Flow). E) does not occur. If it did, blood would not circulate in the blood vessels.
A) tends to increase if blood viscosity increases.
Which of the following enhances the exchange between capillary walls and the interstitial spaces? A) the thinness of the capillary wall B) minimal branching in the capillary bed C) increased blood velocity through the capillaries D) the high pressure in the interstitial spaces E) the stratification of the capillary wall
A) the thinness of the capillary wall
Which of the following functions is associated with vessels that carry blood directly from arterioles to veins without passing through capillaries? A) thermoregulation B) nutrient supply to tissues C) removal of metabolic waste products from tissues D) oxygen supply to tissues E) pH regulation
A) thermoregulation
When blood pressure increases, a number of events occur that return blood pressure to normal. Which of the following is one of the events that occurs after an increase in blood pressure? A. Baroreceptors are stimulated. B. Action potential frequency to the cardioregulatory center of brain decreases. C. Sympathetic stimulation of the heart increases. D. Heart rate increases. E. An increase in number of action potentials in the cardiac nerve
A. Baroreceptors are stimulated.
A force that causes the movement of fluid out of the capillary is? A. blood pressure. B. positive interstitial pressure. C. blood colloid osmotic pressure. D. critical closing pressure. E. lymph pressure.
A. blood pressure.
Angiotensin II A. causes vasoconstriction. B. stimulates the adrenal cortex to release ADH. C. is released in response to high blood pressure. D. is responsible for increasing urine output. E. stimulates peripheral vasodilation.
A. causes vasoconstriction.
The first blood vessels that branch from the ascending aorta are the A. coronary arteries. B. brachiocephalic arteries. C. common carotid arteries. D. subclavian arteries. E. pulmonary arteries.
A. coronary arteries.
The lining of a capillary is called the? A. endothelium. B. adventitia. C. pericapillary layer. D. thoroughfare layer. E. tunica adventitia.
A. endothelium.
Where is the vasomotor center located? A. pons and medulla oblongata B. pons and midbrain C. cerebrum and medulla oblongata D. medulla oblongata
A. pons and medulla oblongata
The posterior tibial artery is a continuation of the A. popliteal artery. B. femoral artery. C. iliac artery. D. peroneal artery. E. fibular artery
A. popliteal artery.
Which type of veins connect two primary capillary networks? A. portal veins B. venous sinuses C. venules D. vaso vasorum
A. portal veins
As viscosity of the blood increases,? A. the pressure required to force it to flow increases. B. the pressure required to force it to flow decreases. C. the fluid becomes thinner. D. the hematocrit decreases. E. the flow does not change.
A. the pressure required to force it to flow increases.
Which of the following veins is a superficial vein? A) brachial vein B) basilic vein C) radial vein D) subclavian vein E) ulnar vein
B) basilic vein
Distributing arteries A) contain a lot of elastic tissue. B) contain a thick tunica media. C) are strong, rigid vessels. D) transport blood from arterioles to capillaries. E) do not contain smooth muscle in their walls.
B) contain a thick tunica media.
In which of the following would you detect a weak pulse? A) hypertension B) hemorrhagic shock C) fluid excess D) increased stroke volume E) a healthy young person
B) hemorrhagic shock
Which of the following arteries is not part of the cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis)? A) anterior communicating artery B) posterior cerebellar artery C) posterior communicating artery D) anterior cerebral artery E) internal carotid artery
B) posterior cerebellar artery
Resistance to blood flow is greatest in? A. arteries. B. arterioles. C. venules. D. veins. E. capillaries.
B. arterioles.
A direct connection between an arteriole and a venule without an intervening capillary bed is a(an)? A. venous sinus. B. arteriovenous anastomosis. C. metarteriole. D. arterial capillary.
B. arteriovenous anastomosis.
What is the most important means by which capillary exchange occurs? A. exocytosis B. diffusion C. ATP powered pumps D. facilitated diffusion
B. diffusion
Veins that return blood directly to the heart include the? A. brachiocephalic vein. B. superior vena cava. C. portal vein. D. azygos vein. E. pulmonary arteries.
B. superior vena cava.
Which of the following acts as a storage area for blood? A. the aorta B. the veins C. capillaries D. arterioles E. the arteries
B. the veins
Arteries can constrict or dilate as needed because of the smooth muscle found in the? A. tunica intima. B. tunica media. C. tunica adventitia. D. tunica externa. E. tunica interna.
B. tunica media.
The chemoreceptor reflexes help maintain homeostasis? A. under normal conditions. B. when carbon dioxide levels increase. C. when stimulated by changes in blood osmotic pressure. D. when epinephrine levels increase. E. when hydrogen ion concentrations decrease.
B. when carbon dioxide levels increase.
Which of the following statements about laminar blood flow is true? A) The innermost layer of blood moves at the lowest velocity. B) Laminar blood flow occurs when blood flows past an area of constriction. C) The outermost layer of blood experiences the greatest resistance to flow. D) In laminar blood flow, the rapid rate of blood flow exceeds critical velocity. E) It makes lots of different noises.
C) The outermost layer of blood experiences the greatest resistance to flow.
A blood pressure reading of 120/80 would A) indicate a diastolic pressure of 120 mm Hg. B) have Korotkoff sounds at pressures above 120 mm Hg. C) be considered normal for a young adult male. D) indicate a systolic pressure of 80 mm Hg. E) would be considered hypertensive.
C) be considered normal for a young adult male.
Continuous capillaries A) have many thin areas called fenestrae. B) are freely permeable to large molecules such as hormones. C) have a wall where the endothelial cells fit very tightly together. D) are more permeable then fenestrated capillaries but not as permeable as sinusoidal capillaries. E) are characterized by continuous pores.
C) have a wall where the endothelial cells fit very tightly together.
The _____ begins with capillaries in the abdominal viscera and ends with capillaries in the liver. A) superior mesenteric system B) celiac system C) hepatic portal system D) hepatic vein E) splenic system
C) hepatic portal system
Veins A) carry blood away from the heart. B) carry blood under very high pressure. C) may contain valves and are lined with endothelium. D) are described as strong, rigid vessels that always carry oxygenated blood. E) have thick, many layered walls.
C) may contain valves and are lined with endothelium.
Which of the following would occur as a result of increased renin release by the kidneys? A. an increase in vasodilator secretion B. an increase in urine output C. an increase in blood volume D. a decrease in aldosterone E. a decrease in blood pressure
C. an increase in blood volume
Which vessel is often used to draw blood from a patient? A. radial vein B. brachial artery C. median cubital vein D. cephalic vein
C. median cubital vein
As the popliteal vein ascends the leg, it becomes the A) peroneal vein. B) saphenous vein. C) common iliac vein. D) femoral vein. E) deep femoral vein.
D) femoral vein.
Capillary walls serve as effective permeability barriers for A) oxygen and carbon dioxide. B) electrolytes. C) glucose. D) proteins. E) small water-soluble molecules.
D) proteins.
The auscultatory method of measuring blood pressure A) relies on the insertion of a cannula into the vessel in which pressure is being measured. B) monitors the oscillations in the blood vessel during changes in pressure. C) involves an electronic transducer attached to a mercury manometer. D) relies on hearing Korotkoff's sounds through a stethoscope. E) relies on hearing the sounds made by laminar flow of the blood.
D) relies on hearing Korotkoff's sounds through a stethoscope.
The exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of? A. veins. B. arteries. C. arterioles. D. capillaries. E. venules.
D. capillaries.
The azygos vein drains blood from the _____ into the superior vena cava. A. head B. upper arm C. kidneys D. thorax E. abdominal wall
D. thorax
In which type of blood vessels is the blood pressure the lowest? A. capillaries B. arteries C. vena cavas D. veins E. arterioles
D. veins ***
Art is 75. He has advanced arteriosclerosis. He is suffering from a number of manifestations, which are consistent with his arteriosclerosis. Over the past several years he has developed hypertension and he is beginning to show signs of renal failure. Which of the following are consistent with his condition? A) increased resistance to blood flow B) increased renin secretion from the kidneys C) increased aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortex D) increased angiotensinogen formation E) all of the above
E) all of the above
Which of the following best describes arteries? A) strong, rigid vessels that carry blood under high pressure B) thin, elastic vessels that transport blood under low pressure C) elastic vessels that connect arterioles and venules D) fragile vessels that are prone to rupture. E) strong, elastic vessels that carry blood under high pressure
E) strong, elastic vessels that carry blood under high pressure
