Chapter 20 and 21 Practice Questions

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Fever is the maintenance of body temperature higher than a. 37.2°C, or 99°F. b. 98.6°F. c. 37.2°C, or 98.6°F d. 37.2°C. e. 99°F.

a. 37.2°C, or 99°F.

Which of the following statements is true regarding activity in the alveoli? Alveolar macrophages collect stray dust particles. Alveolar capillaries constrict when oxygen levels are high. Type I pneumocytes produce surfactant. Type II pneumocytes are the site of gas exchange. None of the answers is true.

a. Alveolar macrophages collect stray dust particles.

________ will develop when the immune response mistakenly targets normal body cells and tissues. Autoimmune disorders Acquired immune deficiency syndrome Immunosuppression Allergies Anaphylaxis

a. Autoimmune disorders

Lymphatic vessels are located in almost all portions of the body except the a. CNS. b. renal arteries. c. periphery. d. groin. e. throat.

a. CNS.

Immunoglobulins that are primarily found in glandular secretions such as mucus, saliva, and tears are IgA. IgD. IgE. IgG. IgM.

a. IgA.

Which of the following statements regarding tobacco smoking and lung damage is true? Neoplasia is not reversible, even if the person stops smoking, but can be treated by surgery. Twenty-five percent of lung cancers are the direct result of cigarette smoking. More than 50% of lung cancer patients have a 5-year survival rate. The incidence of lung cancer among women has declined since 1992. Anaplasia is reversible if a person stops smoking

a. Neoplasia is not reversible, even if the person stops smoking, but can be treated by surgery.

Cytotoxic T cells attack target cells by doing what? activating genes that trigger apoptosis secreting mutant proteins secreting organic solvent secreting free radicals secreting a strong acid

a. activating genes that trigger apoptosis

Lymphatic vessels commonly occur in association with a. blood vessels. b. sensory nerve endings. c. hyaline cartilage. adipose tissue. d. both hyaline cartilage and adipose tissue.

a. blood vessels.

Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is bound to hemoglobin. bound to the same protein as carbon dioxide. in ionic form as solute in the plasma. dissolved in plasma. carried by white blood cells.

a. bound to hemoglobin.

Histamine increases blood flow and vascular permeability. This would account for all of the following changes that occur during inflammation except a. chemotaxis of phagocytes. b. swelling of the inflamed tissue. c. heat of the inflamed tissue. d. movement of defense proteins and cells into the interstitial space. e. redness of the inflamed tissue.

a. chemotaxis of phagocytes.

The conchae create turbulence in the air to trap particulate matter in mucus. provide an opening into the pharynx. provide an opening to paranasal sinuses. divide the nasal cavity into a right and a left side. form part of the soft palate.

a. create turbulence in the air to trap particulate matter in mucus.

The apneustic centers promote inhalation by stimulating the dorsal respiratory group (DRG). pre-Bötzinger complex. pneumotaxic centers. ventral respiratory group (VRG). None of the answers is correct. The apneustic centers cannot promote inhalation.

a. dorsal respiratory group (DRG).

A 10 percent increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood will double the rate of breathing. decrease pulmonary ventilation. decrease the alveolar ventilation rate. reduce the vital capacity by 10%. decrease the rate of breathing.

a. double the rate of breathing.

The term "hypercapnia" refers to elevated PCO2. an increase in pH. elevated PO2. labored breathing. the cessation of breathing.

a. elevated PCO2.

Which class of leukocytes is particularly abundant in the red pulp of the spleen? a. free and fixed macrophages b. neutrophils c. red blood cells d. B lymphocytes e. T lymphocytes

a. free and fixed macrophages

Cells that help regulate the antibody-mediated immune response are ________ cells. helper T cytotoxic T B plasma NK

a. helper T

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes the disease known as AIDS, selectively infects ________ cells. helper T cytotoxic T plasma B suppressor T

a. helper T

Suppressor T cells act to inhibit T and B cell activities. suppress antigens. erase memory T cells. produce antibodies involved in autoimmunity. limit antigen proliferation.

a. inhibit T and B cell activities.

Secondary bronchi supply air to the lobes of the lungs. lobules of the lungs. alveolar ducts. lungs. alveoli.

a. lobes of the lungs.

The trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli all make up the lower respiratory tract. respiratory mucosa. upper respiratory tract. alveoli of the respiratory tract. internal respiratory tract.

a. lower respiratory tract.

An inflammatory response is triggered when a. mast cells release histamine and heparin. b. neutrophils phagocytize bacteria. c. red blood cells release pyrogens. d. blood flow to an area increases. e. T cells release interferon.

a. mast cells release histamine and heparin.

Pulmonary ventilation refers to the movement of air into and out of the lungs. movement of dissolved gases from the interstitial space to the cells. movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the interstitial space. utilization of oxygen. movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood.

a. movement of air into and out of the lungs.

The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the pharynx. vestibule. glottis. trachea. larynx.

a. pharynx.

Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds and produces phonation. speech. articulation. whistling. ululation

a. phonation.

What branches from the trachea? primary bronchi secondary bronchi terminal bronchioles tertiary bronchi alveolar ducts

a. primary bronchi

The lobules of the thymus are divided by partitions called a. septa. b. sutures. c. hilums. d. fissures. e. trabeculae.

a. septa.

The largest single collection of lymphoid tissue in the adult body is located in the a. spleen. b. liver. c. lymph nodes. d. thymus. e. tonsils.

a. spleen.

The movement of chloride ions into the RBCs in exchange for bicarbonate ions is known as the chloride shift. gas diffusion. the Bohr effect. a bicarbonate exchange. the BPG pathway.

a. the chloride shift.

The lymphatic system is composed of all of the following except a. the venae cavae. b. lymph. c. lymph nodes. d. lymphatic vessels. e. the spleen.

a. the venae cavae.

The right lung has ________; the left lung has ________. three lobes; two lobes three lobes; three lobes two lobes; three lobes two lobes; two lobes None of the answers is correct.

a. three lobes; two lobes

The airway that connects the larynx to the bronchi is the trachea. bronchus. alveolar duct. bronchiole. laryngopharynx.

a. trachea.

All of the following are true of the secondary response to antigen exposure except that it weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive for a year or two. results in much higher antibody titers than in the primary response. results in much quicker rise in antibody titers. depends on memory B cells. produces more IgG antibodies.

a. weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive for a year or two.

Areas of the spleen that contain large aggregations of lymphocytes are known a a. white pulp. b. red pulp. c. Peyer's patches. d. lymph nodes. e. adenoids.

a. white pulp.

The normal respiratory rate of a resting adult ranges from ________ breaths each minute, or roughly one for every four heartbeats. 16 to 20 12 to 18 4 to 6 22 to 24 10 to 12

b. 12 to 18

If tissue oxygen demand increases and respiratory rate and tidal volume remain the same, what happens? Alveolar PO2increases; blood and tissue PCO2 decreases. Alveolar PO2 decreases; blood and tissue PCO2 increases.

b. Alveolar PO2 decreases; blood and tissue PCO2 increases.

The cells responsible for antibody-mediated immunity are the ________ cells. suppressor T B NK helper T cytotoxic T

b. B

T cells release cytokines to stimulate the activation of antibodies. B cells. APCs. immunoglobulins. plasma cells

b. B cells.

Immunoglobulins that are found on the surface of B cells and may activate antibody production are IgA. IgD. IgE. IgG. IgM.

b. IgD.

Which of the following statements about the chloride shift is false? It depends on the chloride-bicarbonate countertransport mechanism. It causes RBCs to swell. It involves a movement of chloride ion into RBCs. It is driven by a rise in PCO2. It involves a movement of bicarbonate ions into the plasma.

b. It causes RBCs to swell.

Which of the following statements about the trachea is false? It is also called the windpipe. It is reinforced with D-shaped cartilages. It ends in the mediastinum. It is reinforced with C-shaped cartilages. It alters its diameter in response to the autonomic nervous system.

b. It is reinforced with D-shaped cartilages.

Which of the following is false about the pharynx? The oropharynx connects to oral cavity. It is shared by the integumentary and respiratory systems. The nasopharynx is superior. The laryngopharynx ends at esophagus opening. Solids, liquids, and gases pass through.

b. It is shared by the integumentary and respiratory systems.

Which of the following statements regarding lymph is false? a. Lymphatic capillaries have little or no basement membrane. b. Lacteals are prominent lymphatic vessels in the cardiopulmonary system. c. Lymphatic capillaries have larger diameters than that of blood capillaries. d. Lymphatic vessels have valves to direct fluid flow. e. Lymph derives from interstitial fluid.

b. Lacteals are prominent lymphatic vessels in the cardiopulmonary system.

________ cells enable the immune system to respond quickly and robustly if the same antigen is encountered a second time. Plasma Memory Dendritic Suppressor IgM

b. Memory

The cell that dominates the deep cortical region of a lymph node is the ________ cell. a. B b. T c. NK d. nodule e. plasma

b. T

Adaptive immunity is the result of the actions of mast cells. T and B cells. antigen-antibody complexes. NK cells. interferons.

b. T and B cells.

________ exists when the immune system does not respond to a particular antigen. Specificity Tolerance Allergy Hypersensitivity Versatility

b. Tolerance

Which of these age-based changes is false? Costal cartilages become less flexible. Vital capacity increases. Respiratory muscles weaken. The lung's compliance changes. The lungs lose elastic tissue.

b. Vital capacity increases.

Asthma is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. an acute condition resulting from unusually sensitive, irritated conducting airways. characterized by fluid buildup in the alveoli. a collapsed lung. an obstructive tumor.

b. an acute condition resulting from unusually sensitive, irritated conducting airways.

A substance that provokes an immune response is called a(n) a. chemotoxin. b. antigen. c. thymosin. d. complement. e. irritant.

b. antigen.

At the level of the alveoli, where does gas exchange occur? in the alveolar ducts at the respiratory membrane between type II pneumocytes and red blood cells at the interconnections between adjacent alveoli within the red blood cells

b. at the respiratory membrane

The primary function of the lymphatic system is a. the production and distribution of plasma proteins. b. defending the body against both environmental hazards and internal threats. c. the transport of hormones. d. circulation of nutrients. e. both the transport of hormones and the production and distribution of plasma proteins.

b. defending the body against both environmental hazards and internal threats.

Which of the following is not a function of the nasal mucosa? trap particulate matter dehumidify the incoming air humidify the incoming air cool outgoing air dehumidify the outgoing air

b. dehumidify the incoming air

The movement of phagocytes through the capillary wall is called a. chemotaxis. b. diapedesis. c. apoptosis. d. involution. e. phagocytosis

b. diapedesis.

The elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the cricoid cartilage. epiglottis. corniculate cartilage. thyroid cartilage. cuneiform cartilage.

b. epiglottis.

The various classes of immunoglobulins are differentiated on the basis of their asymmetry. heavy-chain constant segments. antigen specificity. light-chain variable segments. both light-chain variable segments and heavy-chain constant segments.

b. heavy-chain constant segments.

The ________ is a depression in the lung that allows attachment of the primary bronchi, pulmonary vessels, and other structures. base hilum apex cardiac notch root

b. hilum

Infection with the HIV virus occurs through sharing clothes with an infected individual. intimate contact with an infected person's body fluids. airborne droplets from coughs and sneezes. eating contaminated food. casual contact with an infected individual.

b. intimate contact with an infected person's body fluids.

Class II MHC molecules are found only on which of the following? granulocytes and microphages lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells liver cells and macrophages in the spleen all body cells with a nucleus red blood cells

b. lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells

Higher brain centers that alter the activity of the respiratory centers include all of the following except the cerebral cortex. medulla oblongata. limbic system. hypothalamus. None of the answers is correct.

b. medulla oblongata.

All of the following provide chemoreceptor input to the respiratory centers of the medulla oblongata except the carotid sinuses. olfactory epithelium. medullary chemoreceptors. aortic sinuses. All of the answers are correct.

b. olfactory epithelium.

Starting at the ________, the epithelium changes to stratified squamous epithelium. nasopharynx oropharynx larynx trachea nasal cavity

b. oropharynx

The cells responsible for producing antibody molecules are ________ cells. NK plasma liver thymus helper T

b. plasma

The inflation reflex alters pulmonary ventilation when the PCO2 changes. protects the lungs from damage due to overexpansion. functions to increase ventilation with changes in blood pressure. alters pulmonary ventilation when the PO2 changes. is an important aspect of normal, quiet breathing.

b. protects the lungs from damage due to overexpansion.

Which of the following systems is responsible for gas exchange? digestive respiratory urinary All of the answers are correct. None of the answers is correct.

b. respiratory

Lymphocytes a. are primarily found in red bone marrow. b. respond to antigens. c. are all actively phagocytic. d. decrease in number during infection. e. destroy red blood cells.

b. respond to antigens.

The thoracic duct drains lymph from all of the following regions except the a. left arm and shoulder. b. right breast. c. pelvic viscera. d. left side of the neck. e. left breast.

b. right breast.

Lymphocytes are produced and stored in all of the following except a. lymph node organs. b. the brain. c. the thymus. d. lymphoid nodules. e. the spleen.

b. the brain.

Lymph draining from your right shoulder flows into a. the thoracic duct. b. the right lymphatic duct.

b. the right lymphatic duct.

Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the a. right lymphatic duct. b. thoracic duct. c. dural sinus. d. cisterna chyli. e. hepatic portal vein.

b. thoracic duct.

Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the lower respiratory tract. upper respiratory tract. alveoli. lungs. bronchioles.

b. upper respiratory tract.

The adult human trachea is about ________ in diameter and contains ________ tracheal cartilages. 2.5 cm; 40-50 1.0 cm; 10-15 2.5 cm; 15-20 1.0 cm; 15-20 None of the answers is correct.

c. 2.5 cm; 15-20

The medullary sinus of a lymph node contains ________ lymphocytes and plasma cells. a. NK b. helper T c. B d. medullary e. cytotoxic T

c. B

________ is the most common lethal inherited disease affecting people of Northern European descent. Congestive heart failure Parkinson's disease Cystic fibrosis Myasthenia gravis MRSA

c. Cystic fibrosis

Immunoglobulins that attach to and sensitize mast cells and basophils are IgA. IgD. IgE. IgG. IgM.

c. IgE.

________ are large lymphoid nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx. a. Peyer's patches b. Immune complexes c. Tonsils d. Spleens e. Lymph nodes

c. Tonsils

Prolonged deep inspirations can result from stimulating the ________ center. chemoreceptor expiratory apneustic pneumotaxic baroreceptor

c. apneustic

Compared to blood capillaries, lymph capillaries exhibit all of the following except that they a. have walls of endothelial cells that overlap like shingles. b. are frequently irregular in shape. c. are smaller in diameter. d. have no basement membrane. e. are larger in diameter.

c. are smaller in diameter.

The respiratory center is housed in the ________ of the brain. cerebrum diencephalon brain stem cerebral cortex cerebellum

c. brain stem

The most important chemical regulator of respiration is sodium ion. bicarbonate ion. carbon dioxide. oxygen. hemoglobin.

c. carbon dioxide.

If you looked closely at a pulmonary lobule, you would see all of the following structures except a lymphatic vessel. alveolar ducts. cartilage plates. some elastic fibers. a branch of a pulmonary vein.

c. cartilage plates.

Lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are ________ cells. B suppressor T cytotoxic T helper T plasma

c. cytotoxic T

Helper T cells do all of the following except activate sensitized B cells by costimulation. secrete cytokines to stimulate production of plasma cells. destroy target cells using perforins. enhance antibody-mediated immunity. enhance cell-mediated immunity.

c. destroy target cells using perforins.

The obstructive lung disease in which elastic fibers are lost, leading to collapse of alveoli and bronchioles, is called pneumonia. asthma. emphysema. tuberculosis. bronchitis.

c. emphysema.

The openings to the nostrils are the conchae. internal nares. external nares. vestibules. nasal apertures.

c. external nares.

The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the cribriform plate. internal nares. hard palate. soft palate. pharyngeal septum.

c. hard palate.

The site on an antibody that is specifically tailored to fit a specific antigen is called the bond. light chain. heavy chain. variable segment. constant segment.

c. heavy chain.

Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity. passive natural passive innate auto active

c. innate

After puberty, the thymus gradually shrinks and becomes more fibrous, in a process called a. necrosis. b. diminishment. c. involution. d. conversion. e. atrophy.

c. involution.

Inhaling through the nostrils is preferred over the mouth because bacteria won't be inhaled from the oral cavity. it dries out the mouth. it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air. it combines olfaction with respiration. there is less resistance to flow.

c. it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air.

The C shape of the tracheal cartilages is important because it facilitates turning of the head. large masses of air can pass through the trachea. large masses of food can pass through the esophagus during swallowing. All of the answers are correct. None of the answers is correct.

c. large masses of food can pass through the esophagus during swallowing.

Which respiratory organ features a cardiac notch? right primary bronchus right lung left lung left primary bronchus both left lung and left primary bronchus

c. left lung

Components of the upper respiratory system include all of the following except the paranasal sinuses. pharynx. lips. nose. nasal cavity.

c. lips.

The white pulp of the spleen is populated by a. fibrous connective tissue. b. veins. c. lymphocytes. d. trabeculae. e. arteries.

c. lymphocytes.

The function of pulmonary ventilation is to remove carbon dioxide from the blood. remove air from dead air space. maintain adequate alveolar ventilation. prevent gas exchange in the bronchioles. supply oxygen to the blood.

c. maintain adequate alveolar ventilation.

Antibodies may bind to superficial sites on bacteria or other toxins, making the toxin incapable of attaching itself to a cell. This mechanism is known as agglutination. phagocytosis. neutralization. costimulation. opsonization.

c. neutralization.

The ________ extends between the soft palate and the base of the tongue at the level of the hyoid bone. pharynx laryngopharynx oropharynx trachea epiglottis

c. oropharynx

Which of the following organs is not part of the lower respiratory system? bronchioles alveoli oropharynx larynx bronchi

c. oropharynx

In an experimental situation, a rabbit is exposed to a viral antigen to which it makes antibodies. These antibodies are then purified and injected into a human with the same viral disease. This is an example of natural immunity. active immunization. passive immunity. innate immunity. alloimmunity.

c. passive immunity.

In response to tissue damage and infection, circulating proteins called pyrogens a. activate complement. b. cause inflammation. c. produce a fever. d. activate antibodies. e. opsonize pathogens.

c. produce a fever.

The respiratory mucosa of the conducting airways consists of moist cuboidal epithelium. simple squamous epithelium. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. ciliated squamous epithelium. surfactant cells.

c. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

The technical term for "breathing" is external respiration. internal respiration. pulmonary ventilation. gas exchange. alveolar ventilation.

c. pulmonary ventilation.

Which of the following can be calculated if the tidal volume and respiratory rate are known? inspiratory reserve volume minimal volume respiratory minute volume expiratory reserve volume anatomic dead space

c. respiratory minute volume

During a choking episode, most foreign objects are more likely to become lodged in the ________ bronchus due to its larger diameter and steeper angle. right secondary left primary right primary left secondary None of the answers are more likely.

c. right primary

The nasopharynx is divided from the rest of the pharynx by the cribriform plate. pharyngeal septum. soft palate. hard palate. internal nares

c. soft palate.

Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by fever. skin defenses. specific immunity. immunological surveillance. nonspecific immunity.

c. specific immunity.

The glottis is the opening to the pharynx. a flap of elastic cartilage. the opening to the larynx. part of the hard palate. the soft tissue that hangs off the end of the soft palate.

c. the opening to the larynx.

The merging of ________ forms the right lymphatic duct. a. the left jugular, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks b. superior and inferior lymphatic ducts c. the right jugular, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks d. two great vessels e. the thoracic and mediastinal duct

c. the right jugular, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks

All of the below are sensory stimuli that can modify the activities of the respiratory center except stretch receptors. baroreceptors. thermoreceptors. chemoreceptors. irritant chemical or physical particles

c. thermoreceptors.

The largest shield-shaped cartilage of the larynx is the ________ cartilage. cricoid epiglottal thyroid arytenoid cuneiform

c. thyroid

The portion of the nasal cavity contained within the flexible tissues of the external nose is the internal chamber. nasopharynx. vestibule. conchae. nasal septum.

c. vestibule.

In emphysema, which of the following occurs? There is elevated PCO2 in the blood. Compliance increases. Alveoli collapse. All of the answers are correct. None of the answers is correct

d. All of the answers are correct.

In general, lymphocytes a. have one nucleus. b. spend most of their time in lymphoid tissue. c. have relatively long life spans. d. All of the answers are correct. e. None of the answers is correct.

d. All of the answers are correct.

Lymphocyte production involves a. thymus tissue. b. bone marrow. c. peripheral lymphoid tissues. d. All of the answers are correct. e. None of the answers is correct.

d. All of the answers are correct.

The binding of an antigen to an antibody can result in agglutination or precipitation. neutralization of the antigen. complement activation and opsonization. All of the answers are correct. None of the answers is correct.

d. All of the answers are correct.

The role of antigen-presenting cells in immunity is to process antigens. activate T cells. display antigen fragments. All of the answers are correct. None of the answers is correct.

d. All of the answers are correct.

What happens to a carbon dioxide molecule once it enters the bloodstream? It is converted to a molecule of carbonic acid, It dissolves in plasma It binds to the protein portion of hemoglobin molecules within red blood cells All of the answers are correct. None of the answers is correct.

d. All of the answers are correct.

________ equals the respiratory rate × (tidal volume - anatomic dead space). Respiratory minute volume Pulmonary ventilation rate External respiration rate Alveolar ventilation rate Vital capacity

d. Alveolar ventilation rate

Immunoglobulins that are most abundant and are responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are IgA. IgD. IgE. IgG. IgM.

d. IgG.

If the thymus shrank and stopped functioning properly, we would expect to see an immediate decrease in the number of a. NK cells. b. neutrophils. c. B lymphocytes. d. T cells. e. NK cells and T cells.

d. T cells.

If the dorsal respiratory group of neurons in the medulla oblongata were destroyed bilaterally, the respiratory minute volume would increase. pulmonary ventilation would increase markedly. alveolar ventilation would increase. a person would stop breathing. tidal volumes would increase.

d. a person would stop breathing.

Each terminal bronchiole supplies air directly to several alveolar sacs. about 6500 bronchioles. over 150 million alveoli. a single pulmonary lobule. a single alveolar duct.

d. a single pulmonary lobule.

All of the following are true of the thymus gland except that it a. lies in the anterior mediastinum. b. produces T cells. c. involutes after puberty. d. activates B cells. e. reaches its greatest relative size before puberty.

d. activates B cells.

The process by which antibodies bind to the antigen on the surface of cells, forming large immune complexes, is called neutralization. antigen presentation. sensitization. agglutination. opsonization.

d. agglutination.

Alveolar ventilation refers to the utilization of oxygen by alveolar cells to support metabolism. movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood. movement of air into and out of the lungs. amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute. movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the alveoli.

d. amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute.

Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as solute dissolved in the plasma. carbaminohemoglobin. carbonic acid. bicarbonate ions. solute dissolved in the cytoplasm of red blood cells.

d. bicarbonate ions.

Which of the following concerning Class I MHC proteins is false? function in antigen presentation are found on all nucleated cells display abnormal peptides on the plasma membrane bind complement allow the body to differentiate its own cells from foreign cells

d. bind complement

A mucosa consists of stratified squamous cells. an underlying layer of areolar tissue. an epithelium. both an epithelium and an underlying layer of areolar tissue. both an underlying layer of areolar tissue and stratified squamous cells.

d. both an epithelium and an underlying layer of areolar tissue.

The thoracic duct originates from an expanded chamber called the a. lymph node. b. azygos. c. hilum. d. cisterna chyli. e. bronchomediastinal trunk.

d. cisterna chyli.

The measure of how easily the lungs expand and contract is termed resistance. rebound response. elasticity. compliance. inflation index.

d. compliance.

B cells are primarily activated by the activities of antigens. antibodies. plasma cells. helper T cells. macrophages

d. helper T cells.

The condition of having low tissue oxygen levels is known as anoxia. hypoventilation. hyperoxia. hypoxia. hypercapnia

d. hypoxia.

Harry suffers from cystic fibrosis and has severe breathing difficulties. His problems result from uncontrollable laryngospasms. production of thick secretions that are difficult to transport. inability of the respiratory defense mechanism to transport mucus. inability of the respiratory defense mechanism to transport mucus and production of thick secretions that are difficult to transport All of the answers are correct.

d. inability of the respiratory defense mechanism to transport mucus and production of thick secretions that are difficult to transport

All of the following are true of the primary response to antigen exposure except that it depends on antigen triggering the appropriate B cell. circulating antibodies undergo a gradual, sustained rise. it requires B cell differentiation into plasma cells. it is delayed by the memory cell stage. it peaks 1 to 2 weeks after the initial exposure.

d. it is delayed by the memory cell stage.

The vocal folds are located within the oropharynx. nasopharynx. trachea. larynx. bronchi.

d. larynx.

The pneumotaxic center of the pons both prolongs inspiration and modifies the rate and depth of breathing. prolongs inspiration. suppresses the expiratory center in the medulla. modifies the rate and depth of breathing. sets the at-rest respiratory pattern.

d. modifies the rate and depth of breathing.

Various types of macrophages are derived from a. lymphocytes. b. neutrophils. c. basophils. d. monocytes. e. eosinophils.

d. monocytes.

The nasal cavity is divided into left and right portions by the cribriform plate. internal nares. hard palate. nasal septum. soft palate.

d. nasal septum.

The auditory tubes open into the nasal cavity. laryngopharynx. larynx. nasopharynx. oropharynx.

d. nasopharynx.

During a primary response to antigen exposure, all of the following occur except B cells may take time to develop into plasma cells and memory cells. the antigen must activate appropriate B cells. antibody levels do not peak until 1 to 2 weeks after the initial exposure. neutrophils invade the surrounding areas, releasing chemotactic substances. the first immunoglobulins to appear in circulation are of the IgM type.

d. neutrophils invade the surrounding areas, releasing chemotactic substances.

B cells prepare for activation by presenting an antigen bound to Class II MHC proteins in a process called differentiation. customization. apoptosis. sensitization. opsonization.

d. sensitization.

A crime scene investigator found that a biological fluid sample contains a large amount of IgA-type antibody. This fluid is probably blood. lymph. serum. tears. interstitial.

d. tears.

The thymus produces several complementary hormones called a. catecholamines. b. interferons. c. desmosomes. d. thymosins. e. immunoglobulins.

d. thymosins.

T is to ________ as B is to ________. a. top; bottom b. thyroid; bowel c. non-thymus-dependent; bottom d. thymus-dependent; bone marrow-derived e. None of the answers is correct.

d. thymus-dependent; bone marrow-derived

A hemoglobin molecule contains ________ globular protein subunits. 12 15 6 2 4

e. 4

The respiratory defense system is important because it keeps out pathogens. helps filter the air. helps warm the air. keeps out debris. All of the answers are correct

e. All of the answers are correct

Breathing through the nose rather than the mouth is advantageous because heat loss is reduced on exhalation. air is warmed on inhalation. water loss is reduced on exhalation. air is humidified on inhalation. All of the answers are correct.