Chapter 20: The Age of Ideologies: Europe in the Aftermath of Revolution, 1815-1848

Select all the correct reasons why abolitionism appealed to increasingly greater numbers of Europeans by the 1820s.

Correct: - Women saw abolitionism as both a moral commitment and a way to become politically active. - European laborers could relate to the harsh working and living conditions suffered by slaves. - Religious revivals both converted people to abolitionism and offered a source of motivation. Incorrect: - The successful slave revolt in Saint-Domingue led to a rapid decline in the slave trade's profitability. - Europeans wanted to follow the example of the United States, which had emancipated its slaves in 1808.

Edmund Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790) is a classic work of European conservative philosophy because it opposes all forms of political change no matter the context or circumstances.

False

Many slaves were inspired by the 1804 slave revolt in Saint-Domingue, so much so that the early nineteenth century witnessed a series of successful rebellions in Virginia, the Barbados, and Jamaica.

False

The creation of the state of Belgium in 1831 brought an end to the religious tensions between the Flemish-speaking Belgians and the French-speaking Walloons, who divided the country between them.

False

The idea of a "nation" first emerged during the French Revolution of 1789 when the people of Paris asserted their political power against that of the king.

False

Composed over a forty-year period, the dramatic verse poem ____________ by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe concerns a man who sells his soul to the Devil for eternal youth and universal knowledge.

Faust

Which of the following is not a reason that slavery persisted in Spanish-controlled Cuba until the 1870s?

In Spanish Cuba, slavery was of minimal importance and emancipation was not seen as a pressing issue

Type the term that best describes the view that governments should not intervene in the economy and that their role should be limited to the protection of property and the preservation of social order.

Laissez-Faire

The main objective of the Congress of Vienna was to restore the Napoleonic Empire to power following the battle at Waterloo.

False

Beginning in the 1780s, the ______________ movement, whose principle aim was to end the slave trade, developed in England.

Abolitionist

Place in chronological order the key milestones leading to the end of the slave trade in Britain.

1. formation of the abolitionist movement 2. British ships prohibited from participating in slave trade 3.Month-long slave revolt in Jamaica 4.Great Reform Bill

Which of the statements below best explains why nations are sometimes called "imagined communities"?

A nation creates fellow-feeling among those who share the same language and culture.

Select all the following statements that reflect the viewpoint of a nineteenth-century European conservative.

Corerct: - Monarchies would guarantee social stability. - Nobles were the rightful leaders of the nation. - Slow and managed change would ensure an orderly future. Incorrect: - Individuals should have equality before the law. - Women should be given the right to vote. - People should have freedom from arbitrary authority and imprisonment.

Acting upon his allegiance to Enlightenment principles, Napoleon emancipated all French colonial slaves in 1804, long before the British did.

False

Please watch the following video in which Professor Cole discusses the Congress of Vienna. According to him, what was the main challenge that the participants at the Congress of Vienna faced in re-establishing the power of pre-1789 traditional political elites in 1815?

Many aristocratic and dynastic rulers had lost their credibility during the French Revolution and Napoleonic Era.

Although initially derived from the Latin term nasci ("to be born"), and designating the aristocracy, by the eighteenth century the concept of the __________ meant "the sovereign people."

Nation

ead the following passage about the Anti-Corn Law League in Britain and then choose the response that best describes the author's attitude toward women's political participation. "So now the names of about 300 Ladies were pompously advertised as the Patroness and Committee of the National Bazaar. We exceedingly wonder and regret that the members of the Association ... and still more that anybody else, should have chosen to exhibit their wives and daughters in the character of political agitators; and we most regret that so many ladies—modest, excellent, and amiable persons we have no doubt in their circles—should have been persuaded to allow their names to be placarded on such occasions."

Political agitation is not an appropriate activity for women

Select the statement below that best explains the role that women played in the Romantic movement.

Romanticism emphasis on emotions gave women a way of claiming a role within the movement.

Read these closing lines from Percy Bysshe Shelley's Prometheus Unbound and then choose the best answer for why it is an example of Romantic poetry. "To suffer woes which Hope thinks infinite; To forgive wrongs darker than Death or Night; To defy Power, which seems Omnipotent; To love, and bear; to hope till Hope creates From its own wreck the thing it contemplates; Neither to change nor falter nor repent; This, like thy glory, Titan! Is to be Good, great and joyous, beautiful and free; This is alone Life, Joy, Empire, and Victory."

Shelley insists that only a life spent passionately in political struggle can be truly satisfactory

Match the mid-nineteenth-century political ideology to its eventual accommodation with nationalism.

Socialism - argues that social classes were more important than a national community Liberalism - praises the nation as a body of free citizens Conservatism - links ruling and aristocratic families to national traditions

Some Romantics were, in effect, forerunners to the later nineteenth-century nationalists since they insisted on the uniqueness of a given people's culture and history.

True

Looking at the following political cartoon from 1789, click on each feature that expresses Europeans' fears about the possible consequences of emancipation.

- guy in red coat - guy getting hit by bat -peasants with bags to left -people at table

Click on all the features of Delacroix's Liberty Leading the People (1830) that suggest that the French Revolution, of 1830 depicted here, was a popular revolution just like, and in the spirit of, the great French Revolution of 1789-94.

-French Flag - Guy with sword - guy with messenger bag and pistol - Liberty Head

Using Hegel's notion of "dialectic," this philosopher-turned-journalist argued that history was dynamic and was moving toward ever-increasing human freedom.

Karl Marx

Match the eastern European country or region to the revolutionary or counterrevolutionary events that occurred there between 1815 and 1830.

Russia - Following a failed uprising, this became the most conservative and centralized power in the region. Serbia - With foreign assistance, this region fought for and achieved a certain degree of autonomy within the Ottoman Empire. Greece - After staging a long revolt against the Ottoman Empire, this region finally achieved independence thanks to the intervention of foreign powers.

Please watch the following video where Professor Cole discusses Romanticism. According to him, what was the view of the Romantics towards scientific progress?

Scientific progress alienated people from their true nature

Frustrated by the slow pace of reform in Russia, a group of army officers known as the Decembrists staged an uprising to put pressure on the new tsar, Nicholas I, in 1825.

True

Which of the following statements best describes the "Concert of Europe" that was agreed to at the Congress of Vienna?

an agreement to suppress any further disturbances to the internal stability of European nations

Which of the following was not a concern of Klemens von Metternich, the Austrian diplomat who dominated the Congress of Vienna?

demanding compensation by acquiring former French colonies in Africa and South America

Choose the principle that is not a key idea of nineteenth-century liberalism.

freedom to make a living

Which was not one of the results of the French Revolution in 1830?

universal male suffrage was instituted

Many Romantics developed a fascination with the non-European cultures of North Africa and the Asiatic East, a passion that was called [BLANK] . This interest was spurred, in part, when [BLANK] invaded [BLANK] in 1798 and brought back a wealth of information on its history and culture. Europeans used these other cultures as a kind of mirror. They often contrasted the East with their own cultures, comparing [BLANK], who were fighting for their independence, with the despotic Ottoman Turks.

1. Orientalism 2. Napoleon 3. Egypt 4. The Greeks

Many Latin American elites had long resented [BLANK]'s imperial control of their territories and saw an opportunity in Napoleon's defeat of the mother country. Rio de la Plata, now known as [BLANK], declared its independence first in 1816 and soon afterward sent one of its generals, [BLANK], to liberate [BLANK]. However, the most important figure was [BLANK], who mobilized slaves and [BLANK] to defeat the Spanish. Ultimately, he sparked uprisings from [BLANK] to the country that would ultimately be named for him, [BLANK], and consequently became famous as the father of Latin American

1. Spain 2. Argentina 3. Jose de San Martin 4. Peru 5. Simon Bolivar 6. indigenous people 7. Venezuela 8. Bolivia

Based on the Enlightenment and seventeenth-century writers such as [BLANK], liberalism's core was a commitment to individual [BALNK]. The three main components of liberalism were legal [BANK]—meaning that there should no longer be aristocratic privileges—a government based on [BLANK] of the governed, and the idea that economic activity should be free from [BLANK].

1. locke 2. liberties 3. equality 4. consent 5. interference

One of the key principles adopted at the Congress of Vienna was that no single European country should again be strong enough to threaten the entire international order. What is the name of this principle?

Balance of Power

Match the Romantic poet to the relevant quotation or work.

Byron - Poetry is the "lava of the imagination, whose eruption prevents an earthquake." Blake - Poetry was an intensely personal vision that sought to transcend the "mind-forged manacles" of the material world. Wordsworth - Poetry is the "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings."

Match the socialist thinker to the remedy that he or she provided for the social problems resulting from early industrial production.

Charles Fourier - creating utopian communities based on the abolition of wages and complete gender equality Louis Blanc - making the state assist the poor by providing credit and guaranteed jobs Robert Owen - organizing a factory according to the principles of cooperation Flora Tristan - campaigning for equal rights for men and women

Please select all the arguments that Marx and Engels present in The Communist Manifesto (1848).

Correct Answers: - Capitalism had created more productive forces than any previous generation or social system - As capital became concentrated, workers would become aware of their disenfranchisement. - Recurring crises would lead to capitalism's collapse. Incorrect: - Property is theft! - Good working conditions and decent housing should be provided for workers. - Capitalism should be abandoned in favor of creating utopian communities.

Please watch the following video in which Professor Cole discusses the lessons that conservatives and liberals learned from the French Revolution. Please select only those lessons that liberals learned.

Correct Answers: - Society could be improved through the public use of reason. - People could be taught to become active citizens that participated in government. - Earlier forms of political rule were insufficient for an educated populace. Incorrect: - Revolutionary forces lead inevitably to chaos and civil breakdown. - Traditional institutions needed to be strengthened. - The bonds that held the social order were extremely feeble.

Select all the statements below that describe nationalism's relationship to liberalism.

Correct: - Both wanted to develop economies and infrastructures. - Nationalism challenged liberalism's defense of individual liberties. Incorrect: - Nationalism scared liberals by threatening the power of traditional elites. - Liberals argued that the social classes, not national identity, was the most important feature of modern society.

Select all the relevant achievements of the British Reform Bill of 1832.

Correct: - British liberals gaining influence in Parliament - eliminated boroughs (electoral districts) that were dominated by large landowners - expanded the franchise Incorrect: - outlawed revolutionary pamphlets and restricted freedom of assembly - abolished slavery in British colonies - repealed the Corn Laws

Select all the actions taken by the Congress of Vienna to establish the restoration of political order in Europe after 1815.

Correct: - requiring that France pay a large war debt and accept foreign troops on its soil - recognizing Louis XVIII as France's legitimate monarch Incorrect: - reducing the size of French territory even beyond its boundaries during the Old Regime - creating an international buffer zone in the Rhineland between France and Prussia

Select all the ways that European governments sought to cultivate national feeling among their citizens during the nineteenth century.

Correct: -developing textbooks -creating public rituals -building schools Incorrect: -promoting regional diversity -funding churches -conquering new territories

Which of the following was not a concern of Klemens von Metternich, the Austrian diplomat who dominated the Congress of Vienna?

Demanding compensation by acquiring former French colonies in Africa and South America

Although the Chartists were not successful in getting the British Parliament to approve all of their six demands, they did, however, manage to win the right to a secret ballot and equal electoral districts in 1848.

False

In her novel Frankenstein (1818), Mary Shelley celebrated the scientific achievements of the Age of the Enlightenment through the heroic portrayal of her protagonist, Dr. Frankenstein.

False

When liberals came to power—in France in 1830 and in Britain with the passage of the 1832 Reform Bill—they immediately extended the franchise to all male voters, realizing one of their key principles.

False

Type the term that best describes a coherent system of thought that claims to represent the workings and structure of the social order and whose defenders seek to establish as the dominant view.

Ideology

Match the statement to the political ideology that it expresses.

Liberal - "People should be free to engage in economic activities without governmental inference." Socialist - "Economic and political power need to be redistributed and factories should be collectively owned by the workers." Republican - "All men should be citizens, regardless of wealth or social standing."

Among the choices below, select the statement that best describes the difference between a liberal and a republican.

Liberals wanted to limit citizenship to the wealthy middle classes; republicans wanted to extend citizenship to most, if not all, adult men.

This movement, which emphasized emotion, freedom, and imagination, was a reaction against the reason and discipline of the Enlightenment.

Romanticism

Which sentence best explains why the Enlightenment and the French Revolution did not lead to complete emancipation of the slaves in the European colonies by 1800?

Slavery was too lucrative a trade for the European nations to abolish

After looking carefully at J. M. W. Turner's painting Rain, Steam, and Speed—The Great Western Railway (1844), choose the statement that best explains why this is a Romantic painting.

The painting blends the train within the surrounding countryside, suggesting a sort of equivalence between the two

Read the following passage from Wordsworth's "The Ruined Cottage" and then choose the best explanation for it as an example of Romantic poetry. "Give me a spark of Nature's fire, 'Tis the best learning I desire ... My muse, though homely in attire, May touch the heart."

The poet seeks in nature a source of creative inspiration.

The French Revolution of 1830 was provoked by the infamous July Ordinances. Which of the following statements below best describes them?

They nullified the recent legislative elections and clamped down on voting rights and freedom of the press

Read the following passage and then determine which ideology it expresses. "If civil society be the offspring of convention, that convention must be its law. That convention must limit and modify the descriptions of constitution which are formed under it. Every sort of legislative, judicial, or executor power are its creatures."

This is by a conservative since it insists on upholding tradition