Chapter 21

How many Irish people subsisted on almost solely the potato?

About 1/2 of the entire population of Ireland

Who were one of the most famous poets of the Romantic Movement?

William Blake, William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Sir Walter Scott

What were the beliefs of Austrian Foreign minister Prince Klemens von Metternich

-Believed in a monarchy -Blamed liberal-middle-class revolutionaries for stirring up the lower classes -Believed in authoritarian governments -Believed religion was apart of ethnicities -Hungary = Very diverse groups of ethnicities -anti nationalist

What is the reaction to the taking away of the workshops to help the working class?

3 "June Days" peasants revolt against the national guard for taking away workshops.

Socialism

A backlash against the emergence of individualism and the fragmentation of industrial society, and a move toward cooperation and a sense of community; the key ideas were economic planning, greater social equality, and state regulation of property.

Laissez faire

A doctrine of economic liberalism that calls for unrestricted private enterprise and no government interference in the economy.

Greater Germany

A liberal plan for German national unification that included the German-speaking parts of the Austrian Empire, put forth at the national parliament in 1848 but rejected by Austrian rulers.

Reform Bill of 1832

A major British political reform that increased the number of male voters by about 50 percent and gave political representation to new industrial areas.

Congress of Vienna

A meeting of the Quadruple Alliance - Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain 0 restoration France, and smaller European states to fashion a general peace settlement that began after the defeat of Napoeon's France in 1814.

Holy Alliance

An alliance formed by the conservative rulers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia in September 1815 that became a symbol of the repression of liberal and revolutionary movements all over Europe.

Romanticism

An artistic movement at its height from about 1790 to the 1840s that was in part a revolt against classicism and the Enlightenment, Characterized by a belief in emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, and spontaneity in both art and personal life.

Marxism

An influential political program based on the socialist ideas of German radical Karl Marx, which called for a working-class revolution to overthrow capitalist society and establish a Communist state.

What was a famous musician of the Romantic Era?

Beethoven

What did socialists believe about Capitalism?

Belief that Modern-Capitalism is selfish and split the community into isolated fragments.

What did Henry Saint Simon believe?

Believed every institution's main goal should be improved conditions for the poor.

What did Charles Fourier believe?

Believed in a socialist Utopia of mathematically precise, self-sufficient communities called "phalanxes", each held up to 1620 people.

Corn Laws

British laws governing the import and export of grain, which were revised in 1815 to prohibit the importation of foreign grain unless the price at home rose to improbable levels, thus benefiting the aristocracy but making food prices high for working people.

What were most South American Colonies ruled by?

Caudillos

When did the national guard brake rank?

February 24th

Who was one of Romanticism's greatest artists?

France's Eugene Belacroix

When does an open revolt occur in Greece?

In 182 by Alexander Ypsilanti

When and by who is an armistice presented to the Turks?

In 1827 by Britain, France, and Russia,

When did the Potato Crops Fail?

In 1845, 1846, 1848, and 1851 failed from blight

Karlsbad Decrees

Issued in 1819, these decrees were designed to uphold Metternich's conservatism, requiring the German states to root out subversive ideas and squelch any liberal organizations.

When did French workers and students demand a new government and why?

On February 22, 1848 workers and students demanded a new government.

Who are peninsulares?

People who were born in Spain & who lived and ruled the colonies

When was Greece declared an independent nation?

The 3 powers declared Greece as independent in 1830.

What was the most famous work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles?

The Communist Manifesto

What is Victor Hugo most famous for?

The Hunchback of Norte Dame

Who had the Greeks been living under since the 15th century?

The Ottoman turks

Battle of Peterloo

The army's violent suppression of a protest that took place at Saint Peter's Fields in Manchester in reaction to the revision of the Corn Laws.

What does all of this result in?

The formation of a republic led by 10 men.

Nationalism

The idea that each people had its own genius and specific identity that manifested itself especially in a common language and history, and often led to the desire for an independent political state.

Proletariat

The industrial working class who, according to Marx, were unfairly exploited by the profit seeking bourgeoisie.

Bourgeoisie

The middle class minority who owned the means of production and, according to Marx, exploited the working class proletariat.

Liberalism

The principal ideas of this movement were equality and liberty; liberals demanded representative government and equality before the law as well as individual freedoms such as freedom of the press, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, freedom of worship, and freedom from arbitrary arrest.

What is the reply to the Armistace?

The refuse and all 3 nations navies show up at Navarino Bay.

Great Famine

The result of four years of potato crop failure in the late 1840s in Ireland, a country that had grown dependent on potatoes as a dietary staple.