Chapter 21 Finance

Non-point source pollution includes:

All of the other choices

Which of the following is a global environmental issue?

All of the other choices

Under the common law, courts deciding pollution cases would require a plaintiff to prove:

Harm caused by the polluter and unreasonable interference with other parties' rights

Nonattainment areas under the Clean Air Act:

Have not met the National Ambient Air Quality Standards

Non-point source pollution would not include

Improperly treated sewage

R&G makes and sells pesticides. By statute, R&G must:

Provide evidence that their products do what they claim they will do

If Jayhawk Co. discharges more pollution into the W River than its permits allows, it must:

Report the violation to proper officials

Businesses that wish to build new emission-producing facilities in "dirty air" areas must:

Agree to offset existing pollution in the area

New plants that discharge pollutants into the waters of the U.S. are subject to:

New source performance standards

A trespass is defined as:

None of the other choices (not: an illegal entry onto one's own property

In practice, the focus of the Endangered Species Act is on:

Stopping or altering activity on private or public land when endangered species are present

California's automobile emissions standards require:

All of the other choices

In general, conventional water pollutants, such as human waste, are subject to an emission standard known as:

Best conventional technology (not: best available technology)

Which of the following is not a major pollutant regulated by the Clean Air Act:

Carbon Dioxide or Dihydrogen Monoxide (not: Nitrogen Oxide)

Under the 1990 Clean Air Act:

Congress required further reductions in the emission of toxic pollutants

Under the doctrine of riparian water law, persons living along a body of water:

May use the water in a reasonable manner and must pass on the water in usable form

Every State Implementation Plan for air quality must include:

Measures for monitoring air quality and emissions from pollution sources and schedules and timetables for compliance (not: a "legally binding commitment" by the governor to comply with the Clean Air Act and measures for monitoring air quality and emissions from pollution sources and schedules and timetables for compliance)

An area that has what the EPA classifies as "dirty air" that does not satisfy the air quality standards is known as a:

Nonattainment

An area that has what the EPA classifies as "dirty air" that does not satisfy the air quality standards is known as a:

Nonattainment Area

Hardy makes pesticides. Run-off from its factory goes into gullies that run into Cane Creek, a trickle of water that rarely has fish in it and it is not used for recreation. Part of the year, the creek runs into a river. The outcome of EPA's regulation of Hardy's pollution would be:

None of the other choices

The main goal of the Clean Water Act of 1972 is to:

Restore and maintain the integrity of the waters of the U.S. (not: all of the other choices)

The Clean Air Act requires the EPA to:

Set pollution standards and enforce cooperation among the states on the issue of air pollution control (not: set pollution standards and enforce cooperations among the states on the issue of air pollution control and control air quality in public buildings and workplaces)

The National Ambient Air Quality Standards:

Sets limits on quantities of certain pollutants that are emitted into outdoor air

In a case at common law for trespass, which is necessary?

There must be a direct breach of the boundaries of another person's land (not: the invasion of another's land must be of "serious" magnitude)

The maximum allowable increase of air pollution:

Was eliminated from the Clean Air Act requirements (not: is determined by the EPA on a case-by-case basis to the extent of pollution offsets needed for new construction)

Beehler bought a waste disposal site from Toxic Inc., which went bankrupt in 1975. Toxic had been dumping toxic waste at the site since 1946. Beehler closed the old site and built another that complies with RCRA. In 2005, it was discovered that the old site was leaking, which could pollute groundwater. Who might be a responsible party under CERCLA for the clean up costs at the old site?

All of the other choices are responsible parties (not: Beehler)

Magnetics may buy a plant site in San Diego. Before it agrees to buy the site, what should it do to protect itself from possible CERCLA liability?

All of the other specific choices

Toxic, or unconventional water pollutants, are subject to an emission standard known as:

Best available technology

Firms that have water pollution permits must monitor their own performance and file what are called:

Discharge monitoring reports (not: emission level reports)

To grow cranberries, Eva used a wet area on her property. When cranberries were linked to cancer and the market for cranberries collapsed, Eva wanted to drain the wet area to be able to raise goats because goat cheese is popular. To make this change Eva must:

Eva does not need any permits; she may change her farm however she wants

Prior to passage of the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, and other regulatory statutes in the 1970s, the most important protection for the environment came from:

Individual action since there was no law to deal with such problems or Common law remedies

The recycling of products containing mercury has meant that:

More is dumped into the atmosphere as it ends up in poor nations with few controls (not: the amount being dumped in landfills improperly has been reduced at least 90% compared to what it used to be)

In an effort to control the depletion of the ozone layer, which of the following treaties was signed in 1987?

None of the other choices

The most important law that addresses protection for all wildlife and plants is:

None of the other choices

The primary purpose of RCRA's manifest system is to:

None of the other choices

To help further the goal of water pollution reduction, states must do what regarding point source pollution:

None of the other choices

Applied to pollution cases, private nuisance is:

None of the other choices (not: a term only applied to a polluter who causes damage to the air)

The Clean Air Act requirements are:

None of the other choices (not: applicable to all pollutants)

In an action alleging environmental damage, by use of the common law of trespass, the plaintiff must show that the:

None of the other choices (not: defendant's pollution significantly affected the public health and welfare in the area)

To comply with the Clean Water Act, businesses that discharge wastes into a waterway must:

Obtain a discharge permit and meet the effluent limits set by EPA for each chemical (not: follow the requirements of the State Implementation Plan)

The developed nations of the world agreed to ozone protection by eliminating CFC's. To do this, they set up a fund to:

Pay poorer nations to sign the agreement (not: provide subsidy payments to manufacturers of CFCs so that the phase-out of the products will be less painful)

New plants may be built in Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) areas if the

Plants installs Best Available Control Technology and the plant owner demonstrates the plant will not cause the area's maximum allowable increase to be exceeded

Until the early 1970s environmental pollution was not subject to EPA regulation. Which entity was primarily responsible for pollution litigation?

State and local laws (not: the president)