Chapter 21: Revolutions and Nation Building, 1848-1871

In the wake of the American Civil War, the U.S. Congress passed the Thirteenth Amendment stating that all American were citizens of the United States and not a particular state.

False

The key difference between the revolutions in France and in the German-speaking lands is that whereas French revolutionaries wanted a representative government and a constitution, German revolutionaries were more socialist in their demands.

False

Please look at the image below and then choose the sentence that best describes the artist's view of "Germany's future."

worries about Prussian domination over all Germans

Please watch the following video in which Professor Cole discusses German unification and reunification. Then choose the sentence below that best expresses his view of Germany's status in Europe.

Both unification and reunification have produced an uncertain status for Germany

Select all the correct descriptions of the Frankfurt Assembly that met during the German Revolution of 1848.

Correct: -The delegates were middle-class liberals. -The aim was to draft constitution for unified Germany. -The Assembly was powerless to enforce its decisions.

Please select all the ways that Louis Kossuth attempted to foster Hungarian nationalism in the Habsburg Empire.

Correct: -campaigned for a separate parliament -published parliamentary transcripts -staged political banquets Incorrect: -endorsed pan-Slavism -plotted an aristocratic coup -wrote nationalist histories

Please study the map of the German Confederation on page 563 carefully. Then click on all the German-speaking territories whose lands were entirely within the German Confederation.

Hangover Saxony Bavaria

The idea that governments could be legitimate only if they reflected the character, history, and customs of the common people is called __________________ .

Nationalism

Upon becoming president of France in December 1848, Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, nephew of the great Napoleon, did all of the following to consolidate his power with one exception. Choose the exception.

ended the worker' revolt through armed warfare in the streets of Paris

Please look at the following picture carefully and then choose the sentence that best summarizes the artist's attitude to the Prussian king Frederick William IV.

the artist satirizes the King's unreasonableness

Please read the passage below and then choose the following sentence that best summarizes how the author, Alexis de Tocqueville, views the workers during the June Days. "In truth, it [the June Days] was not a political struggle ... but a class struggle, a sort of "Servile War." ... One should not see it only as a brutal and a blind, but as a powerful effort of the workers to escape from the necessities of their condition, which had been depicted to them as an illegitimate depression, and by the sword to open up a road toward that imaginary well-being that had been shown to them in the distance as a right. It was this mixture of greedy desires and false theories that engendered the insurrection and made it so formidable."

the workers were deluded into believing that they had legitimate grievances and acted out this false understanding

Revolution broke out in Paris in February 1848 when King Louis Philippe attempted to prevent a meeting of his political opponents.

true

All of the following were accomplishments of France's provisional government of February-May 1848 except one. Choose the exception.

universal suffrage

Please click on all the regions that were not part of the new Italian state when it was unified in 1860.

-Venetia -Rome -Corsica -Lucca

Although socialism and nationalism were both relatively new ideologies in the 1840s, they were often at odds with each other. Socialists insisted on the unity of - rather than that of -. The socialist thinker - believed that - of different nationalities had more in common with each other than with the - of their own nation.

1. Class 2. Nation 3. Marx 4. Workers 5. bourgeois

Bismarck sought a war with - as a means of completing German unification. He used a controversy over the Germans' right to control the - throne to foment a diplomatic conflict. Once the conflict began, Prussia was quickly victorious, capturing - after the Battle of -. In January 1871, Bismarck proclaimed the creation of the unified German Empire in -.

1. France 2. Spanish 3.Napoleon III 4.Sedan 5. Versailles

Although the members of the Frankfurt Assembly all had nationalist aspirations, it was that very nationalism that tore them apart. At first, many supported a - position that would include all the German-speaking lands of Habsburg -. Others, however, backed a -position that would include only the lands of the -. After months of negotiation, the Austrian emperor withdrew from the Assembly and the members offered to make - a constitutional monarch of a unified Germany, but he refused.

1. Great German 2.Austria 3.small German 4.German Confederation 5.Frederick William IV

Many common people were hopeful that the 1848 Revolution would bring necessary changes to their lives. The socialist, -, created a public works program called the - in order to provide relief to the high numbers of unemployed. However, over - unemployed workers sought assistance, ten times the expected amount. When - were elected to the government in May, they abolished the program, leading to an armed revolt by the unemployed workers.

1. Louis Blanc 2. National Workshops 3. 120,000 4. Conservatives

When Camillo Cavour became prime minister of the Kingdom of [BLANK], he understood that Italian unification could only be achieved through [BLANK]. Consequently, he made an agreement with [BLANK] to offer land in exchange for driving the Austrians out. Following a brief war in 1859, Cavour doubled the size of the kingdom.

1. Piedmont-Sardinia 2. Diplomacy 3. Napoleon III

The mid-nineteenth century witnessed a growing division in the United States between the industrial - and the agrarian -, the latter of which was based on slave labor. Moreover, - became increasingly vocal in their demands to end slavery. When the two sides could not satisfactorily settle the issue of whether to bring new states into the union as either 'slave' or 'free,' certain states opted for - in 1861, leading to the outbreak of war.

1.North 2.South 3.abolitionists 4.secession

The Habsburg emperor, Francis Joseph, was forced to make a(n) _____________ or settlement with the Hungarians, the empire's largest minority, following the Austrian defeat in the Austro-Prussian War.

Ausgleich

Please match the region of the Habsburg Empire with its specific outcome from the revolutions of 1848-49.

Bohemia - Czech and German populations disagreed on how to proceed following their revolution's success. Vienna - A liberal government sought to maintain the empire by suppressing nationalist movements in Prague and northern Italy. Hungary - Despite instituting liberal reforms, minority communities like the Croats and Serbs resented Magyar domination.

Read the passage below and then choose the answer that best applies to this description of the Piedmontese prime minister, Camillo Cavour. "Count Cavour had to seek out an opening in the complicated fabric of European politics; he had to wriggle his way in, conceal himself, lay a mine, and cause an explosion. And it was by these means that he defeated Austria and won the help of France and England. Where other statesmen would have dawn back, Cavour plunged in headlong—as soon as he had sounded the precipice and calculated the possible profit and loss."

Carvour uses diplomacy skillfully to achieve his political goals

Please select the reasons that explain why German liberals, who were initially supporters of the German revolution of 1848, became uneasy and eventually even opposed to it.

Correct: -destructive acts by peasants and workers -political clubs -proliferating newspapers -citizen militias Incorrect: -overthrow of the Prussian monarchy -women win right to vote

Please select all the phrases that correctly describe Bismarck's rule as minister-president of Prussia from 1862 to 1871.

Correct: -dissolved Parliament -waged war against neighboring powers -enacted domestic reforms Incorrect: -opposed excessive military spending -cooperated with liberals -only major political goal was German unification

Select all the reasons why the government of King Louis Philippe had become deeply unpopular by the year 1848.

Correct: -repressing of republican organizations -restricted franchise -widespread corruption Incorrect: -creating poor laws and workhouses -heavy taxes on the peasantry -returning confiscated lands to the Church

Please choose all the political challenges that stressed European governments in the 1840s.

Correct: -socialists speaking up for the rights of labor and the poor -republicans demanding universal suffrage -nationalists challenging the legitimacy of hereditary leaders -liberals seeking constitutional governments Incorrect: -communists demanding the overthrow of capitalism -conservatives seeking to return monarchical governments to power

Please choose all those elements that were characteristic of the Crimean War.

Correct: -war correspondents -massive epidemics -photographers Incorrect: -antiwar protests -mustard gas

Please watch the following video in which Professor Cole provides his reasons for the simultaneous outbreak of revolutions in Europe in 1848. Then select all the correct economic reasons that he uses to account for them.

Correct: -widespread hunger -closing of factories -too many industrial products were produced Incorrect: -dissemination of Utopian socialist ideas -ideas of national sovereignty -popular memories of political mobilization

Select all the values associated with the Jeffersonians in the United States during the early nineteenth century.

Correct: supremacy of people's representatives virtue and talent independence of yeoman farmers

After the Settlement of 1867, the Hungarians embarked on a policy of Magyarization, which promoted tolerance of the language and culture of Hungary's minorities, the Croats and Serbs.

False

In terms of Europeans' understanding of the concept of nation, the key change that had taken place by 1848 was that it had expanded to accommodate new nations like Italy and Germany.

False

Napoleon III's transformation of Paris in the 1860s was universally lauded for bringing cleanliness and economic prosperity to the city.

False

Of all the different Italian regions, the economic power and geographic location of Tuscany and Parma made these regions central to the development of Italian nationalism.

False

Seeing the example set by Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, Tsar Alexander II decided to abolish serfdom in Russia.

False

Leader of the "Thousand," this famous Italian patriot overthrew the Bourbon dynasty of Sicily and southern Italy in 1860.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

All of the problems below were features of European social life in the decade before the 1848 revolutions with one exception. Please choose the exception.

Lowering of food prices, leading to massive bankruptcy of the farmers

First coined by a newspaper, this idea encouraged Americans to move westward and to settle in lands that would eventually be brought into the United States.

Manifest Destiny

Please choose the best explanation for why liberalism and nationalism could not unite in the Habsburg (Austrian) Empire as they had in the German lands.

Nationalist ideas threatened to break up the Empire

Which of the following statements was not a consequence of Tsar Alexander II's emancipation of the serfs?

Peasants took possession of individual lots for which they had to pay the state

Which of the following statements best describes the immediate cause for the outbreak of the Crimean War?

Russia moved troops into Ottoman provinces to protect religious minorities

Choose the sentence below that does not describe Russian territorial expansion during the reign of Tsar Alexander II.

Russians imposed their culture on all conquered lands

Please list in chronological order the regions annexed by, or joined to, Prussia during the decade 1862-71 to achieve the unification of Germany.

Schleswig-Holstein Posen Bavaria Alsace-Lorraine

While their opponents championed such Enlightenment values as secularism, romantic Russian nationalists, called ____________ , wanted to preserve traditional Russian culture.

Slavophiles

Please study the map of the United States (c. 1850) carefully and then click on all of the slave states.

Texas Missouri Kentucky Virginia Maryland Delaware

Please read the passage below and then choose the following sentence that best summarizes the point of view of the author, Karl Marx. "The February Revolution was the beautiful revolution, the revolution of universal sympathy, because the antagonisms, which had flared up in it against the monarchy, slumbered peacefully side by side, still undeveloped, because the social struggle which formed its background had won only a joyous existence ... The June revolution is the ugly revolution, the repulsive revolution, because things have taken place of phrases, because the republic uncovered the head of the monster itself, by striking off the crown that shielded and concealed it."

The February revolution embodied the people's hopes, while the June revolt dashed them.

Read the passage below and then choose the sentence that best summarizes the view of King Frederick William IV of Prussia about the idea of constitutional monarchy. "The crown which a Hohenzoller [Prussian royal house] could accept, if circumstances permitted, is not one made by an assembly sprung from a revolutionary seed in the genre of the crown of cobble stones of Louis Philippe... [it] overwhelmingly dishonors [its bearer] with its smell of the gunpowder of the 1848 revolution ..."

The King refuses to accept the legitimacy of a constitutional monarchy

Please choose the sentence that does not explain why the Crimean War changed the balance of power in Europe

The turks won significant concessions from the Russians

Giuseppe Mazzini's Young Italy society alienated many of its liberal supporters due to its support of republicanism.

True

In the years leading up to the 1848 revolutions, nationalism was often associated with liberalism.

True

One key feature that made the Habsburg (Austrian) Empire different from the German Confederation and France is that, unlike the latter two, the Habsburg kings ruled over an extremely diverse array of peoples from different ethnic backgrounds.

True

One of the key economic developments of the German lands, and a harbinger of the later unification, was the creation of a customs union, also called the _________________, that established free trade among the different German states.

Zollverein

Please select the sentence that best describes the hopes of liberal German nationalists in the 1840s

a unified German nation would lead to needed reforms

Please read the quote below and choose the sentence that best summarizes the author's view. "Italy must become not only independent but politically united. Political unity alone can reconcile various interests and laws, can mobilize credit and put out collective energies to speeding up communications. Only thus will we find sufficient capital for large-scale industry. Only thus will we create new markets, suppress internal obstacles to the free flow of commerce, and find the strengths and reputation needed for traffic in distant lands."

a unified Italy will produce a modernized, capitalist nation

Which one of the following statements is not true about the Second Reform Bill of 1867?

it gave woman to vote

This term means "a cold, clear-eyed assessment of political realities that rejected any utopian belief in the power of revolutionary movements."

realpolitik