Chapter 21: Taxonomy and Diversity of Life

What does dichotomous mean?

2 branches

Which image correctly depicts gradualism?

21.3 B

Which correctly depicts punctuated equilibrium?

21.3 C

About how old is the Earth?

4.6 billion years old

Which of the following best describes an endosymbiont?

A cell that lives within another cell.

When using phenetics, which of these issues could potentially occur?

A dolphin and shark are classified as being related due to similar morphology.

What is adaptation?

A genetic change that helps an organism survive and becomes a characteristic trait of the organism.

What is an organism?

A living system that can respond to stimuli, grow, reproduce, and maintain a consistent state (homeostasis).

Which scenario best describes how evolution works?

A population of horses develop longer necks because those with the genes for longer necks could survive better.

What is evolutionary rescue?

A rapid adaptation that occurs in a population due to environmental changes.

Which of the following statements correctly describes homologous structures?

ALL ARE CORRECT: Even though dolphins and monkeys look different, their forelimbs evolved from a common, tetrapod ancestor. Structures with a similar function that share a common evolutionary origin. The wing of a bat and the legs of a dog both developed from the same embryonic tissues.

Which is true about free energy and matter?

ALL ARE CORRECT: They affect all trophic levels. They are required by all living things. They need to be recycled through the Earth. They get stored in our bodies temporarily.

Which of the following could be a cause of environmental change?

ALL ARE CORRECT: A forest fire Clear cutting to create farmland A volcanic eruption

Which term best describes the type of speciation shown in the image below?

Allopatric speciation; The toads are separated by geographic a geographic barrier that they cannot cross.

Why are there six kingdoms now instead of the original two that scientists developed?

As our scientific understanding has grown, we've needed to add additional kingdoms to Linnaeus' original two.

What is an adaptation that changes the way an organism behaves?

Behavioral adaptation

Which system of classification is scientifically objective and also only takes into account shared traits that are derived from a shared evolutionary ancestor?

Cladistics

Where does the system of classifying things based first into broad categories, then into progressively more specific categories, originate?

Classical taxonomy

Which best describes photosynthesis?

Conversion of sunlight to chemical energy.

Which domain contains both the plant and animal kingdoms?

Eukarya

Which of the following statements is false?

FALSE: In homologous structures the size and number of bones is the same across species. TRUE: Humans, cats, and whales all have two lower arm bones, the radius and ulna. Differences in structure of homologous limbs results from adaptation to different environments or lifestyles. Similarities in bone structure are related to similarities in muscle structure. Homologous structures can perform different primary functions.

Which of the following statements about taxonomic levels is correct?

Family is more specific than order. Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

The theory of endosymbiosis best explains:

How eukaryotic cells evolved from a prokaryotic cell engulfing another prokaryotic cell.

Why is photosynthesis an important process?

IT PROVIDES ENERGY FOR ALMOST ALL LIVING THINGS. -Most energy comes from sun (solar energy is a form of kinetic energy), so photosynthesis is an important process that producers/autotrophs use to convert solar energy into usable energy -solar energy+CO2+water-->C6H12O6 (glucose) -Glucose is usable by many organisms: store energy, build structures -O2 product of photosynthesis-->beneficial to atmosphere

How can we determine if a muscle is homologous between species?

LOOK AT ALL OF THESE TRAITS: Look at its origin and insertion point on the bones. Only the function of the muscle matters. Look at its function. Look at its location.

What important thing do autotrophs do?

Make their own food.

What was Linnaeus's classification system based on?

Morphology

Which of the following is NOT an organelle?

NOT AN ORGANELLE: Cell AN ORGANELLE: Nucleus Chloroplast Vacuole

Which of the following is NOT evidence for the endosymbiosis theory?

NOT EVIDENCE: Mitochondria and chloroplasts have DNA that is similar to that found in the nucleus. EVIDENCE: Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain enzymes similar to those in prokaryotic membranes Mitochondria and chloroplasts are able to replicate their own DNA Mitochondria and chloroplasts have similar antibiotic resistance as prokaryotic cells Mitochondria and chloroplasts replicate in a way similar to some prokaryotic cells

Which of the following is NOT a type of living organism?

NOT LIVING ORGANISM: Compound LIVING ORGANISMS: Plant Microorganism Fungi

Which of the following is NOT an organizational structure of an organism?

NOT: Nucleus ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE: Tissue Organ System Cell

Who first proposed the hypothesis of how life began on Earth?

Oparin

In which eon did the dinosaurs both live and go extinct?

Phanerozoic

Classical taxonomy relies on both morphology and phylogeny. What do these terms mean?

Phylogeny is evolutionary history, and morphology is form and structure.

What organelles in eukaryotic cells are thought to have originated from prokaryotic cells?

Plastids and mitochondria

Cells that are simple and contain no membrane bound organelles are called:

Prokaryotic

Which level of organization in taxonomy is the most specific?

Species

What is an adaptation that changes a physical aspect of an organism?

Structural adaptation

What is likely the most important factor for life on Earth?

Sunlight

Each time you answer a question in a dichotomous key, the following questions are based on _____.

That question and all of the ones before it.

Which of the following most accurately describes analogous structures?

The fins of a dolphin and a fish evolved separately, to help them function in their environment

The Cambrian Explosion marks which major event in Earth's history?

The incredible diversification of life on Earth.

In cladistics, if two organisms are closely related, what does that mean?

They have a recent common ancestor.

Fill in the blank: Multiple cells combine together to form a _____.

Tissue

Which description depicts parallel evolution?

Two species - a European chicken and a Chinese chicken - show similar body types.

What is an important thing to do once you've gone through a dichotomous key?

Verify your answer

Which of the following pairs is most likely an analogous relationship?

duck webbed feet: frog webbed feet

Dichotomous keys are most similar to _____.

flow charts

A dichotomous key starts with _____ information and leads to _____ information.

general, specific

In the early formation of life on Earth, polymers aggregated together to form _____.

protobionts