Chapter 22

Examples of physical barriers against pathogens include mucus. epithelia. epidermal layers. sebaceous glands. All of the answers are correct.

all of these answers are correct

Inflammation produces localized heat. swelling. redness. pain. All of the answers are correct.

all of these answers are correct

Innate defenses include physical barriers. phagocytic cells. interferons. inflammation. All of the answers are correct.

all of these answers are correct

Inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens are immunodeficiency diseases. allergies. autoimmune diseases. signs of a weak system. the result of stress.

allergies

Delayed hypersensitivity is a type of __________. autoimmune disease skin infection allergy immunodeficiency disease

allergy

The cells directly responsible for cellular immunity are the ________ cells. cytotoxic T B suppressor T plasma helper T

cytotoxic T

When an antigen is bound to a Class I MHC molecule, it can stimulate a ________ cell. B cytotoxic T helper T NK plasma

cytotoxic T

Which defense cells can specifically identify and directly kill disease cells? cytotoxic T lymphocytes plasma cells B lymphocytes suppressor T lymphocytes

cytotoxic T lymphocytes

The primary function of the lymphatic system is the production and distribution of plasma proteins. defending the body against both environmental hazards and internal threats. circulation of dissolved gases. circulation of nutrients. the transport of hormones.

defending the body against both environmental hazards and internal threats

Autoantibodies are produced by activated T cells. produced during an allergic reaction. the first step in immunological competence. directed against the body's own antigens. important in tissue rejection reactions.

directed against the body's own antigens

When an antigen is bound to a Class II MHC protein, it can activate a ________ cell. helper T cytotoxic T NK suppressor T plasma

helper T

Which class of T lymphocyte is killed by the AIDS virus? suppressor T helper T NK cytotoxic T

helper T

B cells are primarily activated by the activities of plasma cells. macrophages. helper T cells. antigens. antibodies.

helper T cells

Which of these is not one of the nonspecific defenses? immunoglobulins histamine neutrophils interferons

immunoglobulins

Class II MHC proteins are present in the plasma membrane only during infections. when NK cells are activated. when cytotoxic T cells are inhibited. in antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes. when plasma cells are releasing antibodies.

in antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes

Immunity that results from vaccination against influenza is classified as __________. induced active naturally acquired passive naturally acquired active induced passive

induced active

Suppressor T cells act to produce antibodies involved in autoimmunity. erase memory T cells. inhibit T and B cell activities. suppress antigens. limit antigen proliferation.

inhibit T and B cell activities

Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity. natural passive innate passive auto active

innate

During a primary humoral response to antigens all of the following occur, except B cells may undergo several rounds of mitosis before producing plasma cells and memory cells. the first immunoglobulins to appear in circulation are of the IgM type. B cells may differentiate into plasma cells immediately. antibody levels do not peak until 1 to 2 weeks after the initial exposure. neutrophils invade the surrounding areas, releasing chemotactic substances.

neutrophils invade the surrounding areas, releasing chemotactic substances

The first line of cellular defense against pathogens are the plasma cells. B cells. T cells. phagocytes. NK cells.

phagocytes

The cells responsible for the production of circulating immunoglobulins are ________ cells. liver thymus NK plasma helper T

plasma

Cytotoxic T cells can attack target cells with which of these chemical weapons? secrete mutant proteins secrete a cytokine that triggers apoptosis secrete organic solvent secrete strong acid secrete free radicals

secrete a cytokine that triggers apoptosis

In general, lymphocytes are produced and mature only in red bone marrow. spend most of their time in lymphatic tissue. have two nuclei. have relatively short life spans. spend most of their time circulating in the blood.

spend most of their time in lymphatic tissue

The lymphatic system does all of the following, except that it eliminates variations in the composition of interstitial fluid. fights infection. helps maintain normal blood volume. transports gases to and away from lymph nodes. transports lipids from the digestive tract.

transports gases to and away from the lymph nodes

The cells responsible for humoral immunity are the ________ cells. suppressor T helper T NK B cytotoxic T

B

Which class of immunoglobulins sensitizes cells to allergens? IgE IgA IgG IgM

IgE

The only antibodies that normally cross the placenta are IgA. IgM. IgD. IgE. IgG.

IgG

During a primary immune response, the IgM titer and the IgG titer rise in parallel. IgG titer is initially higher than the IgM titer. IgM titer is initially higher than the IgG titer.

IgM titer is initially higher than the IgG titer

Natural Killer (NK) cells __________. hunt for tumor cells kill cancer cells engage in immunological surveillance NK cells perform all of these roles.

NK cells perform all of these roles

If the thymus shrank and stopped making thymosins, we would expect to see an immediate decrease in the number of T cells. neutrophils. red blood cells. B lymphocytes. NK cells.

T cells

The classic pathway of complement activation begins when the protein C1 binds to a cell surface antigen. the cell wall of bacteria. the plasma membrane of bacteria. an antibody attached to an antigen. a plasma protein.

an antibody to an antigen

Compared to blood capillaries, lymph capillaries exhibit all of the following, except that they are frequently irregular in shape. are larger in diameter. have no basement membrane. have walls of endothelial cells that overlap like shingles. are smaller in diameter.

are smaller in diameter

In passive immunization, the body receives antibodies produced by an animal. body is deliberately exposed to an antigen. immune system attacks normal body cells. body receives antibodies produced by other humans. body receives antibodies produced by other humans or by an animal.

body receives antibodies produced by other humans or by an animal

Stem cells that will form B cells or NK cells are found only in the spleen. bone marrow. thymus. liver. kidneys.

bone marrow

Microphages include neutrophils. eosinophils. monocytes. Kupffer cells. both neutrophils and eosinophils.

both neutrophils and eosinophils

Newborns continue to gain immunity from contact with siblings. contact with viruses and bacteria. breast milk. early immunizations. antibodies passed across the placenta from the mother.

breast milk

Histamine increases blood flow and vascular permeability. This would account for all of the following changes that occur during inflammation, except redness of the inflamed tissue. swelling of the inflamed tissue. movement of defense proteins and cells into the interstitial space. chemotaxis of phagocytes. heat of the inflamed tissue.

chemotaxis of phagocytes

T cells and B cells can be activated only by cells infected with viruses, bacteria, or cancer cells. pathogens. exposure to a specific antigen at a specific site in a plasma membrane. interleukins, interferons, and colony-stimulating factors. disease-causing agents.

exposure to a specific antigen at a specific site in a plasma membrane

A sample of John's blood shows a high level of pyrogens. This would indicate that John has a sore throat. is running a fever. has swollen lymph nodes. is producing T lymphocytes. is feeling achy.

is running a fever

Which of these is not a property of the immune response? It may be cell-mediated. It may be antibody-mediated. It must be acquired. It is triggered by an antigen.

it must be acquired

The lymphoid tissue of the spleen ("white pulp") contains many __________. arteries lymphocytes free macrophages red blood cells

lymphocytes

The white pulp of the spleen is populated by trabeculae. arteries. lymphocytes. veins. fibrous connective tissue.

lymphocytes

Which of these defense cells are not phagocytic? eosinophils macrophages lymphocytes neutrophils

lymphocytes

Class II MHC molecules are found only on which of the following? granulocytes and microphages lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells all body cells with a nucleus red blood cells liver cells and macrophages in the spleen

lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells

An inflammatory response is triggered when T cells release interferon. neutrophils phagocytize bacteria. red blood cells release pyrogens. blood flow to an area increases. mast cells release histamine and heparin.

mast cells release histamine and heparin

Immunity that results from exposure to an antigen in the environment is called ________ immunity. natural passive innate auto passive naturally acquired active

naturally acquired active

Leslie has a bad sore throat and the lymph nodes in her neck are swollen. This would indicate that the affected lymph nodes contain an increased number of lymphocytes. the focus of the infection is the lymph nodes. the lymph node is actively producing phagocytes. lymph is not flowing through these lymph nodes. the lymph node has increased its secretion of thymosin.

the affected lymph nodes contain an increased number of lymphocytes

Which of these statements about lymphocytes is false? They mostly occur in lymphoid tissues. They are phagocytic. They bind antigens. They occur as B, T, and NK types.

they are phagocytic

Autoimmune illness results from a failure of what aspect of immunity? specificity tolerance versatility memory

tolerance