Chapter 22 Connect

BPG is a product of what?

Anaerobic respiration

Inability of the blood to carry adequate oxygen due to anemia

Anemic Hypoxia

What percentage of carbon dioxide binds to the amino groups of plasma proteins and hemoglobin to form carbamino compounds? A. 90% B. 10% C. 5% D. 25%

C. 5%

Blueness of the skin is called what? A. Melanoma B. Erythema C. Cyanosis

C. Cyanosis

Which two terms describe the anterior openings of the nasal cavity? Select two answers from the list below. A. Vestibule B. Choanae C. Nostrils D. Nares

C. Nostrils D. Nares

Which tonsils are found in the nasopharynx? A. Palatine tonsils B. Lingual tonsils C. Pharyngeal tonsils

C. Pharyngeal tonsils

A bluish color of the skin and mucous membranes due to ischemia or hypoxemia is called

Cyanosis

Metabolic poison prevents tissues from using the oxygen delivered to them

Histotoxic hypoxia

The passages of the respiratory system that serve only for airflow are called the _____________________ zone.

conducting

Inadequate circulation of blood

ischemic hypoxia

Rising carbon dioxide levels in blood are likely to cause which of the following? A. An increase in ventilation B. A decrease in ventilation

A. An increase in ventilation

Which of the paired cartilages of the larynx articulate with the cricoid cartilage? A. Arytenoid B. Thyroid C. Cuneiform D. Corniculate

A. Arytenoid

Which two factors facilitate systemic unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin in the peripheral tissues? Select two answers from the list below. A. Binding of protons to hemoglobin B. Cooler temperatures C. Active transport of O2 out of the blood stream D. Lower PO2 in tissue fluid

A. Binding of protons to hemoglobin D. Lower PO2 in tissue fluid

Aside from the two small nasal bones, the majority of the external (facial) features of the nose are supported by which of the following? A. Cartilage B. Adipose C. Bone D. Muscle

A. Cartilage

The normal PCO2 of arterial blood is between 37 and 43 mm Hg. Which term refers to a PCO2 of less than 37 mm Hg? A. Hypocapnia B. Hypercapnia

A. Hypocapnia

Which type of hypoxia can be caused by decreased oxygen availability at high altitudes or by drowning? A. Hypoxemic B. Anemic C. Ischemic D. Histotoxic

A. Hypoxemic

Hypoxic drive refers to a condition where the respiratory centers of the brainstem respond to which of the following? A. PO2 of arterial blood B. Cerebrospinal fluid pH C. Arterial blood pH D. PCO2 of arterial blood

A. PO2 of arterial blood

Choose all the hormones that promote oxygen delivery to tissues by stimulating bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) synthesis. A. Thyroxine B. Growth hormone C. Inhibin D. Gastrin E. Testosterone F. Epinephrine

A. Thyroxine B. Growth hormone E. Testosterone F. Epinephrine

The ______ respiratory group receives input from chemoreceptors and adjusts the respiratory rate accordingly. A. dorsal B. ventral

A. dorsal

Excess oxygen in the body generates ______ that can destroy enzymes and damage nervous tissue. A. free radicals B. antibodies C. carbon monoxide D. enzymes

A. free radicals

A general term for a drop in the pH of blood below 7.35 is

Acidosis

Originates in the mucous glands of the lamina propria

Adenocarcinoma

What is the normal systemic arterial blood gas value for PO2? A. 65 mm Hg B. 95 mm Hg C. 25 mm Hg D. 40 mm Hg

B. 95 mm Hg

Choose all the forms in which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood. A. Bound to heme B. Carbaminohemoglobin C. Dissolved gas D. Carboxyhemoglobin E. Bicarbonate ion

B. Carbaminohemoglobin C. Dissolved gas E. Bicarbonate ion

Which zone of the respiratory system serves only for airflow? It is incapable of gas exchange between the air and the circulatory system. A. Respiratory zone B. Conducting zone

B. Conducting zone

In which disease would the condition of hypoxic drive develop? A. Hyperventilation B. Emphysema C. Allergies

B. Emphysema

Select two examples of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease from the list below. A. Dyspnea B. Emphysema C. Chronic bronchitis D. Pulmonary edema

B. Emphysema C. Chronic bronchitis

In chronic bronchitis, which cells enlarge and secrete excess mucus? A. Macrophages B. Goblet cells C. Alveolar type II cells D. Ciliated cells

B. Goblet cells

Which term refers to an excess of carbon dioxide in the blood? A. Alkalosis B. Hypercapnia C.Hypocapnia D. Acidosis

B. Hypercapnia

Choose all the factors that would decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. A. Decreased bisphosphoglycerate production by RBC B. Increased temperature C. Increased bisphosphoglycerate production by RBC D. Decreased temperature

B. Increased temperature C. Increased bisphosphoglycerate production by RBC

The lungs of an emphysema patient eventually become which of the following? A. More elastic and more fibrotic B. Less elastic and more fibrotic C. More elastic and less fibrotic D. Less elastic and less fibrotic

B. Less elastic and more fibrotic

The majority of the surfaces of the nasal cavity are lined with which of the following? A. Olfactory epithelium B. Respiratory epithelium C. Erectile tissue D. Cartilage

B. Respiratory epithelium

What structure of the medulla oblongata and pons contain respiratory centers? A. Lemnisci B. Reticular formation C. Corpora quadrigemina D. Pyramids

B. Reticular formation

Which term refers to the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during one cycle of quiet breathing? A. Expiratory reserve volume B. Tidal volume C. Inspiratory reserve volume D. Residual volume

B. Tidal volume

Physiological dead space is also called what? A. Total lung capacity B. Total dead space C. Tidal volume E. Vital space

B. Total dead space

Chronic _______________ is characterized by a reduction in the number of cilia lining the airway and increased mucus production.

Bronchitis

Which term refers to an acid-base imbalance in which the blood pH is lower than 7.35? A. Apnea B. Alkalosis C. Acidosis D. Anemia

C. Acidosis

BPG is a product of what? A. Aerobic respiration B. The chloride shift C. Anaerobic respiration

C. Anaerobic respiration

The collapse of a lobe or lung due to equalizing the intrapleural and atmospheric pressure is called what? A. Pneumothorax B. Stroke C. Atelectasis D. Infarct

C. Atelectasis

Why is carbon monoxide a serious health threat? A. CO displaces carbon dioxide on the hemoglobin molecule. B. CO affects the permeability of the respiratory membrane. C. CO competes with oxygen for the same binding site. D. CO alters the carbonate-bicarbonate balance of the blood.

C. CO competes with oxygen for the same binding site.

The mucus-secreting cells lining the trachea are called what? A. Columnar cells B. Basal cells C. Goblet cells D. Ciliated cells

C. Goblet cells

A high metabolic rate does what to oxyhemoglobin levels? A. It has no effect on oxyhemoglobin levels. B. Keeps them relatively high C. Keeps them relatively low

C. Keeps them relatively low

The barrier between alveolar air and blood is called the what? A. Endothelium B. Lung-blood barrier C. Respiratory membrane

C. Respiratory membrane

Which form of lung cancer is most likely to become metastatic? A. Squamous-cell carcinoma B. Adenocarcinoma C. Small-cell carcinoma

C. Small-cell carcinoma

What do the synergist muscles of respiration do? A. Stiffen abdominal muscles during respiration B. Pull diaphragm downward C. Stiffen the rib cage during respiration

C. Stiffen the rib cage during respiration

Oxygen loading in the lungs decreases hemoglobin's affinity for H+. How does this promote alveolar gas exchange? A. H+ combines with carbonic anhydrase to form bicarbonate. B. The increased H+ concentration raises the pH of the blood, which promotes oxygen loading C. The released H+ combines with HCO3- to form free CO2, which can diffuse out of the blood. D. The released protons are pumped out of the RBC in exchange for bicarbonate ions.

C. The released H+ combines with HCO3- to form free CO2, which can diffuse out of the blood.

Oxygen is unloaded in the body tissues because the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is lower in the systemic capillaries (compared to its affinity in the alveolar capillaries). Which factor contributes to this? A. Hemoglobin unloads more oxygen at lower temperatures. B. PO2 is higher in the peripheral tissues. C. Carbaminohemoglobin can only be formed in the lungs. D. CO2 produced in the peripheral tissues leads to increased H+ concentration.

D. CO2 produced in the peripheral tissues leads to increased H+ concentration.

Oxygen is unloaded in the body tissues because the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is lower in the systemic capillaries (compared to its affinity in the alveolar capillaries). Which factor contributes to this? A. PO2 is higher in the peripheral tissues. B. Carbaminohemoglobin can only be formed in the lungs. C. Hemoglobin unloads more oxygen at lower temperatures. D. CO2 produced in the peripheral tissues leads to increased H+ concentration.

D. CO2 produced in the peripheral tissues leads to increased H+ concentration.

______ are a group of lung diseases (asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema) that result in long-term obstruction of airflow and substantially reduced pulmonary ventilation. A. Hypoxias B. Anemias C. STDs D. COPDs

D. COPDs

Which factor is typically responsible for setting the respiratory rate in healthy individuals? A. Arterial blood pH B. PO2 of arterial blood C. PCO2 of arterial blood D. Cerebrospinal fluid pH

D. Cerebrospinal fluid pH

Which is a paired laryngeal cartilage that is not involved in movement of the vocal folds? A. Corniculate B. Cricoid C. Thyroid D. Cuneiform E. Arytenoid

D. Cuneiform

Which form of hypoxia would result from carbon monoxide poisoning? A. Anemic hypoxia B. Ischemic hypoxia C. Aplastic hypoxia D. Hypoxemic hypoxia

D. Hypoxemic hypoxia

Which term refers to a deficiency of oxygen in a tissue? A. Hypoxemia B. Hypocapnia C. Cyanosis D. Hypoxia

D. Hypoxia

What is the role of the erectile tissue within the inferior nasal conchae? A. To close the airway during swallowing B. To produce air turbulence C. To prevent foreign objects from entering the nasal cavity D. To alternate airflow between the two nasal fossae

D. To alternate airflow between the two nasal fossae

Which component of the respiratory center is responsible for setting the basal respiratory rate and providing output to the muscles of respiration? A. Pneumotaxic center B. Pontine respiratory group C. Dorsal respiratory group D. Ventral respiratory group

D. Ventral respiratory group

Originates in the main bronchi but invades the mediastinum and metastasizes quickly

Small-cell carcinoma

Originates in the basal cells of the bronchial epithelium

Squamous-cell carcinoma

Evidence suggests that ventilation increases more quickly in response to high levels of CO2 than it does to low levels of O2 in the blood. True or False

True

True or False: Prolonged exposure to oxygen at 2.5 ATM can be toxic.

True

A blood pH of 7.55 is called ______.

alkalosis

A shift in the pH of blood above 7.45 is called

alkalosis

Inadequate pulmonary gas exchange

hypoxemic hypoxia