Chapter 22 HIS 102

How did the electric streetcar affect the urban environment?

Cities could expand as even people of modest means could travel quickly and cheaply to new, improved, and less congested housing.

How did the culture of sports change in the late nineteenth century?

Cruel sports such as cockfighting declined, while commercialized spectator sports became popular.

What was the breakthrough implication of Louis Pasteur's work?

Diseases were caused by specific living organisms that could be controlled.

What was a central component of the improvements in sanitation in the nineteenth century?

Excrement from outhouses could be carried off by water through sewers at low cost.

What was the clearest sign that a family was middle class?

Having servants

The following is an excerpt from Émile Zola's Germinal (Evaluating the Evidence 22.3): What do we know about the man Zola describes?

He's unemployed

What was the flaw in Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's theory of evolution?

His assertion that characteristics parents acquired in the course of their lives could be passed on to their offspring by heredity

What benefits could a wife produce at home that could not be purchased in the market?

Improved health, better eating habits, and better behavior

The following is an excerpt from Stephan Zweig's The World of Yesterday (Evaluating the Evidence 22.2): According to Zweig, in what way was the "social morality" of his day deceitful?

It tacitly permitted sexual activity in young men, while at the same time pretending that young women were not sexual at all.

Which of the following describes late-nineteenth-century prostitution?

It was a stage of life for many poor young women, which they moved beyond as they established their own homes and families.

Which cities on Map 22.1: European Cities of 100,000 or More, 1800-1900 contained one million or more people in 1900?

London, Paris, Berlin, Vienna, St. Petersburg, and Constantinople

What was companionate marriage?

Marriage based on romantic love and middle-class family values

How did the nature of marriage change by the late nineteenth century?

Married couples increasingly developed stronger emotional ties and based marriage decisions on sentiment and sexual attraction.

What was a result of improved economic conditions in the nineteenth century?

Married women were not expected to work outside the home.

How did the goals of middle-class feminists differ from those of socialist women?

Middle-class women fought for the right to vote, while socialist women argued that women's liberation could only occur as part of a working-class revolution.

Which of the following characterizes early-nineteenth-century British cities?

Nearly all land was used for buildings, which meant parks or open areas were almost nonexistent.

Max Weber, the most prominent and influential late-nineteenth-century sociologist, argued that the rise of capitalism was directly linked to

Protestantism in northern Europe.

How did wages change in the late nineteenth century?

Real wages rose for the mass of the population, but the gap between the rich and the poor did not decrease.

The following is an excerpt from Émile Zola's Germinal (Evaluating the Evidence 22.3): This passage is an example of

Realism

What was Georges Haussmann's contribution to nineteenth-century life?

Rebuilding Paris

The following is an excerpt from Stephan Zweig's The World of Yesterday (Evaluating the Evidence 22.2): What assumption underlay this effort to isolate young women from corrupting influences?

That women had no innate sexual desires

On Map 22.2: The Modernization of Paris, ca. 1850-1870, what formed the boundary of Paris before 1860?

The Tollhouse Wall

What was the Second Industrial Revolution?

The burst of industrial creativity and technological innovation that promoted strong economic growth toward the end of the nineteenth century

What caused the revolutionary reduction in the size of European families?

The family's desire to improve its economic and social position

Why did illegitimacy rates decline after 1850?

The higher incidence of marriage for expectant mothers

What was the core concept of Social Darwinism?

The human race was driven by an unending economic struggle that would determine the survival of the fittest

How did the urban working class change in the latter half of the nineteenth century?

The sharp distinction between highly skilled artisans and unskilled manual workers broke down as semiskilled groups of workers became more prevalent.

Why did middle-class families spend considerable portions of their income on food?

They gave frequent, large dinner parties as their favored social activity.

Why did social scientists develop statistical methods to test their theories?

They sought to analyze the massive sets of numerical data that governments had collected.

What set white-collar workers apart from other elements of the lower middle class?

They were fiercely committed to the middle-class ideal of upward social mobility.

What was one of the social functions of the labor aristocracy's strict moral code?

To maintain their unstable social and economic position

Which of the following caused marked changes in childrearing practices?

Women had fewer children.

After years of scientific investigation and reflection, Charles Darwin concluded that

all life had gradually evolved from a common ancestral origin.

In the nineteenth century, Edwin Chadwick gained fame as

an advocate of improved public sanitation.

Realist writers fit within the late-nineteenth-century glorification of science because they

attempted to observe and record life in an objective manner.

The following is an excerpt from a sketch of London life in 1870 written from the perspective of a newcomer from the countryside (Evaluating the Evidence 22.1): The author implies that people in London, in contrast to people in the countryside,

care little for their neighbors.

One of the most important scientific and technological developments in the nineteenth century saw a form of commercial energy useful in communications and manufacturing developed from

electricity

As a result of the idea of separate spheres, middle-class married women who sought to work outside the home

found that they could not gain well-paying jobs, and their wages were less than men's for the same work.

The Boulevard Saint-Michel, shown on Map 22.2: The Modernization of Paris, ca. 1850-1870, was one of Baron Haussmann's most controversial projects because its construction

required the razing of much of Paris's medieval core.

In his pioneering work of quantitative sociology, Suicide (1897), Emile Durkheim concluded that ever-higher suicide rates were caused by widespread feelings of

rootlessness

As the nineteenth century progressed, the upper middle class

tended to merge with the old aristocracy.

Utilitarianism was Jeremy Bentham's idea that social policies should promote

the greatest good for the greatest number.

In the late nineteenth century, masturbation was

viewed with horror.

In almost every advanced country around 1900, the wealthiest 20 percent of households received

50 percent to 60 percent of all national income.

On Map 22.1: European Cities of 100,000 or More, 1800-1900, which cities had the largest increase in population growth between 1800 and 1900?

Berlin, St. Petersburg, and Vienna

Gustave Flaubert tells the story of a frustrated middle-class housewife who has a sordid and adulterous love affair in his masterpiece,

<i>Madame Bovary</i>.

What characterized the middle-class single-family home?

A special drawing room used to entertain guests

What did the middle class generally agree was the correct attitude toward behavior and morality?

Always adhere to a strict moral code.