Chapter 22 "Imperialism"

*neutrality*

Although President Cleveland preserved strict neutrality, or the refusal to take sides, in the Cuban struggle, he warned that if "the useless sacrifice of human life" went on, the United States might have to abandon the policy of "patient waiting. (603)

*partitioned*

At the close of the nineteenth century, it looked as though China, like Africa, would be partitioned, or divided, among stronger powers. (618)

William Randolph Hearst/Joseph Pulitzer

Authors of the New York Journal and New York World (604)

*sphere of influence*

Each "leasehold" was expected to become the center of a sphere of influence-an area where a European nation controlled economic development. (618)

"Open Door"

Early in 1898 the British government proposed a joint declaration with the United States in favor of the "Open Door"- with the goal of preserving equal trading opportunities in China for all foreign nations. At that time the United States was cool to the idea, but its annexation of the Philippines changed the American attitude. (618)

Our Country

For others, like Reverend Josiah Strong, there was a sense of mission based on racial and religious bias. Strong, in his book Our Country, blended social Darwinism with his interest in spreading Christianity. He felt the nationality groups were in a competition from which Anglo-Saxons were destined to emerge victorious. (609)

Platt Amendment

In 1901, to protect its interests in Cuba, the United States Congress added the Platt Amendment to an army bill. This amendment, which governed the relations between Cuba and the United States for 33 years, provided that: (1) Cuba should not make any treaty with another nation that weakened its independence; (2) Cuba should allow the United States the right to buy or lease naval stations; (3) Cuba's pub- lic debt should not exceed its capacity to pay; and (4) the United States should have the right to intervene to protect Cuban inde- pendence and keep order. (612)

*isolation*

Isolationism, or separation from the political affairs of other countries, was a policy established by George Washington. In his farewell address, he warned against entangling alliances. Later the Monroe Doctrine emphasized the United States's desire to keep the Americas separate from Europe. Another factor affecting American foreign policy was the Declaration of Independence- the idea that people had the right to govern themselves. (598)

*anarchist*

McKinley did not live to put his new policy into effect. The day after delivering his speech he was shot by an anarchist, one who opposes all forms of government. Just short of 43 years old, Roosevelt became the youngest President. (616)

"Rough Riders"

One regiment was called the "Rough Riders- an assortment of college athletes, cowboys, miners, and law officers-led by Theodore Rooseveltf who had resigned from the Navy Department in order to join the fight. (606)

John Hay helped end the days of American isolationism with the

Open Door Policy

Maine

Six days later the United States battleship Maine, anchored off the Cuban capital, Havana, exploded, killing 260 crew mem- bers. United States naval experts declared that the explosion came from outside the ship. Spanish experts replied that there were no mines. (604)

Valeriano Weyler

Spanish-Governor General who ordered Cuban men, women, and children into "recreation camps" (603)

*imperialism*

The Industrial Revolution generated a need for markets for manufactured goods and new sources of raw materials. Imperialism- the policy of establishing colonies and building empires-answered these needs. (598)

*indemnity*

The President induced Japan to give up claims for a money indemnity, or payment for damages, and Russia to give up the southern half of the island of Sakhalin. Japan also took over Russian interests in southern Manchuria. (619)

Roosevelt *Corollary*

The President's reply to the Drago Doctrine became known as the Roosevelt Corollary, or addi- tion, to the Monroe Doctrine. Whenever an American republic was guilty of "chronic wrongdoing," said Roosevelt, the United States might have to intervene itself. (617)

Oregon

The battleship Ore- gon, ordered from Puget Sound to Cuba, was forced to steam 14,000 miles around Cape Horn- 3 times as far as if there had been a canal. (616)

*protectorate*

These conditions, written into Cuba's constitution and into a treaty with the United States, made Cuba an American protectorate- a nation or region controlled by a stronger state. (613)

Spanish American War deaths

U.S. Deaths because of food poisoning and disease

Teller Amendment

While expansionists were excited about the prospects of gaining Cuba, humanitarian forces in Congress attached the Teller Amendment to the declaration of war. In it Congress pledged "to leave the government and control of the Island to the people" as soon as peace was established there. (604)

New York Journal/New York World

William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal and Joseph Pulitzer's New York World fanned public anger with exaggerated and some- times fabricated stories of Spanish atrocities in Cuba. (604)

Commodore George Dewey

commander of the United States fleet and tried to prevent a Spanish fleet in Manila Bay from going to sea (605)

Yellow Journalism

helped sell papers and encourage war (604)

Emilio Aguinaldo

led an uprising against the Spanish rule of the Philippines in 1896; exiled to Hong Kong where Dewey met him and provided supplies so he could lead a revolt against the Spanish forces that remained in the islands (605)

"Splendid Little War"

term coined by Secretary of State John Hay when the army prepared to invade Cuba (605)

The principles of the Roosevelt Corollary were first applied in

the Dominican Republic

Social Darwinism

the belief in the "survival of the fittest"

Many American plantation owners in Cuba wanted the Cuban revolt against Spain to end because

were worried about losing their business of $30 million