chapter 22

William h. taft

"trustbuster" (busted twice as many as Roosevelt), conservation and irrigation efforts, Postal Savings Bank System, Payne-Aldrich Tariff (reduction of tariff, caused Republican split)

John muir

(1838-1914) Naturalist who believed the wilderness should be preserved in its natural state. He was largely responsible for the creation of Yosemite National Park in California., A Scottish-born American naturalist, author, and early advocate of preservation of wilderness in the United States. His letters, essays, and books telling of his adventures in nature, especially in the Sierra Nevada mountains of California, have been read by millions.

forest reserve act

(1891) President Roosevelt used this act to protect some 172 million acres of timberland. Part of the Roosevelt conservation policy of conserving natural resources for the long term good of the public. It was to make big businesses mindful of their effect on the environment

payne-Aldrich tariff

(WT) 1909, , Signed by Taft in March of 1909 in contrast to campaign promises. Was supposed to lower tariff rates but Senator Nelson N. Aldrich of Rhode Island put revisions that raised tariffs. This split the Repulican party into progressives (lower tariff) and conservatives (high tariff).

pinchot-ballinger controversy

(WT) Pinchot found out that Ballinger had taken a series of 'no-bid' contracts out (to friends, with the promise of substantial kickbacks to Ballinger) companies intent on mining coal on federally protected land. Pinchot went to Taft, Teddy Roosevelts hand picked successor, and informed him. Taft basically told Pinchot that it was ok, and that the contracts would be allowed to stand. This caused a heated argument between Pinchot and Taft with Pinchot getting fired by the President.

sixteenth amendment

(WW) , The constitutional amendment adopted in 1913 that explicitly permitted Congress to levy an income tax.

federal trade commission act

(WW) 1914 , A government agency established in 1914 to prevent unfair business practices and help maintain a competitive economy, support antitrust suits

clayton anti-trust act

- created Federal Trade Commission (investigate companies for unfair trade practices

Woodrow wilson

..., 28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

federal reserve act

..., a 1913 law that set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply

pure food and drug act

1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.

meat inspection act

1906 - Laid down binding rules for sanitary meat packing and government inspection of meat products crossing state lines.

seventeenth amendment

1913 constitutional amendment allowing American voters to directly elect US senators

underwood simmons tariff

1914, lowered tariff, substantially reduced import fees. Lost tax revenue would be replaced with an income tax that was implemented with the 16th amendment.

J.P. morgan

A highly successful banker who bought out Carnegie. With Carnegie's holdings and some others, he launched U.S Steel and made it the first billion dollar corporation.

Louis brandeis

A lawyer and jurist, he created the "Brandeis Brief," which succinctly outlines the facts of the case and cites legal precedents, in order to persuade the judge to make a certain ruling.

progressive party

Also known as the "Bull Moose Party", this political party was formed by Theodore Roosevelt in an attempt to advance progressive ideas and unseat President William Howard Taft in the election of 1912. After Taft won the Republican Party's nomination, Roosevelt ran on the Progressive party ticket.

colonel Edward m. house

An American diplomat, politician, and presidential advisor. Commonly known by the purely honorific title of Colonel House, although he had no military experience.

George perkins marsh

An inventor, diplomat, politician, and scholar, his classic work, "Man and Nature, or Physical Geography as Modified by Human Action," provided the first description of the extent to which natural systems had been impacted by human actions.

Hepburn railroad regulation act 1906

Gave the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) the power to set maximum railroad rates and led to the discontinuation of free passes to loyal shippers.

keating-owen act

Law enacted to protect against child labor by prohibiting the interstate shipping of goods in which someone under 14 worked to make

"trust buster"

Nickname for Teddy Roosevelt because of his actions against monopolies including the breaking up of Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company.

"square deal"

President Theodore Roosevelt's plan for reform; all Americans are entitled to an equal opportinity to succeed

senator Robert Lafollette

Republican Senator from Wisconsin - ran for president under the Progressive Party - proponent of Progressivism and a vocal opponent of railroad trusts, bossism, World War I, and the League of Nations

northern securities company

Roosevelt's legal attack on the Northern Securities Company, which was a railroad holding company owned by James Hill and J.P. Morgan. In the end, the company was "trust-busted" and paved the way for future trust-busts of bad trusts.

"New nationalism"

Roosevelt's progressive political policy that favored heavy government intervention in order to assure social justice

the jungle

This 1906 work by Upton Sinclair pointed out the abuses of the meat packing industry. The book led to the passage of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act.

Theodore rosevelt

Was the president at the age of 42, he was the youngest president to take office. He was also a strong supporter of progressive goals

"New freedom"

Woodrow Wilson's domestic policy that, promoted antitrust modification, tariff revision, and reform in banking and currency matters.

national reclamation act

backed by Roosevelt in 1902, it provided federal funds for the construction of damns, reservoirs, and canals in the West—projects that would open new lands for cultivation and provide cheap electric power later on.

Gifford pinchot

head of the U.S. Forest Servic under Roosevelt, who believed that it was possible to make use of natural resources while conserving them

"speak softly but carry a big kick"

quote from teddy roosevelt try to be nice and peaceful in foreign relations but be prepared to use violence if necessary

1902 united mine workers strike

strike dragged on long enough to endanger coal supplies for the coming winter; Roosevelt used the federal govt. to intervene on behalf of the coal miners