Chapter 22 Respiratory system
Hyperventilation causes a ________ in the blood concentration of CO2, and thus ________ the rate of respiration.
Decrease; decreases
Suppose a patient is receiving oxygen by mask. Are their arterioles leading to the oxygen-enriched alveoli dilated or constricted?
Dialated
Which of the disorders below is characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli producing abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation?
Emphysema
What respiratory system organ can the Vestibular folds be found on?
Larynx
Which of the following is the leading cause of cancer death for both men and women in North America?
Lung
Which law explains the ever-changing situation between gases in the lungs and the capillaries, due to partial pressures, temperature and solubility
Henry's Law
What is hyperpnea?
Increase in ventilation (10 to 20 fold) in response to metabolic needs.
During inspiration, the volume of the lungs ________.
Increases
Why is having a lot of alveolar sacs important?
It increases surface area
What is another term for pharyngeal tonsils?
adenoids
approximately 300 million ___________ account for most of the lung's volume and are the main site for gas exchange.
alveoli
What is the most common method of carbon dioxide transport?
as bicarbonate ions in the plasma
According to this spirographic record, what is the total volume of exchangeable air for a normal male?
4800 milliliters
What is the minute ventilation of an average adult male at rest breathing at a rate of 10 breaths per minute?
5000 milliliters per minute
A person has a breathing rate of 12 times per minute. Their tidal volume is 487ml. What is their Minute Respiratory Volume (MRV)?
5844 mm per minute MRV= (Tidal Volume x Respiration Per Minute)
Ventilation is ________.
movement of air into and out of the lungs
This portion of the upper respiratory system serves only as an air passageway.
nasopharynx
Which of the following is the primary factor in oxygen's attachment to, or release from, hemoglobin?
partial pressure of oxygen
Inspiratory neurons send information to the diaphragm via what nerve?
phrenic nerve
The trachea divides into ________ bronchi that lead to the lungs.
2
Air passages undergo how many orders of branching?
23
Emphysema can result in an ______.
-increased level of carbaminohemoglobin -increased level of deoxyhemoglobin -increased likelihood of the skin of Caucasians developing a slightly blue coloration
What directly stimulates the central chemoreceptors, thus increasing respiration?
H+ (hydrogen ions)
Where can adenoids be found?
Nasopharynx
In higher altitues, such as Mt. Everest, there is a lesser amount of what?
Oxygen saturation
Main broncus. --> Lobar (secondary) bronchus. --> ___________________. --> Terminal bronchioles
Segmental (teriary) bronchi
In the respiratory membrane, TYPE I ALVEOLAR CELLS are made up of a single layer of what type of tissue?
Simple squamous epithelium
Which is NOT one of the three main factors that influences external respiration?
Temperature of the respiratory membrane
Where in the lungs would constriction occur (as in asthma)?
Terminal Bronchiole
How will the lungs compensate for an acute rise in the partial pressure of CO2 in arterial blood?
The lungs compensate by increasing respiratory rate
Damage to The ventral respiratory group what would most likely result in _________________________.
a cessation of breathing
The erythrocyte (red blood cell) count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude because the ________.
concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes
What is the conducting zone of the respiratory system?
conduits to gas exchange sites
When resistance increases, flow:
decreases
If someone is hyperthermic, their breathing is_________.
heavily slowed
The vital capacity, or maximal amount of air that one can move, is the sum of ________.
inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume
Which receptors inhibit inspiration during hyperinflation of the lungs?
pulmonary stretch receptors
A homeostatic control mechanism controls respiration. What acts as the effector(s) in this system?
respiratory muscles
The trachea branches into _______________________.
right and left primary bronchi
Which of the main bronchi is larger in diameter, shorter, and more vertical?
right main bronchus
Which of the following stimuli is the most powerful respiratory stimulant to increase respiration?
rising carbon dioxide levels
What stimulates increased respiration at the beginning of exercise?
sensory input from receptors in joints, neural input from the motor cortex, and other factors
What is the respiratory zone?
site of gas exchange
baby is sexy
so very sexy
Surfactant decreases the __________ in the alveoli.
surface tension
To measure forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume (FEVT), the subject should ________.
take a deep inspiration, then rapidly and forcefully exhale as much air as possible.
To compute inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), one would need to know ________.
tidal volume, vital capacity, and expiratory reserve volume
minute respiratory volume can be computed if one knows ________ and ________.
tidal volume; respiratory rate