Chapter 22 Saladin - Assignment

The enzyme found in erythrocytes that catalyzes the formation of carbonic acid, which then dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions, is ______ .

carbonic anhydrase

The posterior nasal apertures are also called the ______.

choanae

A bluish color of the skin and mucous membranes due to ischemia or hypoxemia is called

cyanosis

The ______ neurons inhibit the inspiratory neurons of the ventral respiratory group.

expiratory NOT inspiratory Reason: Recall that the inspiratory neurons inhibit expiration and expiratory neurons inhibit inspiration.

A person expelling air while yelling is performing which type of breathing?

forced

Insufficient oxygen levels in a tissue is called

hypox

Nasal conchae are also called ______.

turbinates

The sum of the expiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and inspiratory reserve volume is the ______ .

vital capacity

Place the following airways in order of airflow as air enters the lungs.

1 - primary bronchus 2 - secondary bronchus 3 - tertiary bronchus 4 - terminal bronchiole 5 - respiratory bronchiole 6 - alveolar duct

Which choice lists the respiratory structures in the order of airflow as air it enters the lung?

1 - right main primary bronchus 2 - Superior, middle, and inferior lobar (secondary) bronchi 3 - Segmental (tertiary) bronchi (10 of them) 4 - terminal bronchiole, 5 - respiratory bronchiole 6 - alveolar duct 1 - left main bronchus 2 - superior and inferior lobar bronchi\ 3 - Segmental (tertiary) bronchi (8 of them) 4 - terminal bronchiole, 5 - respiratory bronchiole 6 - alveolar duct

A normal residual volume would be ______ mL of air.

1,300

About how much air is in the anatomic dead space?

150mL

How many lobes make up the left lung?

2 NOT 3 Reason: The right lung has three lobes, but the left lung has only two.

How many lobes make up the right lung?

3

A normal inspiratory reserve volume would be ______ mL of air.

3000

Hemoglobin is composed of how many subunits?

4

What is the normal systemic arterial blood value for PCO2?

40 mm Hg

A normal total lung capacity would be ______ mL of air.

6,000

What is the normal systemic arterial blood gas value for PO2?

95 mm Hg NOT 40 mm Hg Reason: This is the PCO2.

90 mm Hg Reason: The graph shows that hemoglobin is a little over 90% saturated at a PO2 of 60 mm Hg. Reason: The graph shows that hemoglobin is 78% saturated at a PO2 of 40 mm Hg. Notice that this is the partial pressure of oxygen that is found in the systemic tissues.

According to this graph, hemoglobin becomes fully saturated with oxygen at what PO2?

22%

According to this graph, how much of the oxygen bound to hemoglobin is released into the tissues as the blood flows through the systemic capillaries?

Which term refers to an acid-base imbalance in which the blood pH is lower than 7.35?

Acidosis

4-More oxygen will be delivered to more active tissues.

Active tissues are warmer than less active ones. Based on that information and the graph shown here, which of the following statements is true? 1-More oxygen will be delivered to cooler tissues. 2-Less oxygen will be delivered to warmer tissues. 3-Less oxygen will be delivered to more active tissues. 4-More oxygen will be delivered to more active tissues.

What is the role of the pontine (pneumotaxic) respiratory group?

Adjusts respiratory rate based on stimuli from limbic system or cerebral cortex NOT Sets basal respiratory rate Reason: This is the role of the ventral respiratory group (VRG). NOT Adjusts respiratory rate based on stimuli from peripheral chemoreceptors Reason: This is the role of the dorsal respiratory group (DRG).

What is the role of the dorsal respiratory group?

Adjusts respiratory rate based on stimuli from peripheral chemoreceptors NOT Sets basal respiratory rate Reason: This is the role of the ventral respiratory group (VRG). NOT Adjusts respiratory rate based on stimuli from limbic system or cerebral cortex Reason: This describes the role of the pontine respiratory group (PRG).

Which equation represents the alveolar ventilation rate?

(volume of air inhaled - dead space) x (respiratory rate)

How is most carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

As bicarbonate

Which term refers to the portion of the lung ventilated by one tertiary bronchus?

Bronchopulmonary segment

Cardiac Notch

C

Which features are associated with the tracheal epithelium?

Cilia Mucous Pseudostratified columnar cells Goblet cell

Which are paired, horn-shaped cartilages that articulate with the arytenoid cartilages?

Corniculate cartilages

Irritants in the lower respiratory system may stimulate which of the following?

Coughing

In chronic bronchitis, which cells enlarge and secrete excess mucus?

Goblet cells

Exposure to smog and dust can lead to coughing and bronchoconstriction. Which type of respiratory receptors initiate this response?

Irritant receptors

How is hypoxia classified according to cause? Choose the four types of hypoxia

Ischemic hypoxia Anemic hypoxia Hypoxemic hypoxia Histotoxic hypoxia

Bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) promotes which of the following?

Oxygen unloading

Where does the diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood occur?

Respiratory division

Which of the special senses is associated with the nasal cavity?

Smell NOT taste Reason: The sense of taste and smell are closely associated; however, taste is most closely associated with the taste cells of the tongue.

This is the tidal volume (TV).

The amount of air inhaled and exhaled during quiet breathing

______ refers to a shift in the pH of blood above 7.45.

Alkalosis

Which term refers to the exchange of gases across the respiratory membrane?

Alveolar gas exchange

Gas exchange between the air and the blood occurs in which of the following?

Alveoli

The respiratory division of the respiratory system includes which of the following?

Alveoli

Which are components of the lower respiratory tract?

Alveoli Trachea Bronchi lungs bronchioles

The nasal vestibule is located in which portion of the nasal cavity?

Anterior

Where is the trachea located?

Anterior to the esophagus NOT Superior to the larynx Reason: The trachea is located inferior to (below) the larynx. NOT Lateral to the mediastinum Reason: The mediastinum is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity. The trachea is located within the mediastinum.

Which of the paired cartilages of the larynx articulate with the cricoid cartilage?

Arytenoid NOT thyroid cartilage Reason: The thyroid cartilage is not a paired cartilage; there is only one.

The respiratory system does which of the following?

Assists in the removal of carbon dioxide Plays a role in regulating blood pressure Reason: The lungs play a critical role in the production of angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor. Supplies the body with oxygen Functions in vocalization and speech Reason: This is a function of the respiratory system. Air passing in and out of the lungs vibrates the vocal cords to create sound.

Asthma

Asthma is a condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways.

Where does systemic gas exchange occur?

At the capillary networks of the tissues

Which term refers to the collapse of part or all of a lung?

Atelectasis

______ is the collapse of a lobe or lung due to equalizing the intrapleural and atmospheric pressure

Atelectasis NOT Pneumothorax Reason: Pneumothorax can cause collapse of the lung, but it is not the correct term for collapse of the lung.

Atelectasis

Atelectasis is a collapsed lung. This condition may result as a consequence of a pneumothorax, which is air in the pleural cavity.

Why does air flow into the lungs during inspiration?

Atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure, and air flows toward the lower pressure area. NOT Intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure, and air flows toward higher pressure regions. Reason: Recall that gases move from higher pressure to lower pressure so if the intrapulmonary pressure > atmospheric pressure, air would move out of the lungs. NOT Resistance increases in the lungs during inspiration, and air always takes the pathway with the greatest resistance. Reason: Air flows in or out of the lungs based on differences in pressure. The greater the resistance, the slower the flow will be at a given pressure. In general, fluids and gases tend to take the path of least resistance. NOT Pressure is the same in the atmosphere and in the lungs. Reason: Air moves from a higher pressure area into a lower pressure area. If the pressure is the same in two areas, air will not flow between them.

Carbon dioxide is transported in different forms in the blood. What is the most common form?

Bicarbonate ion

Most of the carbon dioxide you exhale comes from which of the following?

Bicarbonate ions transported into the RBCs and used to generate free CO2.

Which explains why the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is nonlinear (s-shaped)?

Binding of the first oxygen molecule to hemoglobin facilitates the binding of additional oxygen, so the midportion of the curve becomes steeper.

The peripheral chemoreceptors detect changes in which of the following?

Blood oxygen saturation Blood pH Blood carbon dioxide saturation NOT Cerebrospinal fluid pH Reason: The central chemoreceptors respond to the pH of CSF. NOT Blood pressure Reason: Baroreceptors detect pressure.

The nasal septum is composed of which of the following types of tissue?

Bone Hyaline cartilage

As the volume of a closed container decreases, the pressure of the gas within it increases. This is an example of which gas law?

Boyle's Law

Where are the respiratory control centers located?

Brainstem

Airway resistance in the lungs is usually controlled by changing the diameter of which of the following?

Bronchioles NOT Primary bronchi Reason: The primary bronchi have cartilage supports that minimize their constriction. NOT Trachea Reason: The trachea has cartilage rings that support the passageway and minimize its constriction.

Which best describes the supportive structures of the trachea?

C-shaped rings composed of hyaline cartilage NOT Plates of osseous tissue Reason: Would osseous tissue provide the flexibility needed for ventilation? NOT Overlapping plates of hyaline cartilage Reason: Almost, overlapping plates of cartilage support the secondary and tertiary bronchi, but not the trachea.

Why is carbon monoxide a serious health threat?

CO competes with oxygen for the same binding site.

Oxygen is unloaded in the body tissues because the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is lower in the systemic capillaries (compared to its affinity in the alveolar capillaries). Which factor contributes to this?

CO2 produced in the peripheral tissues leads to increased H+ concentration.

______ are a group of lung diseases (asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema) that result in long-term obstruction of airflow and substantially reduced pulmonary ventilation.

COPDs

Hemoglobin and carbon dioxide form which of the following?

Carbaminohemoglobin

What are the four predominant components of inspired air? Select four options from the list below.

Carbon dioxide Nitrogen Water vapor Oxygen

Which is true about carbon dioxide loading?

Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the conversion of CO2 and H20 into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. NOT Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) bind to hemoglobin and are transported inside the red blood cells. Reason: Most HCO3- is actively pumped out of the RBCs in exchange for Cl-. The HCO3- is then transported in the plasma. NOT CO2 is actively transported from tissue fluid into the plasma. Reason: CO2 diffuses into the bloodstream. NOT Carbonic anhydrase actively pumps CO2 into the red blood cells. Reason: Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of CO2 and H2O into HCO3- and H+. It is not a transport protein.

What compound is formed when carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin?

Carboxyhemoglobin NOT Carbaminohemoglobin Reason: Carbaminohemoglobin is formed from hemoglobin and carbon dioxide (CO2). Notice that the question asked about carbon monoxide (CO).

Match each receptor to the type of stimulus it detects

Central chemoreceptors - pH of the CSF Peripheral chemoreceptors - Oxygen level, carbon dioxide level, and pH of the blood Stretch receptors - Inflation of the lungs Irritant receptors - Smoke, dust, pollen, chemical fumes, cold air, excess mucus

Which factor is typically responsible for setting the respiratory rate in healthy individuals?

Cerebrospinal fluid pH

You place an empty, sealed plastic bottle in the freezer. When you remove the bottle 4 hours later it has collapsed. This is an example of which gas law?

Charles's Law the volume of a given quantity of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature (assuming a constant pressure)

Charles's Law

Charles's Law describes the relationship between pressure and temperature. Boyle's law explains that the pressure of a volume of gas is inversely proportional to its volume.

What occurs during the "chloride shift" in red blood cells?

Chloride ions are transported into the RBC. Bicarbonate ions are transported out of the RBC.

Which is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by damaged and immobilized respiratory cilia, excessive mucus secretion, infection of the lower respiratory tract, and bronchial inflammation?

Chronic bronchitis

Which are examples of obstructive lung disorders?

Chronic bronchitis Asthma

Select two examples of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease from the list below.

Chronic bronchitis Emphysema

Which are functions of the pleurae and the pleural fluid?

Create pressure gradient during inhalation Compartementalization of organs in thoracic cavity Reduce friction between membranes NOT Expel air during exhalation Reason: The elastic recoil of the thoracic cage is mainly responsible for exhalation. NOT Reduce surface tension within the lungs Reason: Surfactant reduces surface tension within the lungs.

Which ring-shaped cartilage forms the inferior part of the voice box?

Cricoid cartilage NOT corniculate cartilages Reason: The corniculate cartilages are a pair of "little horns" that attached to the superior ends of the arytenoid cartilages. They are not ring-shaped. NOT thyroid cartilage Reason: The thyroid cartilage is a large, shield-shaped cartilage that forms the anterior wall of the larynx. It is the largest of the laryngeal cartilages. NOT arytenoid cartilages Reason: The arytenoid cartilages are paired cartilages which articulate superiorly with the cricoid cartilage. They are not ring-shaped.

Which ligament joins the larynx to the trachea?

Cricotracheal

Which of the paired cartilages are attached to and support the soft tissue between the arytenoids and the epiglottis?

Cuneiform

Which is a paired laryngeal cartilage that is not involved in movement of the vocal folds?

Cuneiform NOT Thyroid cartilage Reason: Thyroid cartilage is unpaired. NOT Arytenoid cartilage Reason: Arytenoid cartilage is primarily involved in movement of the vocal folds. NOT Cricoid cartilage Reason: Cricoid cartilage is unpaired. NOT Corniculate cartilage Reason: Corniculate cartilage is involved in movement of the vocal folds.

______ Law states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases.

Dalton's

Dalton's Law

Dalton's Law states that the total pressure of gases is equal to the sum of individual gas pressures. Boyle's law explains that the pressure of a volume of gas is inversely proportional to its volume.

Which term refers to hemoglobin that is not transporting any oxygen?

Deoxyhemoglobin

Which two factors contribute most to airflow resistance? Select two answers below.

Diameter of the bronchioles Lung compliance NOT Partial pressure of oxygen Reason: Partial pressures affect diffusion across the respiratory membranes but they don't affect airflow resistance. NOT Intrapleural pressure Reason: Intrapleural pressure is the pressure between the visceral and parietal pleurae. A constantly maintained negative intrapleural pressure helps prevent lung collapse, but it does not usually vary enough to affect airflow resistance in a meaningful way.

Which muscle (or muscle group) is the prime mover of respiration, producing about two-thirds of pulmonary airflow?

Diaphragm NOT Intercostal muscles Reason: Although the intercostal muscles contribute to the enlargement and contraction of the thoracic cage, they only produce about about one-third of the pulmonary airflow. NOT Erector spinae Reason: The erector spinae muscles act as synergists during respiration. NOT Scalene muscles Reason: The scalene muscles act as respiratory synergists.

Identify the forms in which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood.

Dissolved gas Carbaminohemoglobin Bicarbonate ion

Long term inhalation of cigarette smoke often leads to ______ , a COPD that is characterized by a loss of alveolar surface area.

Emphysema

Which is a degenerative lung disease characterized by a breakdown of alveoli and diminishing surface area available for gas exchange?

Emphysema

Which hormones promote oxygen delivery to tissues by stimulating bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) synthesis?

Epinephrine Testosterone Thyroxine Growth hormone

Airflow alternates through the right and left nasal fossa in response to the engorgement of which of the following?

Erectile tissue

Which term refers to relaxed, quiet breathing?

Eupnea

Eupnea

Eupnea is relaxed, quiet breathing.

The functional residual capacity is obtained by adding together which of the following respiratory volumes?

Expiratory reserve volume Residual volume

Which muscles are used for inspiration?

External intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, scalenes NOT Internal intercostals, rectus abdominis, sternocleidomastoid Reason: The internal intercostals are used in expiration, not inspiration. NOT External intercostals, external oblique, scalenes Reason: While the external intercostals are aided by the scalenes in inspiration the external obliques are used in forceful expiration. NOT Sternocleidomastoid, external oblique, rectus abdominis Reason: The external obliques are used in forceful expiration.

True or false: The pleural cavity contains the lungs.

FALSE Reason: The pleural cavity is a space between the visceral and parietal membranes. This "potential cavity" is filled with serous fluid.

True or false: All of the oxygen transported in the blood is usually unloaded at a systemic capillary.

False Reason: RBCs usually leave the systemic capillaries at about 75% oxygen saturation. This is called the venous reserve of oxygen and can sustain the body for several minutes.

Which respiratory volume takes into consideration the rate at which air is exhaled?

Forced expiratory volume

Which term refers to the volume of air (or percentage of the vital capacity) that can be exhaled in a specific amount of time?

Forced expiratory volume NOT Expiratory reserve volume Reason: The ERV is the amount of air that can be exhaled on top of a normal expiration.

______ law states that the amount of gas dissolved in water is determined by its solubility in the fluid and the partial pressure of the gas in the surrounding air.

Henry's

Henry's Law

Henry's Law governs the solubility of gases in liquids. Boyle's law explains that the pressure of a volume of gas is inversely proportional to its volume.

Soda is bottled under high pressure so that more carbon dioxide will dissolve in the drink. When you open the bottle, you suddenly decrease the pressure and the carbon dioxide comes bubbling out of solution. This is a practical example of which law?

Henry's law Henry's law states that the amount of gas dissolved in water is determined by its solubility in the fluid and the partial pressure of the gas in the surrounding air.

Peripheral chemoreceptors trigger an increase in ventilation in response to which of the following?

High levels of blood CO2

The C-shaped rings that support the trachea are composed of what type of tissue?

Hyaline cartilage

Which term refers to an excess of carbon dioxide in the blood?

Hypercapnia

The normal PCO2 of arterial blood is between 37 and 43 mm Hg. Which term refers to a PCO2 of less than 37 mm Hg?

Hypocapnia

Which type of hypoxia can be caused by decreased oxygen availability at high altitudes or by drowning?

Hypoxemic

Anemic hypoxia

Inability of the blood to carry adequate oxygen due to anemia

Ischemic hypoxia

Inadequate circulation of blood

Hypoxemic hypoxia

Inadequate pulmonary gas exchange

Which factors that would decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen? Select all that apply.

Increased bisphosphoglycerate production by RBC Increased temperature

The expiratory (E) neurons of the ventral respiratory group (VRG) do which of the following?

Inhibit the inspiratory (I) neurons NOT Activate the spinal integrating centers Reason: This describes the role of the inspiratory (I) neurons. NOT Inhibit the pontine respiratory group (PRG) Reason: The PRG receives input from higher brain centers and sends output to the VRG, not the other way around.

In a healthy individual, which of these volumes would have the greatest numerical value?

Inspiratory reserve volume NOT Tidal volume Reason: Tidal volume is only 500 mL, while IRV is 3000 mL. ERV is 1100 mL and RV is 1200 mL. NOT Residual volume Reason: Residual volume is only 1200 mL, while IRV is 3000 mL. ERV is 1100 mL and tidal volume is 500 mL. NOT Expiratory reserve volume Reason: Expiratory reserve volume is only 1100 mL, while IRV is 3000 mL. Tidal volume is 500 mL and RV is 1200 mL.

Which two muscles (or muscle groups) are primarily responsible for resting (non-forced) inspiration? Choose two answers from the list below.

Intercostals Diaphragm NOT Rectus abdominis Reason: The rectus abdominis helps with expiration.

Which muscle (or muscle group) aids the diaphragm as a synergist during resting respiration?

Internal and external intercostals NOT Pectoralis major and minor Reason: Pectoralis major and minor serve as accessory muscles during forced respiration. They are not usually involved in resting inspiration. NOT Sternocleidomastoid Reason: The sternocleidomastoid acts as an accessory muscle during deep inspiration by elevating the sternum. It is not usually involved in resting inspiration. NOT Erector spinae Reason: The erector spinae muscles act as accessory muscles during deep inspiration. They are not usually involved in resting inspiration.

As the thoracic cavity expands, the visceral pleura clings to the parietal pleura, and the surface of the lung is pulled outward. Why does this increase in lung volume cause inspiration?

Intrapulmonary pressure is temporarily lower than atmospheric pressure. Reason: Intrapleural pressure is always lower than both the atmospheric and the intrapulmonary pressures. This negative intrapleural pressure helps keep the lungs from collapsing. Reason: Remember that an increase in volume causes a decrease in pressure.

Which best describes the action of carbonic anhydrase?

It converts carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid which dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions.

Which statements are true about pleural fluid?

It is a slippery film in the pleural cavity. It reduces friction during breathing. NOT It is produced by great (type II) alveolar cells. Reason: Type II alveolar cells make pulmonary surfactant. Pleural fluid is produced by the pleural membranes. NOT t coats the inside of alveoli to prevent their collapse. Reason: Pleural fluid is not found in the alveoli. Surfactant is the component of alveolar fluids that prevents their collapse during breathing.

The separation between the path of air to the lungs and the passageway for food to the esophagus occurs within which of the following?

Laryngopharynx

Which term refers to the inferior portion of the pharynx which extends from the epiglottis to the esophagus?

Laryngopharynx

which structures are part of the conducting zone of the respiratory system?

Larynx Main bronchi Trachea Pharynx NOT Alveoli Reason: Since gas-exchange occurs in the alveoli, they are considered part of the respiratory division.

Which are considered principal organs of the respiratory system?

Larynx Trachea Pharynx Lungs

What are the names of the nasal cartilages?

Lateral and alar

The oropharynx contains which of the following?

Lingual tonsils NOT Choanae Reason: The choanae are located in the nasal cavities. NOT Vestibular fold Reason: The vestibular folds are located in the larynx. NOT Opening to auditory tube Reason: The opening to the auditory tube is in the nasopharynx.

The trachea, primary bronchi and the alveolar sacs all belong to which of the following?

Lower respiratory tract

Which of these occurs during exhalation?

Lung volumes decrease and intrapulmonary pressure increases. reason: During exhalation the diaphragm relaxes which decreases the volume of the lungs and increases the intrapulmonary pressure.

Which structures enter the lung at the hilum?

Lymphatic vessels Nerves Blood vessels The main or primary bronchi NOT Bronchioles Reason: The main or primary bronchi enter the lungs via the hilum, not the bronchioles.

Which locations contain the brainstem respiratory centers?

Medulla oblongata Pons

What is the respiratory membrane?

Membrane through which gases are exchanged in the alveolus

Histotoxic hypoxia

Metabolic poison prevents tissues from using the oxygen delivered to them

Which best defines alveolar gas exchange?

Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the respiratory membrane

The upward movement of cilia helps to move mucus up the trachea to the pharynx where it is swallowed. This system of cleaning out trapped debris is called the ______ of the trachea.

Mucociliary escalator

Which two terms describe the anterior openings of the nasal cavity? Select two answers from the list below.

Nares Nostrils NOT Choanae Reason: The choanae are located at the posterior of the nasal cavity. NOT Vestibule Reason: The vestibule is a small chamber just deep to the nostril, however it is not the opening.

Which section of the pharynx acts as a passageway for air, but not for food?

Nasopharynx

Which gas has the greatest partial pressure in inspired air?

Nitrogen

Where are the sensory receptors for smell located?

Olfactory epithelium NOT ala nasi Reason: The ala nasi is the flared portion at the lower end of the nose.

How many primary bronchi serve the right lung?

One Reason: Each lung has one primary bronchus.

Which describes the respiratory cycle?

One complete inspiration and expiration

Clinically, cyanosis is very important because it indicates which underlying physiological problem?

Oxygen deficiency

Hypoxic drive refers to a condition where the respiratory centers of the brainstem respond to which of the following?

PO2 of arterial blood NOT Cerebrospinal fluid pH Reason: Recall that it is H+ in the CSF that stimulates the central chemoreceptors that control respiration. Only if someone is hypoxic for an extended period of time does the brain respond to low PO2 instead.

Which term refers to the pressure that each individual gas in a mixture would exert if the other gases were not present?

Partial pressure

Which includes all of the regions of the airway incapable of gas exchange, including both conducting zones and respiratory zones that have been damaged by disease?

Physiological dead space NOT Anatomical dead space Reason: Anatomical dead space only includes the conducting zones.

Which is often increased in individuals with pulmonary disease?

Physiological dead space NOT Vital capacity Reason: Vital capacity, or the maximum ability to ventilate the lungs in one breath, decreases with pulmonary disease. NOT Anatomic dead space Reason: Anatomic dead space is determined by the volume of the conducting division of the respiratory system. NOT Lung compliance Reason: Lung compliance decreases with pulmonary disease.

What is the serous membrane that encloses each lung? Multiple choice question.

Pleura

Which term refers to the potential space between the visceral and parietal pleurae?

Pleural cavity

Which condition is defined by the presence of air within the pleural cavity?

Pneumothorax

What is the function of pulmonary surfactant?

Prevents collapse of bronchioles

Besides keeping food out of the airway, the larynx is also responsible for which of the following?

Producing speech

With the exception of the vestibule, the nasal cavity is lined with which type of tissue?

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium Reason: The vestibule is lined with stratified squamous epithelium, but the rest of the nasal cavity is lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

Which term describes the ease with which lung tissue expands during breathing?

Pulmonary compliance

Which process is facilitated by the elastic components of the lungs and bronchial tree?

Quiet exhalation NOT Mucociliary escalator Reason: The mucociliary escalator is the process by which mucus, and the debris trapped in it, is cleared out of the trachea. It depends on the beating of the cilia that line the tracheal lumen. NOT Valsalva maneuver Reason: The Valsalva maneuver involves holding a deep breath while contracting the abdominal muscles. This depresses the diaphragm which raises abdominal pressure and helps expel the contents of certain abdominal organs.

How is the functional residual capacity calculated?

Residual volume + expiratory reserve volume (RV + ERV)

The nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs are the principal organs of which system?

Respiratory

At which level of the bronchial tree does gas exchange first occur?

Respiratory bronchiole

______ are the first airways capable of gas exchange and are therefore considered part of the respiratory zone of the respiratory system.

Respiratory bronchioles

Which term refers to one complete breath, in and out?

Respiratory cycle

The majority of the surfaces of the nasal cavity are lined with which of the following?

Respiratory epithelium

Which type of lung disorder decreases pulmonary compliance and thereby decreases vital capacity?

Restrictive NOT Obstructive Reason: Obstructive disorders are those that interfere with airflow by narrowing or blocking the airway. They make it harder to inhale or exhale a given amount of air.

The pleurae are which type of membrane?

Serous

Which form of lung cancer is most likely to become metastatic?

Small-cell carcinoma

Which is the most common form of lung cancer?

Squamous-cell carcinoma NOT Small-cell carcinoma Reason: Although not as common as squamous-cell or adenocarcinoma, small-cell carcinoma is the most likely to become metastatic. NOT Adenocarcinoma Reason: Adenocarcinoma is almost as common as squamous-cell carcinoma.

______ receptors respond to the degree of inflation of the lungs/alveoli.

Stretch

Which receptors associated with the respiratory system respond to the inflation of the alveoli?

Stretch receptors NOT Peripheral chemoreceptors Reason: Chemoreceptor respond to chemicals, not inflation (stretch) of tissue. The correct receptors are the stretch receptors of the lungs.

Name the lobes of the human left lung.

Superior and inferior

Which decreases surface tension in the fluids of the alveoli?

Surfactant NOT Mucous Reason: Mucous would increase the chance of alveoli collapse. NOT Water Reason: Water is the responsible for surface tension of fluids in the lung.

the lungs of premature infants often develop respiratory distress syndrome. Why do these infants experience alveolar sac collapse?

Surfactant is not produced yet in adequate quantities.

What is the function of the mucociliary escalator?

Sweeps mucous toward the pharynx to be swallowed

Where is most carbon dioxide loaded into the blood?

Systemic capillary beds

Which term refers to the exchange of gases (O2 and CO2) that occurs in the capillary networks between the blood and the body's cells?

Systemic gas exchange

Systemic gas exchange

Systemic gas exchange is the process of gas exchange between the blood and the tissues.

What is the final branch of the conducting division?

Terminal bronchiole NOT Respiratory bronchiole Reason: Note the term "respiratory" in the name of respiratory bronchioles. The name indicates that alveoli are present and that internal respiration (gas exchange) occurs at these airways. Thus, they are NOT conducting division, but respiratory division.

What is the distal-most portion of the respiratory system that is incapable of gas exchange?

Terminal bronchioles

Tidal Volume (TV)

The amount of air inhaled and exhaled during quiet 500mL

This is the residual volume (RV).

The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration.

Residual Volume (RV)

The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration. 1,300mL

Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV)

The amount of air that can be exhaled in a given time interval.

forced expiratory volume (FEV).

The amount of air that can be exhaled in a given time interval.

Which best describes the expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

The amount of air that may be exhaled over the tidal volume

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

The amount of air that may be exhaled over the tidal volume 1,200mL

Why do the lungs expand along with the thoracic cage during inspiration?

The cohesion of water causes the visceral pleura to cling to the parietal pleura. NOT The parietal pleura and visceral pleura are connected along their surfaces via tight junctions. Reason: The pleural membranes are not anatomically connected together. NOT Air entering the pleural cavity pushes against the visceral pleura. Reason: The pleural cavity is normally air-tight. During pneumothorax, air enters the pleural cavity and leads to lung collapse. NOT Reason: Lung tissue is not contractile. The only muscle in the lungs is smooth muscle in the bronchi and bronchioles. This muscle adjusts speed of airflow into the lungs, but does not create airflow.

Which best describes what happens during exhalation?

The diaphragm relaxes, intrapulmonary pressure increases, air flows out NOT The diaphragm contracts, intrapulmonary pressure decreases, air flows out Reason: When the diaphragm contracts thoracic volume increases and intrapulmonary pressure decreases allowing air to flow into the lungs. NOT The diaphragm relaxes, intrapulmonary pressure decreases, air flows out Reason: While the diaphragm does relax, this causes decreased volume with causes the intrapulmonary pressure to increase, not decrease.

Expiratory reserve volume

The expiratory reserve volume represents the amount of air that can be expelled beyond the tidal volume.

What does oxygen bind to in the hemoglobin molecule?

The heme group Reason: Oxygen binds to heme, carbon dioxide binds to globin.

Inspiratory reserve volume

The inspiratory reserve volume represents the amount of air that can be expelled beyond the tidal volume.

What is the intrapleural pressure?

The pressure in the fluid-filled space between the parietal and visceral pleurae

Boyle's Law states which of the following?

The pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume at a constant temperature.

Which best defines partial pressure?

The pressure that each gas in a mixture would exert alone

Which best summarizes the Haldane effect?

The rate of CO2 loading into the blood is increased in metabolically active tissues.

Which best summarizes the Bohr effect?

The rate of O2 unloading is increased in metabolically active tissues due to increased acidity.

Oxygen loading in the lungs decreases hemoglobin's affinity for H+. How does this promote alveolar gas exchange?

The released H+ combines with HCO3- to form free CO2, which can diffuse out of the blood.

Residual volume

The residual volume is the air remaining after a maximum voluntary expiration.

Dalton's Law states which of the following?

The total atmospheric pressure is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases present.

Ambient (outside) air at 22O C is inhaled. The gases are warmed to body temperature (37.5O C) by the time they reach the alveoli of the lungs. According to Charles's law, what will happen to the volume of the inhaled air?

The volume will increase.

What is the function of the trachealis muscles?

They constrict the trachea for more forceful expulsion of air. NOT They pull on the arytenoid cartilages to abduct or adduct the vocal cords. Reason: This describes the role of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx. NOT Contract to produce suction and pull air into the lungs Reason: This describes the role of the diaphragm. NOT They elevate the larynx during swallowing. Reason: This describes the role of the extrinsic muscles of the larynx.

How do the elastic components of the lungs and bronchial tree help conserve energy?

They facilitate recoil during exhalation.

Identify the extrinsic ligaments of the larynx. Choose two of the options below.

Thyrohyoid Cricotracheal

Which cartilage forms the anterior wall of the larynx and is the largest of the laryngeal cartilages?

Thyroid cartilage

Which term refers to the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during one cycle of quiet breathing?

Tidal volume

What is the correct calculation for vital capacity?

Tidal volume plus expiratory reserve volume plus inspiratory reserve volume

How is inspiratory capacity calculated?

Tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume

What is the role of the erectile tissue within the inferior nasal conchae?

To alternate airflow between the two nasal fossae NOT to produce air turbulance Reason: Air turbulence is produced by the nasal conchae. NOT to close airway during swallowing Reason: This is the role of the epiglottis. NOT To prevent foreign objects from entering the nasal cavity Reason: Guard hairs restrict large particulates from entering the nose.

What is the role of the nasal conchae?

To ensure that inspired air comes into contact with mucus

What is the function of the coarse hairs present in the nasal vestibule?

To trap dust, microbes and other debris that may be present in air that is inspired NOT to warm the inspired air Reason: The nasal mucosa and nasal conchae function to warm inspired air.

Which of these calculated volumes typically has the greatest value?

Total lung capacity

Which structure conducts air from the larynx to the primary bronchi?

Trachea NOT Pharynx Reason: The pharynx is superior to the larynx. Air comes through the pharynx to the larynx. To get from the larynx to the bronchi, air next flows through the trachea.````

True or false: The anatomical dead space is subtracted from tidal volume when calculating the alveolar ventilation rate.

True Reason: The alveolar ventilation rate is calculated by subtracting the dead space from the tidal volume then multiplying this by the respiratory rate.

Pulmonary compliance is reduced in which of the following?

Tuberculosis patients

Identify the components of a respiratory membrane.

Type I (squamous) alveolar cell One shared basement membrane Endothelial cell of capillary

Which are squamous cells, primarily responsible for forming the respiratory membrane of the lung?

Type I alveolar cells NOT Chondrocytes Reason: Chondrocytes are the resident cells in cartilage. NOT Type II alveolar cells Reason: Type II alveolar cells produce surfactant and facilitate repair within the lungs. NOT Alveolar macrophages Reason: Alveolar macrophages remove debris, bacteria, or damaged cells from the lungs.

The ______ entails increasing abdominal pressure by holding a deep breath while contracting the abdominal muscles. The depressed diaphragm increases abdominal pressure and helps push out organ contents during childbirth, urination, and defecation.

Valsalva maneuver

RBCs usually leave the systemic capillaries at about 75% oxygen saturation. Which term refers specifically to the oxygen remaining in the blood after it passes through a capillary bed?

Venous reserve

Ventilation-perfusion coupling

Ventilation-perfusion coupling refers to the physiological responses that match airflow to blood flow.

Which component of the respiratory center is responsible for setting the basal respiratory rate and providing output to the muscles of respiration?

Ventral respiratory group NOT Pneumotaxic center Reason: Pneumotaxic center is another name for the pontine respiratory group

Which structures do not function in the production of speech, but instead is primarily responsible for closing the larynx during swallowing?

Vestibular folds

Which term refers to the layer of serous membrane that covers the lung surface?

Visceral pleura

Which structures are responsible for generating sounds within the larynx? Choose two of the options below.

Vocal cords Vocal folds NOT vestibular ligaments Reason: The vestibular ligaments support the vestibular folds. NOT Vestibular folds Reason: The vestibular folds close the larynx during swallowing, but play no role in speech.

For a given PO2, hemoglobin unloads more oxygen at lower pH

What does this graph illustrate?

Higher temperatures promote the unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin. Reason: The graph shows hemoglobin to be only 80% saturated at a PO2 of 40 mm Hg. Reason: The opposite is true. As temperatures rise, the curve shifts to the right.

What does this graph illustrate? At normal body temperature, hemoglobin is fully saturated at a PO2 of 40 mm Hg. Higher temperatures promote the unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin. As temperatures rise, the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shifts to the left. The affinity of hemoglobin for O2 increases as temperature increases.

When do vocal cords produce low pitched sounds?

When they are relaxed. NOT When they are fully abducted. Reason: The vocal cords are abducted during breathing and adducted to produce sound. Pitch is determined by the amount of tension on the adducted vocal cords. NOT When they vibrate more rapidly. Reason: Rapid vibration produces higher pitched sounds, and slower vibration produces lower pitched sounds. NOT When they are taut. Reason: Taut vocal folds result in a higher pitched sound as the cords will vibrate more rapidly.

Why do women usually have higher-pitched voices as compared to men?

Women have shorter and thinner vocal cords.

How long is the pharynx?

about 5 inches

A blood pH of 7.1 would be called ______.

acidosis

A blood pH of 7.55 is called ______.

alkalosis

Most of the surface area for gas exchange within the respiratory system is found within the many ______ of the lungs.

alveoli

The ______ of the lung is the rounded superior peak of the lung.

apex

Movement of the ______ cartilages results in abduction or adduction of the vocal folds.

arytenoid NOT cricoid_ Reason: The cricoid cartilage, the ring-like second largest cartilage of the larynx is not moveable.

The ______ of the lung is the broad concave surface of the lung that rests on the diaphragm.

base

Most carbon dioxide in the blood is transported in the form of ______ dissolved in the plasma.

bicarbonate

The dense support-material that can be palpated at the tip of your nose is composed of what type of tissue?

cartilage

The ______ in the brainstem are neurons that sense changes in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid.

central chemoreceptors

The tracheal lumen is lined with epithelial cells that have hairlike structures called ______. The upward beating of these structures moves the abundant mucus upward toward the pharynx.

cilia

The ______ zone of the respiratory system serves only for airflow. It is incapable of gas exchange between the air and the circulatory system.

conducting NOT respiratory Reason: This is the part of the respiratory system where gas exchange occurs, not where it does not occur.

Along with the arytenoid cartilage, the ______ cartilages are also involved in movement of the vocal folds.

corniculate NOT cricoid Reason: There is only one cricoid cartilage and it is not moveable.

The ring of hyaline cartilage located inferior to the thyroid cartilage is called the ______ cartilage.

cricoid

Hemoglobin that is not bound to oxygen is called ______.

deoxyhemoglobin

`The ______ respiratory group receives input from chemoreceptors and adjusts the respiratory rate accordingly.

dorsal

Movement of air out of the lungs is called ______.

expiration

True or false: Intrapleural pressure is always greater than atmospheric pressure.

false Reason: Intrapleural pressure is always slightly negative relative to atmospheric pressure. If intrapleural pressure were greater than atmospheric pressure, the lungs would collapse.

True or false: The volume of anatomical dead space cannot be changed and does not vary with circumstances within a given individual.

false Reason: The anatomical dead space is the total volume of the conducting airways, where gas exchange does not occur. This volume can change. For example, the sympathetic nervous system dilates the airways during exercise.

True or false: The residual volume may be exhaled with a forceful expiration.

false Reason: The residual volume is the air remaining after a maximum voluntary expiration. It cannot be exhaled.

True or false: The majority of dissolved carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as carbaminohemoglobin.

false Reason: Only a small proportion of the body's carbon dioxide is transported by carbaminohemoglobin. Most is transported as bicarbonate dissolved in the blood.

The two internal chambers of the nasal cavity are called ______.

fossae

Excess oxygen in the body generates ______ that can destroy enzymes and damage nervous tissue.

free radicals

The Valsalva maneuver involves closing the ______ while trying to exhale.

glottis

Deoxygenated blood can carry more carbon dioxide, whereas oxygenated blood has a lower carbon dioxide carrying capacity. This phenomenon is known as the ______ effect.

haldane

The concave surface of the lungs where blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves and the primary bronchi enter and leave contains a slit. This slit is called the ______.

hilum

The cilia of the olfactory epithelium are ______.

immobile in the respiratory epithelium, the cilia is mobile (check if its correct)

During the respiratory cycle, the intake of air is called ______. Multiple choice question.

inspiration

The ______ reserve volume represents the maximum amount of air that may be inhaled after the tidal volume.

inspiratory NOT expiratory Reason: The expiratory reserve volume represents the amount of air that can be expelled after the tidal volume.

The sum of the tidal and inspiratory reserve volumes is a measure of the

inspiratory capacity

The ______ is the main structure located between the laryngopharynx and the trachea.

larynx

More than half of the body's blood platelets are made by megakaryocytes in the ______.

lungs

The cardiac notch is the indentation located on the ______ surface of the left lung that accommodates the heart.

medial

The auditory tubes open in the ______.

nasopharynx

The ______ is the portion of the pharynx found superior to the soft palate at the back of the oral cavity.

nasopharynx NOT oropharynx Reason: The oropharynx starts at the soft palate and continues inferiorly until the pharynx reaches the epiglottis.

The palatine and lingual tonsils are located along the walls of the ______.

oropharynx

Central chemoreceptors in the brain stem that are involved in respiratory control respond most directly to changes in which of the following?

pH NOT Carbon dioxide levels Reason: The central chemoreceptors respond to pH. It is true, however, that the changes in pH are due to changes in carbon dioxide.

The layer of serous membrane called the ______ lines the thoracic cavity.

parietal pleura

Chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies are called ______ chemoreceptors.

peripheral NOT central Reason: The central chemoreceptors are in the brainstem.

The ______ tonsil(s) is/are found in the nasopharynx.

pharyngeal NOT palatine Reason: The palatine tonsils are located in the oropharynx, whereas the pharyngeal tonsils are located in the nasopharynx.

A(n) ______ is a clinical condition characterized by the presence of air in the pleural cavity.

pneumothorax

The ______ respiratory group adjusts the respiratory rate based on stimuli from the limbic system or cerebral cortex.

pontine

______ is a substance found lining the alveoli which decreases surface tension.

pulmonary surfactant

An inactive person, unconscious of their respiratory rate, is performing which type of breathing?

quiet

The system that supplies the body with oxygen and expels carbon dioxide by the rhythmic intake and expulsion of air is the ______ system.

respiratory

The ______ lung has three lobes and two fissures.

right

Aspirated objects that enter the trachea are more likely to lodge in which primary bronchus?

right NOT Left Reason: The left primary bronchus is narrower and more horizontal than the right primary bronchus. Foreign objects are less likely to lodge in this bronchus.

Tertiary bronchi are also called ______ bronchi.

segmental

The nasal ______ separates the nasal cavity into left and right halves.

septum

The nasopharynx is ______ to the soft palate.

superior

The names of the secondary bronchi of the right lung are ______.

superior, middle, and inferior

Type II alveolar cells produce ______.

surfactant

The right lung has how many secondary bronchi?

three Superior, middle, and inferior lobar (secondary) bronchi

The laryngeal prominence (also called the "Adam's apple") is an anterior peak on the ______ cartilage, the largest of the laryngeal cartilages.

thyroid

______ is the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a respiratory cycle.

tidal volume

The ______ is a smooth muscle that connects the ends of the C-shaped tracheal cartilages.

trachealis NOT epiglottis Reason: The epiglottis is not a smooth muscle. It is made primarily of elastic cartilage. NOT diaphragm Reason: The diaphragm is a thin, dome-shaped skeletal muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities.

True or false: Evidence suggests that ventilation increases more quickly in response to high levels of CO2 than it does to low levels of O2 in the blood.

true Reason: Arterial PCO2 has a strong influence on respiratory rate, both directly and indirectly through the production of H+.

True or false: Prolonged exposure to oxygen at 2.5 ATM can be toxic.

true Reason: Prolonged exposure to high oxygen concentrations can lead to the production of reactive oxygen species and other free radicals.

True or false: When the diaphragm contracts and lung volume increases, intrapulmonary pressure drops.

true Reason: When lung volume increases, intrapulmonary pressure drops. This will pull air into the lungs.

True or false: The chloride shift allows RBCs to continue to produce carbonic acid.

true Reason: Carbonic acid formed in the cell dissociates to form bicarbonate. RBCs pump out bicarbonate in exchange for chloride (the "chloride shift"). Exporting bicarbonate keeps the pathway working.

The ______ respiratory group sets the basal respiratory rate which may then be adjusted by commands from the pontine and/or dorsal respiratory groups.

ventral