Chapter 22 The Respiratory System - Anatomy
esophagus
1
trachealis
2
larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
Anatomically, the lower respiratory system consists of what four structures?
b) pseuostratified columnar; stratified squamous As the nasopharynx blends into the oropharynx, the epithelium changes from pseudostatified columnar to a more protective stratified squamous epithelium. This structural adaptation accommodates the increased friction and chemical trauma (characteristic of hot and spicy foods) accompanying food passage.
As the nasopharynx blends into the oropharynx, the epithelium changes from ____________ to a more protective ____________ epithelium. This structural adaptation accommodates the increased friction and chemical trauma (characteristic of hot and spicy foods) accompanying food passage. a) stratified squamous; pseudostratified columnar b) pseudostatified columnar; stratified squamous
rhinitis
Cold, viruses, steptococcal bacteria, and various allergens can cause _____, inflammation of the nasal mucosa accompanied by excessive mucus production, nasal congestion, and postnasal drip.
a. trachealis
Contraction of the ______, smooth muscle fibers, decreases the trachea's diameter, causing expired air to rush upward from the lungs with greater force. This action helps expel mucus from the trachea when we cough by accelerating the exhaled air to speed. a. trachealis b. carina
nose (external nose and nasal cavity)
DESCRIPTION: Jutting external portion is supported by bone and cartilage. Internal portion is divided by midline nasal septum and lined with mucosa. Roof portion contains olfactory epithelium FUNCTION: Produces mucus; filters, warms, and moistens incoming air; resonance chamber for speech
Paranasal sinuses
DESCRIPTION: Mucosa-lined, air-filled cavities in cranial bones surrounding nasal cavity FUNCTION: Lighten skull; also may warm, moisten, and filter incoming air
Pharynx
DESCRIPTION: Passageway connecting nasal cavity to larynx and oral cavity to esophagus; has three subdivisions. Houses tonsils (lymphoid tissue masses involved in protection against pathogens); commonly called the throat FUNCTIONS: passageway for air and food. Facilitates exposure of immune system to inhaled antigens
a. epiglottis
Except for the ________, all laryngeal cartilages are hyaline cartilages. a. epiglottis b. thyroid cartilage c. cricoid cartilage d. arytenoid cartilage
respiratory zone and conducting zone
Functionally, the respiratory system as a whole consists of what two zones?
Valsalva's maneuver
Help empty the rectum & can also splint (stabilize) the body trunk when lifting a heavy load (During abdominal straining associated with defecation, the glottis closes to prevent exhalation and the abdominal muscles contract, causing the intra-abdominal pressure to rise)
pharyngeal tonsil
High on the nasopharynx posterior wall is the ___________, which traps and destroys pathogens entering the nasopharynx in air.
right = 3 left = 2
How many lobar (secondary) bronchi are there on each side supplying one lung lobe?
laryngitis
Inflammation of the vocal folds that causes the vocal folds to swell, interfering with their vibration
Epicranius, frontal belly
Name the structure labeled A
Frontal bone
Name the structure labeled A
Nasal bone
Name the structure labeled B.
Root and bridge of nose
Name the structure labeled B.
Dorsum nasi
Name the structure labeled C.
Septal cartilage
Name the structure labeled C.
Ala of nose
Name the structure labeled D.
Maxillary bone (frontal process)
Name the structure labeled D.
Apex of nose
Name the structure labeled E.
Lateral process of septal cartilage
Name the structure labeled E.
Minor alar cartilages
Name the structure labeled F.
Naris (nostril)
Name the structure labeled F.
Dense fibrous connective tissue
Name the structure labeled G.
Minor alar cartilages
Name the structure labeled H.
seromucous nasal glands
Name this gland: contain mucus-secreting mucous cells and serous cells that secrete a watery fluid that contains enzymes
internal respiration
Name this respiration process: - oxygen diffuses from blood to tissue, and carbon dioxide diffuses from tissue cells to blood or in other words... - exchange of gases between systemic blood and tissue cells
transport of respiratory gases
Name this respiration process: - oxygen is transported from the lungs to the tissue cells of the body and carbon dioxide is transported from the tissue cells to the lungs. - the cardiovascular system accomplishes this transport using blood as the transporting fluid. or in other words... - transport exchange between the lungs and tissue cells of the body using blood as the transport vehicle
pulmonary ventilation
Name this respiration process: - commonly called breathing - air is moved into and out of the lungs (inspiration and expiration)
external respiration
Name this respiration process: - oxygen diffuses from the lungs to the blood, and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the lungs or in other words... - gas exchange between the blood and the air-filled chambers of the lungs
pulmonary ventilation and external respiration
Out of the 4 respiration processes, which two is the respiratory system primarily responsible for?
frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillary bones
Paranasal sinuses are found in which facial bones?
nasal conchae
The ______ greatly increases the mucosal surface area to air and enhances air turbulence in the cavity.
The actual use of oxygen and production of carbon dioxide by tissue cells is known as cellular respiration.
The actual use of oxygen and production of carbon dioxide by tissue cells is known as _____________.
c. 9
The framework of the larynx is an intricate arrangement of _______ cartilages connected by membranes and ligaments. a. 3 b. 6 c. 9 d. 12
a. thyroid cartilage, laryngeal prominence The large, shield-shaped ______ is formed by the fusion of two cartilage plates. The midline ______ marks the fusion point, also known as the adams apple.
The large, shield-shaped ______ is formed by the fusion of two cartilage plates. The midline ______ marks the fusion point, also known as the adams apple. a. thyroid cartilage, laryngeal prominence b. laryngeal prominence, thyroid cartilage
b. carina
The last tracheal cartilage is expanded, and a spar of cartilage, called the _______, projects posteriorly from its inner face, marking the point where the trachea branches into the two main bronchi. a. trachealis b. carina
The respiratory mucosa is a pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, containing scattered goblet cells, that rests on a lamina propria richly supplied with seromucous nasal glands.
The respiratory mucosa is a pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, containing scattered __________ cells, that rests on a lamina propria richly supplied with seromucous nasal glands.
external nose and the internal nasal cavity
The structures of the nose are divided into what to areas?
mucosa, submucosa, adventitia
The trachea consists of what three layers?
b. type 1 alveolar cells
The walls of the alveoli are composed primarily of a single layer of squamous epithelial cells, called ____________, surrounded by a flimsy basement membrane. a. simple squamous epithelium b. type 1 alveolar cells c. stratified squamous epithelium d. type II alveolar cells
1. surrounded by fine elastic fibers 2. alveolar pores 3. alveolar macrophages
Three significant features of alveoli
True
True or False The vestibular folds play no direct part in sound production but help close the glottis when we swallow.
lysozyme
What antibacterial enzyme do seromucous nasal glands secrete?
1. Provides an airway for respiration 2. Moistens and warms the entering air 3. Filters and cleans inspired air 4. Serves as a resonating chamber for speech 5. Houses olfactory receptors
What are the 5 function of the nose?
1. pulmonary ventilation 2. external respiration 3. transport of respiratory gases 4. internal respiration
What are the four process of respiration?
- provide a patent (open) airway - act as a switching mechanism to route air and food into the proper channels - voice production [because it houses the vocal folds (vocal cords)]
What are the three functions of the larynx?
olfactory mucosa and respiratory mucosa
What are the two types of mucous membranes that line the nasal cavity?
maxillary bones
What bones make up the lateral parts of the nose?
nasal bone, frontal bone, maxillary bone
What facial bones make up the skeletal framework of the external nose?
The many tiny alveoli together have a large surface area. This and the thinness of their respiratory membranes make them ideal for gas exchange.
What features of the alveoli and their respiratory membranes suit them to their function of exchanging gases by diffusion?
cellular respiration
What is the cornerstone of all energy-producing chemical reactions in the body?
Supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide.
What is the major function of the respiratory system?
olfactory mucosa; olfactory epithelium
What mucous membrane of the nasal cavity is a small patch that lines the slitlike superior region of the nasal cavity and contains smell receptors? What epithelium are the receptors in?
respiratory mucosa
What mucous membrane of the nasal cavity lines most of the nasal cavity?
circulatory system
What other system is closely coupled with the respiratory system?
epiglottis
What structure seals the larynx when we swallow
nasal and frontal bones
What two bones form the bridge and root of the nose (superiorly)?
anterior = 5 posterior = 3
Which numbers marks the anterior and posterior?
nasopharynx (The pharyngeal tonsil is high on the nasopharynx posterior wall)
Which part of the pharynx houses the pharyngeal tonsil?
b) Because it lies above the point where food enters the body, it serves only as an air passageway.
Which statement is TRUE about the nasopharynx? a) Because it lies above the point where food enters the body, it serves only as a food passageway. b) Because it lies above the point where food enters the body, it serves only as an air passageway.
incomplete C-shaped cartilage rings
Which structural features of the trachea allow it to expand and contract, yet keep it from collapsing?
they lack blood vessels
Why do the vocal folds or true vocal cords, appear pearly white?
A) seromucous nasal glands
______ traps inspired dust, bacteria, and other debris. Select one: A) seromucous nasal glands B) lysozyme C) defensins
B) lysozyme
_______ attacks and chemically destroys bacteria. Select one: A) seromucous nasal glands B) lysozyme C) defensins
C) defensins
________ natural antibiotics that help kill invading microbes that epithelial cells of the respiratory mucosa secrete. Select one: A) seromucous nasal glands B) lysozyme C) defensins
a. submucosa
a connective tissue layer deep to the mucosa containing seromucous glands that help produce the mucus "sheets" within the trachea a. submucosa b. mucosa c. adventitia
b. mucosa
a layer of the trachea that has the same goblet cell-containing pseudostratified epithelium that occurs throughout most of the respiratory tract. Its cilia continually propel debris-laden mucus toward the pharynx. This epithelium rests on a fairly thick lamina propria that has a rich supply of elastic fibers. a. submucosa b. mucosa c. adventitia
Heimlich maneuver
a procedure in which air in the victim's lungs is used to "pop out," or expel, an obstructing piece of food, has saved many people from becoming victims of "café coronaries."
vocal ligaments
attach the arytenoid cartilages to the thyroid cartilage
conducting zone
consists of all of the respiratory passageways from the nose to the respiratory bronchioles. These provide fairly rigid conduits for air to reach the gas exchange sites the organs here also cleanse, humidify, and warm incoming air. As a result, air reaching the lungs has fewer irritants (dust, bacteria, etc.) than when it entered the body, and it is warm and damp, like the air of the tropics.
pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube
drains the middle ear cavities and allow middle ear pressure to equalize with atmospheric pressure
Vibrissae
hairs that filter coarse particles (dust, pollen) from inspired air
sinusitis
inflamed sinuses
tubal tonsil
its strategic location helps protect the middle ear against infections likely to spread from the nasopharynx
4
lumen of trachea
d. type II alveolar cells
secrete a fluid containing a detergent-like substance called surfactant that coats gas-exposed alveolar surfaces - also secrete a number of important elements of innate immunity a. simple squamous epithelium b. type 1 alveolar cells c. stratified squamous epithelium d. type II alveolar cells
respiratory zone
the actual site of gas exchange, is composed of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli, all microscopic structures.
c. adventitia
the outermost layer of connective tissue of the trachea a. submucosa b. mucosa c. adventitia
trachea
windpipe