Chapter 22: The Respiratory System LearnSmart

Which term refers to the conducting zones of the respiratory system because they are incapable of gas exchange?

Anatomical dead space

Where is the trachea located?

Anterior to the esophagus

Why does air flow into the lungs during inspiration?

Atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure, and air flows toward the lower pressure area

Which best describes the supportive structures of the trachea?

C-shaped rings composed of hyaline cartilage

_________ are a group of lung disease (asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema) that result in long-term obstruction of airflow and substantially reduced pulmonary ventilation.

COPD

The enzyme found in erythrocytes that catalyzes the formation of carbonic acid, which then dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen is _________ _________.

Carbonic anhydrase

The dense support-material that can be palpated at the tip of your nose is composed of what type of tissue?

Cartilage

The central _________ in the brainstem are neurons that sense changes in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid.

Chemoreceptors

The posterior nasal apertures are also called the _________.

Choanae

Which is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by damaged and immobilized respiratory cells, excessive mucus secretion, infection of the lower respiratory tract, and bronchial inflammation?

Chronic bronchitis

Select two examples of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Chronic bronchitis Emphysema

The tracheal lumen is lined with epithelial cells that have hairlike structure called _________. The upward beating of these structures moves the abundant mucus upward toward the pharynx.

Cilia

The _________ zone of the respiratory system serves only for airflow. It is incapable of gas exchanged between the air and the circulatory system.

Conducting

The separation between the path of air to the lungs and the passageway for food to the esophagus occurs within which of the following?

Laryngopharynx

Which term refers to the inferior portion of the pharynx which extends from the epiglottis to the esophagus?

Laryngopharynx

The _________ is the main structure located between the laryngopharynx and the trachea.

Larynx

Which two factors contribute most to airflow resistance?

Lung compliance Diameter of bronchioles

Which of these occurs during exhalation?

Lung volume decreases and the intrapulmonary pressure increases

The cardiac notch is the indentation located on the _________ surface of the left lung that accommodates the heart.

Medial

Which location contain the brainstem respiratory centers?

Medulla oblongata Pons

Which factors affect the position of the epiglottis during swallowing?

Movement of the tongue Elevation of the larynx

The _________ is the portion of the pharynx found superior to the soft palate at the back of the oral cavity.

Nasopharynx

Which section of the pharynx acts as a passageway for air, but not for food?

Nasopharynx

With the exception of the vestibule, the nasal cavity is lined with which type of tissue? Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium The auditory tube (eustachian tube) and pharyngeal tonsil are associated with which portion of the pharynx?

Nasopharynx

At what level of the bronchial tree does gas exchange first occur?

Respiratory bronchiole

The nasal _________ separates the nasal cavity into left and right halves.

Septum

Carbaminohemoglobin

compound of hemoglobin and carbon dioxide

Carboxyhemoglobin

hemoglobin with carbon monoxide bound to it

Deoxyhemoglobin

hemoglobin with no oxygen bound to it

Oxyhemoglobin

hemoglobin with one or more oxygen molecules bound to it

What causes Anemic Hypoxia?

inability of the blood to carry adequate oxygen due to anemia

What causes Ischemic Hypoxia?

inadequate circulation of blood

What causes Hypoxemic Hypoxia?

inadequate pulmonary gas exchange

What stimulus do stretch receptors detect?

inflation of the lungs

What causes Histotoxic Hypoxia?

metabolic poison prevents tissues from using the oxygen delivered to them

Squamous-Cell

originates in the basal cells of the bronchial epithelium

Small-Cell Carcinoma

originates in the main bronchi but invades the mediastinum and metastasizes quickly

Adenocarcinoma

originates in the mucous glands of the lamina propria

What stimulus do peripheral chemoreceptors detect?

oxygen level, carbon dioxide level, and pH of the blood

What stimulus do central chemoreceptors detect?

pH of the cerebrospinal fluid

Why do the lungs expand along with the thoracic cage during inspiration?

The cohesion of water causes the visceral pleura to cling to the parietal pleura

Which condition would make oxygen toxic to the body?

100% oxygen at 3.0 ATM for one hour

_________ is a general term for a drop in the pH of blood below 7.35.

Acidosis

_________ refers to a shift in the pH of blood above 7.45.

Alkalosis

Most of the surface area for gas exchange within the respiratory system is found within the many _________ of the lungs.

Alveoli

The respiratory division of the respiratory system includes which of the following?

Alveoli

The _________ of the lung is the broad concave surface of the lung that rests on the diaphragm.

Base

Carbon dioxide is transported in different forms in the blood. What is the most common form?

Bicarbonate ion

Identify the forms in which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood.

Bicarbonate ion Carbaminohemoglobin Dissolved

The peripheral chemoreceptors detect changes in which of the following?

Blood carbon dioxide saturation Blood pH Blood oxygen saturation

Active tissues generate extra CO2, which lowers the pH of the blood and facilitates the unloading of oxygen. Because of this, more oxygen is released to tissues with higher metabolic rates, a phenomenon known as the _________ effect.

Bohr

The nasal septum is composed of what type of tissue(s)?

Bone Hyaline cartilage

Which are components of the lower respiratory tract?

Bronchi Alveoli Trachea

Which term refers to the portion of the lung ventilated by one tertiary bronchus?

Bronchopulmonary Segment

What is the role of the epiglottis?

Covers the glottis when swallowing

The ring of hyaline located inferior to the thyroid cartilage is called the _________ cartilage.

Cricoid

Which is a paired laryngeal cartilage that is not involved in movement of the vocal cords?

Cuneiform

Which of the paired cartilages are attached to and support the soft tissue between the erytenoids and the epiglottis?

Cuneiform

The bluish color of the skin and mucous membranes due to ischemia and hypoxemia is called _________.

Cyanosis

Which two muscles or muscle groups are primarily responsible for resting (non-forced) inspiration?

Diaphragm Intercostals

Which best describes the action of carbonic anhydrase?

It converts carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid which dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions

How is air modified as it passes through the meatus in between two nasal conchae?

It is warmed It is humidified It is cleansed

Long term inhalation of cigarette smoke often leads to _________, a COPD that is characterized by a loss of alveolar surface area.

Emphysema

Identify the components of a respiratory membrane.

Endothelial cell of capillary Type I (squamous) alveolar cell One shared basement membrane

The _________ is an elastic cartilage structure in the larynx which helps prevent food from entering the airway during swallowing.

Epiglottis

When the diaphragm relaxes, air is forced from the lungs. This process is known as _________.

Expiration

The maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after exhalation of the tidal volume is the _________ _________ volume.

Expiratory reserve

T/F: The respiratory control centers of the brainstem are involved in voluntary respiration.

False

A person expelling air while yelling is performing which type of breathing?

Forced

The C-shaped rings that support the trachea are composed of what type of tissue?

Hyaline cartilage

Which term refers to a deficiency of oxygen in a tissue?

Hypoxia

Contraction of the diaphragm leads to which of the following?

Inspiration

In a healthy individual, which of these volumes would have the greatest numerical value?

Inspiratory reserve volume

How many primary bronchi serve the right lung?

One

The palatine and lingual tonsils are located along the walls of the _________ (division of the pharynx).

Oropharynx

Which segment of the respiratory system extends from the choanae to the larynx and functions as a passageway for air, food, or drink?

Pharynx

What are the components of the upper respiratory tract?

Pharynx Larynx Nasal cavity

The layer of serious membrane called the parietal _________ lines the thoracic cavity.

Pleura

What is the serous membrane that encloses each lung?

Pleura

Which term refers to the potential space between the visceral and parietal plurae?

Pleural cavity

Place the airways in order of airflow as air enters the lungs.

Primary bronchus Secondary bronchus Tertiary bronchus Terminal bronchiole Respiratory bronchiole Alveolar duct

With the exception of the vestibule, the nasal cavity is lined with which type of tissue?

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Which tissue lines the nasopharynx?

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Which term describes the ease with which lung tissue expands during breathing?

Pulmonary Compliance

What is the function of pulmonary surfactant?

Reduces surface tension

Which of the special senses is associated with the nasal cavity?

Smell

Which tissue lines the oropharynx and laryngopharynx?

Stratified squamous epithelium

Name the lobes of the human right lung.

Superior lobe Middle lobe Inferior lobe

The respiratory system does which of the following?

Supplies the body with oxygen Functions in vocalization and speech Assists in the removal of carbon dioxide Plays a role in regulating blood pressure

Pulmonary _________ is a substance found in lining the alveoli which decreases surface tension.

Surfactant

What is the function of the mucociliary escalator?

Sweep mucous toward the pharynx to be swallowed.

Which term refers to the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide that occurs in the capillary networks between the blood and the body's cells?

Systemic gas exchange

What is the distal-most portion of the respiratory system that is incapable of gas exchange?

Terminal bronchiole

What does oxygen bind to in the hemoglobin molecule?

The heme group

The laryngeal prominence (also called the "Adam's apple) is an anterior peak on the _________ cartilage, the largest of the laryngeal cartilages.

Thyroid

Which cartilage forms the anterior wall of the larynx and is the largest of the laryngeal cartilages?

Thyroid cartilage

_________ volume is the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a respiratory cycle.

Tidal

Which are the functions of the larynx?

To produce sound To keep food and drink out of the airway

What is the function of the course hairs present in the nasal vestibule?

To trap dust, microbes, and other debris that may be present in air that is inspired

Which structure conducts air form the larynx to the primary bronchi?

Trachea

Which are considered principal organs of the respiratory system?

Trachea Lungs Larynx Pharynx

How many lobes make up the left lung?

Two, superior and inferior

Which are squamous cells, primarily responsible for forming the respiratory membrane of the lung?

Type I alveolar cells

Which are cuboidal cells that are responsible for producing pulmonary surfactant and facilitating repair within the lung?

Type II alveolar cells

Which structures do not function in the production of speech, but instead is primarily responsible for closing the larynx during swallowing?

Vestibular folds

Which term refers to the layer of serous membrane that covers the lung surface?

Visceral pleura

The sum of the expiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and inspiratory reserve volume is the _________ capacity.

Vital

which structure are responsible for generating sounds within the larynx?

Vocal cords Vocal folds

When do vocal cords produce low pitched sounds?

When they are relaxed

Why do women usually have higher pitched voices as compare to men?

Women have shorter and thinner vocal cords.

What stimulus do irritant receptors detect?

smoke, dust, pollen, chemical fumes, cold air, excess mucus

What is Tidal Volume?

the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during quiet breathing at any given time

What is Residual Volume?

the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration

Forced Expiratory Volume?

the amount of air that can be exhaled in a given time interval

What is Expiratory Reserve Volume?

the amount of air that may be exhaled over the tidal volume