Chapter 22 US History

What happened at the Paris Peace Conference and why was it impactful?

-After the war, Wilson formulated his fourteen points and league of nations where the union would result in the preservation of democratic virtues. The leaders think Wilson is Naive and unrealistic. -They redrew the boarders of Europe. They made a bunch of territorial divisions which have resulted in territorial conflict today. -The Japanese wanted not to be discriminated against. -They passed the league of nations but didn't really do anything with it. -The blame of the war was placed on Germany, which led to World War 2. Germans thought they hadn't been defeated yet. They created the Treaty of Versailles, which the Senate decided not to pass.

Why were there so many african and Mexican immigrants and what happened to their populations in the US.

-Mexican's were escaping from revolution -Africans were drawn to the job opportunities provided by vacant jobs during the war. -When the soldiers came home, they were all thrown out of their jobs. -Black population migrated to the north -predominately black sub cities like Harlem and southern Chicago formed.

What impact did the war have in America?

-Sparked patriotism -Advanced women's rights (19th amendment) -Temporarily gave unions more power and created more open jobs -Opened opportunity for prohibitionists to advance their cause (18th amendment) -More opportunity for blacks

Why did wilson want to remain neutral?

-The US was struggling economically and did not want to upset any countries that the US traded with. He believed that neutral trade was inherent right for the US -War is expensive and he did not know if the economy could handle the war -Much of the population was made up of european immigrants and by choosing a side and becoming a part of the war, the different groups of immigrants in the country would be divided. It would separate the nation.

How did the war affect women?

-millions of working men left to join the army, leaving millions of jobs open.

Lodge Reservations

14 formal amendments to the treaty for the League of Nations; preserved Monroe Doctrine, Congress desired to keep declaration of war to itself

Battle of the Somme

A 1916 WWI (1914-1918) battle between German and British forces. Ending in a stalemate, the bitter three-month conflict is notable for the high number of casualties- 1.25 million men killed or wounded - and the first use of tanks in warfare.

Schenck v. United States

A 1919 decision upholding the conviction of a socialist who had urged young men to resist the draft during World War I. Justice Holmes declared that government can limit speech if the speech provokes a "clear and present danger" of substantive evils.

Bolshevik

A group of revolutionary Russian Marxists who took control of Russia's government in November 1917. Forced Russia out of war.

Triple Entente

A military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years preceding World War I. Alliances made large-scale conflict more likely

Fourteen Points

A peace program presented to the U.S. Congress by President Woodrow Wilson in January 1918. It called for the evacuation of German-occupied lands, the drawing of borders and the settling of territorial disputes by the self-determination of the affected populations, and the founding of an association of nations to preserve the peace and guarantee their territorial integrity. It was rejected by Germany, but it made Wilson the moral leader of the Allies in the last year of World War I.

Red Scare

A social/political movement designed to prevent a socialist/communist/radical movement in this country by finding "radicals," incarcerating them, deporting them, and subverting their activities

League of Nations

A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946.

American Expeditionary Force (AEF)

About 2 million Americans went to France as members of this under General John J. Pershing. Included the regular army, the National Guard, and the new larger force of volunteers and draftees and they served as individuals. Brief, bloody, victorious.

Wartime Agencies

Agencies established in order to protect American economy from instability as a result of wartime production -Railroad Administration - Directed railroad traffic -Fuel Administration - Coordinated the coal industry and other fuel suppliers -Shipping Board - Organized the merchant marine -National War Labor Policies Board - Resolved labor disputes

Triple Alliance

Alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I. Alliances made large-scale conflict more likely

Moral Training

American soldiers were taught to have morals in war.

Emma Goldman

An outspoken radical who was deported after being arrested on charges of being an anarchist, socialist, or labour agitator.

Lusitania (add more)

British passenger ship holding Americans that sunk off the coast of Ireland in 1915 by German U-Boats killing 1,198 people. It was decisive in turning public favor against Germany and bringing America into WWI.

Why was wilson more sympathetic towards GB and France?

GB: Historically, the US had a close connection with GB as it evolved from British culture. Additionally, longstanding trade was a historical staple of the US-GB relationship. France: Similarly to GB, the history between the US and France caused the US to favor France heavily. Recalling the aid France provided during the American Revolution, the US easily decided to continue trade with France.

19th amendment

Gave women the right to vote passed by linking causes to war

What happened in Seattle in 1919

Giant strike - The largest work stoppage in american history shut down the city

Major General John "Black Jack" Pershing

He commanded the AEF which was instrumental in ally victory over germany but he did send the black regiment to fight over the white.

Why did the Senate reject the Treaty of Versailles?

If the US passed the Treaty of Versailles, the large German population in the US would be angry about all of the blame being placed on Germany

Selective Service Act

Law passed by Congress in 1917 that required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for the military draft

War industries board

Made american soldiers the best equiped in the world

Zimmerman Telegram

March 1917. Sent from German Foreign Secretary, addressed to German minister in Mexico City. Mexico should attack the US if US goes to war with Germany (needed that advantage due to Mexico's promixity to the US). In return, Germany would give back Tex, NM, Arizona etc to Mexico. Another turning point towards war -- "Armed neutrality"

What did other nations think of Wilson after the Paris Peace Conference?

Naive, unrealistic, didn't know anything about Europe

18th Amendment

Prohibition of alcohol WWI provided a boost to the crusade to ban alcohol

Robert Lansing

Replacement secretary of state for Bryan. He was more aggressive in his foreign policy and was in favor of the US entering the war. Freaked out by german world domination.

How did the British Blockade violate American Neutrality and what did this mean?

The British Blockade prevented American trade with the Germans meaning American neutrality was no longer very neutral as trade now HEAVILY favored the Allied powers

4 minute men

The Four Minute Men were a group of volunteers authorized by the US President Woodrow Wilson, to give four-minute speeches on topics given to them by The Committee on Public Information. They were supposed to spark patriotism and celebrate success on the battlefield.

self-determination

The ability of a government to determine their own course of their own free will

Versailles Treaty

The compromise after WW1, settled land and freedom disputes. Germany had to take full blame for the war in order for the treaty to pass, among other things. The US Senate rejected it.

Patriotism vs Nationalism

The difference between patriotism and nationalism is that the patriot is proud of his country for what it does, and the nationalist is proud of his country no matter what it does; the first attitude creates a feeling of responsibility, but the second a feeling of blind arrogance that leads to war.

Hooverizing

Voluntary rationing of food stuffs during WWI named after Herbert Hoover the head of the Food Administration

William Jennings Bryan

Wilson's appointed during the pre WWI Secretary of State. Bryan was a notorious pacifist and was a staunch opposer to the US's entry into the war.

"It would be an irony of fate if my administration had to deal with foreign affairs."

Wilson's election campaign revolved around domestic issues as opposed to foreign issues.

American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)

an organization founded in 1920 to defend Americans' rights and freedoms as given in the Constitution

Espionage Act, Trading with the Enemy Act, Sedition Act

gave the government power to punish any opinion or activity that could be considered disloyal. :| kinda maybe infringed on right to freedom of speech