Chapter 23-30 APUSH

In 1976 a naval inquiry led by Admiral H. G. Rickover presented overwhelming evidence that the initial explosion had resulted from __________________ in one of the coal bunkers adjacent to a powder magazine.

spontaneous combustion

In 1883, the major rail lines decreed that the continent would henceforth be divided into four time zones. Most communities quickly adopted railroad "____________" time.

standard

The Warehouse Act of 1916 authorized loans on the security of ___________ —another Populist idea (recall the federal subtreasury.)

staple crops

Fearful that an integrated campaign would compromise its efforts to get the vote, the National American Woman Suffrage Association limited membership to _________. Black women, however, created their own associations.

whites

The Pullman Strike was busted by federal troops. The federal government also obtained an injuction ordering the workers back to work. Debs _________________.

was imprisoned for contempt of court because he defied the injunction.

Heavy American investment in improvement of health, sanitation, infrastructure, and education _____________________________.

was largely ill received by the Filipino people.

The first "Billion Dollar Congress" was so-named because it ________________.

was the first Congress to appropriate a billion dollars.

At the core of the progressive reform agenda was "to use government as an agency of human _________."

welfare

By 1900 every fourth college graduate was a ____________.

woman

Although hours were often long, pay low, and advancement limited for _____________, a job still bought working _________________ some economic and social independence.

women

When the Underwood Tariff bill was under fire in the Senate, Wilson ____________________.

went over the head of the Senate, directly to the people, creating pressure on the Senate to pass the bill

The ___________ to ____________ link of the Transcontinental Railroad was more difficult to build, and thus was slower in the pace of construction.

west, east

Business operations were facilitated by such machines as the cash register, the stock ticker, and the typewriter ("literary piano"), which attracted _____________ from the confines of home to industry.

women

The cities opened new possibilities for ________. More than a million ____________ joined the work force in the 1890s.

women

"Fifty-niners" also poured feverishly into Nevada in 1859, after the fabulous _________________ had been uncovered.

Comstock Lode

The courts interpreted a corporation to not be a legal "person" and decreed that, as such, it could be deprived of its property by a state without "due process of law" (see Amendment XIV, para. 1).

False

_______________James wrote a remarkable number of brilliant novels, including Daisy Miller (1879), The Portrait of a Lady (1881), and The Wings of the Dove (1902).

Henry

In 1894 _________________ wrote an expose and critique of the Standard Oil Company with his book Wealth Against Commonwealth.

Henry Demarest Lloyd

In the 1890s the government expanded its network of __________ _____________schools and sent "field matrons" to the reservations to teach Native American women the art of sewing and to preach the virtues of chastity and hygiene.

Indian boarding

The ill-prepared American troops were unequipped for war in the tropics; they had been amply provided with heavy woolen underwear and uniforms designed for subzero operations against the ____________.

Indians

____________ alone accepted the Open Door unconditionally.

Italy

In 1901, Carnegie sold Carnegie Steel to __________________ for more than $400 million. He spent the rest of his life giving away money for public libraries, pensions for professors, and other such philanthropic purposes—in all disposing of about $350 million.

J.P. Morgan

Early in 1895 Cleveland turned in desperation to _________________, "the bankers' banker" and the head of a Wall Street syndicate. After tense negotiations at the White House, the bankers agreed to lend the government $______ million in gold.

J.P. Morgan, 65

__________________ consolidated rival enterprises and to ensure future harmony by placing officers of his own banking syndicate on their various boards of directors. These came to be known as "interlocking _______________."

J.P. Morgan, directorates

Social realism was popular at this time, but so were exciting stories about nature and the wild. ______________ was famous as a nature writer in such books as The Call of the Wild (1903).

Jack London

The westward-moving pioneers and the country they confronted have assumed mythic proportions in the American mind. They have been immortalized by such writers as Bret Harte, Mark Twain, Helen Hunt _____________ (who wrote A Century of Dishonor, and Ramona) and Francis Parkman, and by such painters as George Catlin, Frederic _____________, and Albert Bierstadt.

Jackson, Remington

_________________, a reporter for the New York Sun, shocked middle-class Americans in 1890 with How the Other Half Lives. It was a damning indictment of the dirt, disease, vice, and misery of the rat-gnawed human rookeries known as New York slums. This book deeply influenced a future NYC police comissioner - Theodore Roosevelt.

Jacob Riis

"General" _______________, led a group of marchers from Ohio, bound for Washington, in 1894. His platform included a demand that the government relieve unemployment by an inflationary public works program, supported by some $500 million in legal tender notes to be issued by the Treasury.

Jacob S. Coxey

In 1892 the Populists had jolted the traditional parties by winning several congressional seats and polling more than 1 million votes for their presidential candidate, ________________.

James B. Weaver

The Great Northern, which ran from Duluth to Seattle north of the Northern Pacific, was the creation of a far-visioned Canadian-American, ________________, who developed several innnovations to make the Great Northern a success.

James J Hill

In 1931 _________________ became the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize.

Jane Addams

More than half a century would pass before southern blacks could again vote in considerable numbers. Accompanying this disfranchisement were more severe _____________.

Jim Crow Laws

The University of Chicago, which opened in 1892, speedily forged into a front-rank position, owing largely to the money of ________________.

John D. Rockefeller

In the wake of the American victory in the Spanish American War, an exhilarating new spirit thrilled America, buoyed along by the newly popular military marching-band music of _________________. National pride was touched and cockiness was increased by what John __________ called a "splendid little war."*

John Philip Sousa, Hay

____________________, explorer of the Colorado River's Grand Canyon and director of the U.S. Geological Survey, warned in 1874 that beyond the 100th meridian so little rain fell that agriculture was impossible without massive irrigation.

John Wesley Powell

_______________University, opened in 1876, which maintained the nation's first high-grade _______________.

Johns Hopkins, graduate school

Barbed wire, perfected by __________________ in 1874, solved the problem of how to build fences on the treeless prairies. Remember also the role that barbed wire played in bringing about the end of the era of the American cowboy.

Joseph F. Glidden

The feminist author_______________ (1851-1904) wrote candidly about adultery, suicide, and women's ambitions in The Awakening (1899).

Kate Chopin

________________, derived from petroleum, was the first major product of the infant oil industry. Burned from a cotton wick in a glass chimney lamp, it produced a much brighter flame than whale oil.

Kerosene

The _________ campaigned for economic and social reform, including producers' cooperatives and codes for safety and health.

Knights

A new organization—the ____________________ — seized the torch dropped by the defunct National Labor Union.

Knights of Labor

We know that progressivism also reached to the the state level of government, notably in Wisconsin, which became a laboratory of reform. The governor, Robert M. ("Fighting Bob") ___________, was an crusader who emerged as the most militant of the progressive Republican leaders.

La Follette

Sailors were given relief by the _________________ of 1915. It required decent treatment and a living wage on American merchant ships.

La Follette Seamen Act

Basketball was invented in 1891 by James _______________, a YMCA instructor in Springfield, Massachusetts.

Naismith

Florence Kelley, a former resident of Jane Addams's Hull House, became the state of Illinois's first chief factory inspector and one of the nation's leading advocates for improved factory conditions. In 1899 Kelley took control of the newly founded __________________, which mobilized female consumers to pressure for laws safeguarding women and children in the workplace.

National Consumers League

Florence Kelly later moved to the Henry Street Settlement House in New York and served for three decades as general secretary of the ________________.

National Consumers League

The ____________________, organized in 1866, represented a giant step forward by workers. The union lasted six years and attracted the impressive total of some 600,000 members, including the skilled, unskilled, and farmers, though in keeping with the times, it excluded the Chinese and made only nominal efforts to include women and blacks.

National Labor Union

Helping to spur European "___" immigration to the U.S. was the fact that American Industrialists wanted low-wage labor, railroads wanted buyers for their land grants, states wanted more population, and steamship lines wanted more human cargo for their holds.

New

America of the 1880s and 1890s was assembling high-quality symphony orchestras, notably in Boston and Chicago. The famed Metropolitan Opera House of ____________ was erected in 1883.

New York

Theodore Roosevelt had been put on the bottom of the Republican ticket in 1900 in large part through an effort by the leadership in the _____________________ party. His reform attitudes as a state legislator, police commissioner, and governor in irked the state Republican leadership, and the vice presidency was a way to get him out of state politics.

New York Republican

The two feasible routes for the U.S. to build a transisthmian canal were Panama and ____________.

Nicaragua

Blaine's efforts bore modest fruit in 1889, when he presided over the first _______________________, held in Washington, D.C. Though the meeting only achieved a vague plan for economic cooperation through reciprocal tariff reduction, they succeeded setting a precedent for some degree of inter-American cooperation.

Pan-American Conference

Upon arrival into office, Wilson pursued a noticably less aggressive foreign policy than the Big Stick of TR and Dollar Diplomacy under Taft. Wilson persuaded Congress in early 1914 to repeal the ___________________, which had exempted American coastwise shipping from tolls.

Panama Canal Tolls Act of 1912

Our text identifies the _______________ as the most punishing economic downturn of the nineteenth century.

Panic of 1893

Two black writers, _________________ (1872-1906) and Charles W. Chesnutt (1858-1932), brought another kind of realism to late-nineteenth century literature.

Paul Laurence Dunbar

Ignoring ______________'s advice, farmers heedlessly chewed up the crusty earth in western Kansas, eastern Colorado, and Montana. They quickly went broke as a six-year drought in the 1880s further desiccated the already dusty region.

Powell

After the fall of Santiago to the Americans, American forces set their sights on ___________________, where American forces met little resistance and were mostly greeted as liberating heroes.

Puerto Rico

Joseph _______________'s New York World William Randolph ___________'s San Francisco Examiner were papers that practiced "yellow journalism."

Pulitzer, Hearst

In the 1892 election, the South, although a hotbed of agrarian agitation, proved especially unwilling to support the Populists. _________ was the reason.

Race

Black workers organized their own Colored National Labor Union as an adjunct, but their support for the Republican party and the persistent _______________ of white unionists prevented the two national unions from working together.

Racism

Helen Hunt Jackson's later novel _____________ (1884), addressing the plight of California Indians, sold some 600,000 copies and further inspired sympathy for the Indians.

Ramona

Conspicuous among the new "social novelists'' was __________________ (1871-1945), a homely, gangling writer from Indiana. He burst upon the literary scene in 1900 with Sister Carrie, a graphically realistic narrative of a poor working girl in Chicago and New York, who succumbs to the moral bankruptcy that could accompany urban living.

Theodore Dreiser

Novelist _______________ attacked big business and profiteers through The Financier (1912) and The Titan (1914).

Theodore Dreiser

"There is filth on the floor and it must be scraped up with the muck-rake; and there are times and places where this service is the most needed of all the services that can be performed. But the man who never does anything else, who never thinks or speaks or writes, save of his feats with the muck-rake, speedily becomes, not a help to society, not an incitement to good, but one of the most potent forces for evil." These words were spoken by

Theodore Roosevelt

By the 1880s the national conscience began to stir uneasily over the plight of the Indians. __________________ published _______________________ in 1881, chronicling government mistreatment of Indians.

Helen Hunt Jackson, A Century of Dishonor

The notorious "_________________" exempted from those requirements anyone whose forebear had voted in 1860—when, of course, black slaves had not voted at all.

grandfather clause

Roosevelt's "Great White Fleet" was ___________________ by Japan.

greeted very positively

Farmers still made up nearly one-________ the population in 1890, but they were hopelessly disorganized.

half

Most of U.S. trade to Germany was ___________ at this time, as Britain had created a very strong North Sea embargo of Germany.

halted

The incandescent light bulb was particularly important to the Gilded Age as it really created the "________________________."

night shift

The Knights of Labor were open to women, blacks, skilled, and unskilled workers. They barred only "_________________"—liquor dealers, professional gamblers, lawyers, bankers, and stockbrokers.

nonproducers

In the years following the end of the Civil War in the latter part of the 19th century, most Americans were _______________ foreign affairs.

not that interested in

Agricultural modernization drove many marginal farmers ____ the land, thus swelling the ranks of the new industrial work force.

off

In 1859 "Drake's Folly" in Pennsylvania, proved not to be a folly, as the first ________________ proved successful.

oil well

House Speaker "Czar" Reed _____________ in response to the U.S.' imperial actions.

resigned

Wilson could best be described as a ____________________.

rigid, arrogant, austere.

Steel, the keystone industry, built its strength largely on the sweat of lowpriced immigrant labor from eastern and ______________ Europe, working in two twelve-hour shifts, seven days a week.

southern

Aggressive Americans like ____________________________ and Congressman Henry Cabot Lodge were interpreting Darwinism to mean that the earth belonged to the strong and the fit—that is, to Uncle Sam.

Theodore Roosevelt

The readiness of the navy owed much to two men: the easygoing navy secretary John D. Long and his bellicose assistant navy secretary ________________.

Theodore Roosevelt

War-torn and impoverished, the South lagged far behind other regions in public education, and African-Americans suffered most severely. A staggering _________ percent of nonwhites were illiterate in 1900.

44

In the 1850s through the 1870s, more than two million immigrants came to the U.S. By the 1880s more than __________ million arrived in the U.S. A new high for a single year was reached in __________, when 788,992 arrived—or more than 2,100 a day (hint: same year as the passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act.)

5, 1882

The forced-assimilation doctrine of the Dawes Act remained the cornerstone of the government's official Indian policy for nearly _______________.

50 (yrs?)

The era of the American Cowboy featured the "long drives" as cowboys "drove" cattle along trails and the plains to railheads. Drawing upon the gigantic stockyards at Kansas City and Chicago, the meatpackers could ship their fresh products to the East Coast in the newly perfected ______________.

"refrigerator cars."

The era of the American cowboy came to an end primarily because of farmers enclosing their land with the newly invented barbed wire, depletion of the prarie grasses, and a particularly bad winter in ____________.

1886-1887

The Japanese government prohibited emigration of its citizens until ______, when it began allowing temporary laborers to work on sugar plantations in Hawaii. From there thousands of Japanese were recruited for work in California as farm laborers, railroad workers, and servants.

1884

The Treaty of Paris of 1898 was ratified in the Senate by __________. Instrumental in the passage of the Treaty was ________________.

1 vote, William Jennings Bryan

In 1900 about ___________ of the people owned nine-tenths of the nation's wealth.

1/10

By 1880 ______________ of all American farms were operated by tenants.

1/4

Alarmingly, as a result of the "endless chain," the gold reserve in the Treasury dropped below $_______ million, which was popularly regarded as the safe minimum for supporting about the $350 million in outstanding paper money.

100

Lured by higher wheat prices resulting from crop failures elsewhere in the world, settlers in the 1870s rashly pushed still farther west, onto the poor, marginal lands beyond the ______th meridian. That imaginary line, running north to south from the Dakotas through west Texas, separated two climatological regions—a well-watered area to the east, and a semiarid area to the west.

100

The new Federal Reserve Board, appointed by the president, oversaw a nationwide system of __________________ regional reserve districts, each with its own central bank. Although these regional banks were actually bankers' banks, owned by member financial institutions, the final authority of the Federal Reserve Board guaranteed a substantial measure of public control.

12

In 1878, the high-water mark of the Greenback movement, the Greenback Labor Party polled over a million votes and elected ____________ members of Congress.

14

The 1896 Democratic platform called for the unlimited coinage of silver at the ratio of ____ ounces of silver to 1 of gold.

16

The Populists demanded inflation through free and unlimited coinage of silver at the rate of ______________ ounces of silver to one ounce of gold.

16

The standard ___ acres that homesteaders recieved under the Act, were quite adequate in the well-watered Mississippi basin, but frequently proved pitifully inadequate on the rain-scarce Great Plains.

160

The Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 dissolved many tribes as legal entities, wiped out tribal ownership of land, and set up individual Indian family heads with __________ free acres. If the Indians behaved themselves like "good white settlers," they would get full title to their holdings, as well as citizenship, in ________________ years.

160, 25

The Underwood Tariff of 1913 substantially lowered rates. It also had a provision creating a graduated income tax, as authorized under the recently ratified ____________ Amendment.

16th

The word millionaire had not been coined until the ___________, and in 1861 only a handful of individuals were eligible for this class. But the Civil War, partly through profiteering, created immense fortunes, and these accumulations could now be combined with the customary borrowings from foreign capitalists.

1840s

Citizens of the province of Panama were concerned that the U.S. might now opt for the Nicaraguan route. Supported by Banau Varilla, Panamanian revolutionaries went into action. Colombian troops were gathered to crush the uprising, but U.S. naval forces would not let them cross the isthmus. Roosevelt justified this highly questionable interference by a strained interpretation of the treaty of ________ with Colombia.

1846

The Transcontinental Railroad Act was passed in _______, the same year as the Homestead Act, the Morrill Land Grant Act, and the first printing of "greenbacks."

1862

A fantastic amount of gold and silver, worth more than $340 million, was mined by the "Kings of the Comstock" from 1860 to 1890. The scantily populated state of Nevada, "child of the Comstock Lode," was prematurely railroaded into the Union in ___________.

1864

The National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry—better known as the Grange—was organized in ________, led by ____________.

1867, Oliver Kelly

Presidents and dates = ?

1868 - Grant 1872 - Grant 1876 - Hayes 1880 - Garfield (ass. replaced by Arthur) 1884 - Cleveland 1888 - Benjamin Harrison 1892 - Cleveland 1896 - McInly

The two links of the Transcontinental Railroad were joined in _________, in ________________.

1869, Promontory Point (near Ogden,) Utah

The first unrestricted suffragegranted to women came in ___________ in ________________.

1869, the Wyoming Territory

Beginning about _________, more and more states were making at least a grade-school education compulsory, and this gain, incidentally, helped check the frightful abuses of child labor.

1870

Mark Twain (1835-1910) had leapt to fame with The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County (1867) and The Innocents Abroad (1869). He teamed up with Charles Dudley Warner in 1873 to write The Gilded Age. A biting satire on post-Civil War politicians and speculators, the book gave a name to an era. He published The Adventures of Tom Sawyer in _________, and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn in ___________.

1876, 1884

The first restrictive federal immigration statute was passed in _________, barring paupers, criminals, and convicts. Congress further responded to pained outcries from organized labor when in 1885 it prohibited the importation of foreign workers under contract—usually for substandard wages.

1882

In 1820 the first American missioaries to Hawaii arrived. Americans gradually came to regard the Hawaiian Islands as a virtual extension of their own coastline. In the 1840s the U.S. warned other powers to respect Hawaiian autonomy and American interests there. The U.S.'s hold on Hawaii was further tightened in 1875 by a commercial reciprocity agreement and in _________ by a treaty with the native government guaranteeing priceless naval-base rights at spacious _________________.

1887, Pearl Harbor

When was Cleveland elected?

1892

The "closing" of the frontier inspired one of the most influential essays ever written about American history—Frederick Jackson Turner's "The Significance of the Frontier in American History" in _________.

1893

The McKinley Tariff created a spike in American sugar prices, which created an incentive for American sugar interests in Hawaii to make Hawaii part of the U.S. (and thus avoid the high tariff rates on sugar.) In ________, a revolution successfully took place supported by American corporate interests, deposing __________________.

1893, Queen Liliuokalani

America's anti-British feeling, which periodically came to a head, flared ominously in ______________ over Venezuela.

1895-189

After the _________ presidential election, the future of presidential politics lay not on the farms, with their dwindling population, but in the mushrooming cities, with their growing hordes of freshly arriving immigrants.

1896

An outraged American public demanded action. Congress in _____ overwhelmingly passed a resolution that called upon President Cleveland to recognize the belligerency of the revolted Cubans.

1896

The Mormon Church formally and belatedly banned polygamy in 1890, but not until ___________ was Utah deemed worthy of admission.

1896

Prosperity, long lurking around the corner, began to return with a rush in __________, the first year of McKinley's term.

1897

The Filipino people were bitterly disappointed after the U.S. failed to grant independence to the Phiippines after the Spanish American War. Their bitterness finally erupted into open insurrection on February 4, ________, under Emilio Aguinaldo.

1899

In the summer of ________, Secretary of State John Hay dispatched to all the great powers a communication soon known as the _________ note. He urged them to announce that in their leaseholds or spheres of influence they would respect certain Chinese rights and the ideal of fair competition.

1899, Open Door

Statewide prohibition, which had made surprising gains in Maine and elsewhere before the Civil War, was sweeping new states into the "dry'' column. The great triumph—but only a temporary one—came in 1919, when the national prohibition amendment (________) was added to the Constitution.

18th

The residents of Hawaii were ____________ U.S. citizenship with annexation and received full territorial status in __________.

1900

In _________ McKinley was assiassinated, and Theodore Roosevelt became the youngest president at age _______.

1901, 42

The backbone of the Filipino insurrection was finally broken in ________, when American soldiers cleverly infiltrated a guerrilla camp and captured _____________. But sporadic fighting dragged on for many dreary months.

1901, Aguinaldo

Pursuant to the existing Teller Amendment, the United States withdrew from Cuba in _______.

1902

After the "Boomers" made their claims in 1889, Oklahoma boasted 60,000 inhabitants by the end of that year. Congress then made it a territory. In _________ it became the "___________ State."

1907, Sooner

The probationary period under the Dawes Act of 1887 was later extended, but full citizenship was granted to all Indians in _________.

1924

The Philippines did not receive its independence from the U.S. until July 4th, ___________.

1946

The moralistic Wilson also signed the Jones Act in 1916. It granted to the Philippines the territorial status and promised independence as soon as a "stable government" could be established. The Philippines finally gained independence on July 4, ________.

1946

The terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 were that the U.S. would received Guam, Puerto Rico, and a sphere of interest in Cuba. It was agreed that because Manila had fallen on the day following the armistice, the U.S. would pay $______ million dollars to keep the Philippines.

20

About __________ percent of the nearly 20 million people who arrived between 1820 and 1900 were "birds of passage'' who eventually returned to their country of origin.

25

China was assessed an excessive indemnity of $___ million, of which America's share was to be $24.5 million. When Washington discovered that this sum was much more than enough to pay damages and expenses, it remitted about $18 million. The Beijing government, appreciating this gesture of goodwill, set aside the money to educate a selected group of Chinese students in the U.S.

333

In February 1894 the gold reserve sank to a dismaying $_____ million. The United States was now in grave danger of going off the gold standard—a move that would render the nation's currency volatile and unreliable.

41

By the first decade of the twentieth century, the "New" immigrants constituted _________ percent of the total inflow. They often lived together in cities like New York and Chicago, where the "Little Italys'' and "Little Polands" soon had more inhabitants than many of the largest cities of the same nationality in the Old World.

66

The _______________ of 1916 established an eight-hour day for all employees on trains in interstate commerce, with extra pay for overtime.

Adamson Act

The development of a new steel navy also focused attention overseas. Captain ______________________ 's book of 1890, The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783, argued that control of the sea was the key to world dominance.

Alfred Thayer Mahan

The _______________________, which was created in ________ and soon claimed a million members. In pursuing its nativist goals, the APA urged voting against Roman Catholic candidates for office.

American Protective Association , 1887

A multinational rescue force of some eighteen thousand soldiers, including twenty-five hundred_______________, arrived in the nick of time and quelled the rebellion.

Americans

"Nativists'' viewed the eastern and southern Europeans as culturally and religiously different and often treated them unwelcomingly. Their high birthrate, common among people with a low standard of living and sufficient youth and vigor to pull up stakes, raised worries that the original _____________ stock would soon be outbred and outvoted.

Anglo-Saxon

As part of a conservative backlash to the sort of liberality that Woodhull and her sister represented, __________________ helped to bring about a federal anti-pornography statute which became known as the ______________ law.

Anthony Comstock, Comstock

The British liner, the __________, was sunk in August 1915, with the loss of two American lives. In the wake of same, Germany reluctantly agreed not to sink unarmed and unresisting passenger ships without warning. This pledge appeared to be violated in March 1916, when the Germans torpedoed a French passenger steamer, the ___________.

Arabic, Sussex

The exagerations that were part of "yellow journalism," motivated by the desire to sell papers, were mitigated somewhat by the introduction of syndicated material and by the strengthening of the news-gathering ________________, which had been founded in 1846.

Associated Press

Probably the most gifted sculptor yet produced by America was ____________________ (1848- 1907).

Augustus Saint-Gaudens

The secret _______________ ballot was likewise being introduced more widely in the states to counteract boss rule. Bribery was less feasible when bribers could not tell if they were getting their money's worth from the bribed.

Australian

The circus—high-tented and multiringed— finally emerged full-blown. Phineas T. Barnum, the master showman who had early discovered that "the public likes to be humbugged,'' joined hands with James A. _________ in ________ to stage the "Greatest Show on Earth.''

Bailey, 1881

_______________, already widely played before the Civil War, was clearly emerging as the national pastime, if not a national mania. A league of professional players was formed in the 1870s, and in 1888 an all-star baseball team toured the world.

Baseball

____________________ invented the telephone in 1876, and _____________ invented the incandescent light bulb in 1979.

Bell, Edison

Edward _________________, was another journalist-reformer of remarkable power. In 1888 he published a socialistic novel, Looking _____________, in which the hero, falling into a hypnotic sleep, awakens in the year 2000. He finds that the social and economic injustices of 1887 have melted away under an idyllic government, which has nationalized big business to serve the public interest.

Bellamy, Backward

The outpouring of silver and gold enabled the Treasury to resume specie payments in 1879 and injected the silver issue into American politics. "Silver Senators," representing the thinly peopled "acreage states" of the West, used their disproportionate influence to promote the interests of the silver miners. Finally, the mining frontier added to American folklore and literature, as the writings of _____________ (who wrote about the California Gold Rush) and Mark Twain so colorfully attest.)

Bert Harte

Another author who wrote out of the West was ____________ (1836-1902). He wrote about the California gold rush, with stories such as The Luck of Roaring Camp' and The Outcasts of Poker Flat.

Berte Harte

In the 1850s, Henry ______________ and William ______________ developed a process by which molten steel was quickly cooled, driving out carbon impurities, prodcing a better grade of steel that was lighter, cheaper, and less expensive to make.

Bessemer, Kelly

Moody contributed powerfully to adapting the oldtime religion to the facts of city life. The Moody_______________ founded in Chicago in 1889 continued to carry on his work after his death in 1899.

Bible Institute

As secretary of state, first in the Garfield administration and later in the Harrison administration, James G. Blaine pushed his "_______________" policy. It aimed to rally the Latin American nations behind Uncle Sam's leadership and to open Latin American markets to Yankee traders.

Big Sister

In the Gilded Age, the farm was attaining the status of a factory— an outdoor grain factory. _______________ wheat farms of the Minnesota-North Dakota area, for example, were enormous.

Bonanza

A champion of black education and himself an ex-slave, ____________________ had slept under a board sidewalk to save pennies for his schooling. In 1881 he founded the black normal and industrial school at Tuskegee, _____________.

Booker T. Washington, Alabama

__________ continued to be a major source of edification and enjoyment, for both juveniles and adults. Bestsellers of the 1880s were generally old favorites like David Copperfield and Ivanhoe.

Books

In 1900 a superpatriotic group in China known as the "__________" broke loose with the cry, "Kill Foreign Devils." Over two hundred missionaries and other ill-fated whites were murdered, and a number of foreign diplomats were besieged in the capital, Beijing (Peking).

Boxers

In 1866 a Sioux war party attempting to block construction of the _______________ to the Montana goldfields ambushed Captain William J. Fetterman's command of eighty-one soldiers and civilians in Wyoming's Bighorn Mountains.

Bozeman Trail

At the outset of WWI, the American economy was in a recession, but war orders from Britain and France brought prosperity to our domestic economy while the U.S. was a declared neutral. The Atlantic sea-lanes at this time were controlled by _____________.

Britain

Most of the trans-Atlantic commucation sea cables at this time were controlled by__________________.

Britain

Though _____________ continued to draw closer as a friend to the U.S., America's German rival was envious, and Latin American neighbors were deeply suspicious of Yankee greed.

Britain

For more than a half-century, the jungle boundary between _________________ and Venezuela had been in dispute. The Venezuelans, whose claims on the whole were extravagant, had repeatedly urged arbitration. But the prospect of a peaceful settlement faded when gold was discovered in the contested area.

British Guiana

An example of the awesome use of steel was New York's ____________ Bridge, a harp-like suspension span dedicated in _________, further adding the seductive glamour of the gleaming cities. But jobs remained the biggest draw of population into the cities.

Brooklyn, 1883

Despite _____________ strength in the South and West during 1896, the results vividly demonstrated his lack of appeal to the unmortgaged farmer and especially to the eastern urban laborer.

Bryan's

The outcome of the 1896 presidential election was a resounding victory for big business, the big cities, middle-class values, and financial conservatism. _____________ defeat marked the last serious effort to win the White House with mostly agrarian votes

Bryan's

The Republicans charged that "_______________," not imperialism, was the paramount issue. By this accusation they meant that Bryan would rock the boat of prosperity once he got into office with his free-silver lunacy and other dangerous ideas.

Bryanism

Colorful "Wild West'' shows, first performed in 1883, were even more distinctively American. Headed by William F. ("_____________'') Cody, the troupe included war-whooping Indians, live buffalo, and deadeye marksmen.

Buffalo Bill

One-fifth of the U.S. Army troops on the frontier were African American, and were called _______________ by Indians.

Buffalo Soldiers

________________ believed that the wealthy, entrusted with society's riches, had to prove themselves morally responsible according to a "Gospel of Wealth" (which he authored.)

Carnegie

The Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) was organized in 1874. "Kansas Cyclone,'' ________________, with her hatchet, boldly smashed saloon bottles and bars, and her "hatchetations'' brought considerable disrepute to the prohibition movement because of the violence of her one-woman crusade.

Carrie A. Nation

By 1900 a new generation of women had taken command of the suffrage battle. Their most effective leader was _________________, a pragmatic and businesslike reformer of relentless dedication.

Carrie Chapman Catt

Immigration in the 1880s and 1890s brought vast new strength to the private ________ parochial schools, which were fast becoming a major pillar of the nation's educational structure.

Catholic

The west to east link of the Transcontinental Railroad was built by the ________________ Railroad, commencing construction in __________________.

Central Pacific, Sacramento

Most defenders of wideopen capitalism relied more heavily on the survivalof-the-fittest theories of ________________. "The millionaires are a product of natural selection," concluded Yale Professor and Social Darwinist William Graham Sumner.

Charles Darwin

On the Origin of Species, a highly controversial volume published in 1859, by ________________, set forth in lucid form the sensational theory that humans had slowly evolved from lower forms of life—a theory that was soon summarized to mean "the survival of the fittest.''

Charles Darwin

_________________, the reformist Republican governor of New York, had earlier gained national fame as an investigator of malpractices by gas and insurance companies and by the coal trust.

Charles Evans Hughes

In 1898, ____________________ published Women and Economics, a classic of feminist literature. She called on women to abandon their dependent status and contribute to the larger life of the community through productive involvement in the economy,

Charlotte Perkins Gilman

__________________ advocated centralized nurseries and cooperative kitchens to facilitate women's participation in the work force—anticipating by more than half fifty years the day-care centers and convenience-food services that would occur in the future.

Charlotte Perkins Gilman

The ________________ movement, a successor to the lyceums, was launched in 1874. The organizers achieved gratifying success through nationwide public lectures, often held in tents and featuring well-known speakers, including the witty Mark Twain. In addition, there were extensive courses of home study, for which 100,000 people enrolled in 1892 alone.

Chautauqua

The first American settlement house was established in ____________ in 1889. It was established by _____________. It offered instruction in English, counseling to help newcomers cope with American big-city life, childcare services for working mothers, and cultural activities for neighborhood residents.

Chicago, Jane Addams

"Our chiefs are killed. . . . The old men are all dead. . . . The little children are freezing to death. . . . I want to have time to look for my children. . . . Hear me, my chiefs. My heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands I will fight no more forever." These very sad, powerful words were spoken by __________________.

Chief Joseph

One band of Nez Percé Indians in northeastern Oregon were goaded into daring flight in 1877, when U.S. authorities tried to herd them onto a reservation. _____________________ finally surrendered his breakaway band of some seven hundred Indians after a tortuous, seventeen-hundred-mile, three month trek across the Continental Divide toward Canada.

Chief Joseph

In 1921 Taft became ___________________ —a job for which he was far more happily suited than the presidency.

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

In 1882, in addition to the first federal restrictions on immigration, Congresss passed a complete bar directed at one ethnic group—the __________.

Chinese

The Central Pacific, which was granted the same large subsidies as the Union Pacific, had the same incentive to haste. Some ten thousand _______________ laborers, working in difficult conditions, proved to be cheap, efficient, and expendable (hundreds lost their lives in premature explosions and other mishaps). The towering Sierra Nevada presented a formidable barrier.

Chinese

__________ life also fostered the growth of women's organizations, including the General Federation of Women's Clubs, which counted some 200,000 members in 1900.

City

The American Red Cross was launched in 1881 with the dynamic, five-foot-tall _____________, an "angel'' of Civil War battlefields, at the helm.

Clara Barton

Wilson was able to further reign-in the monopolies with the passage of the __________________ of 1914. It lengthened the list of business practices that were deemed objectionable under the Sherman Act, including price discrimination and interlocking directorates (whereby the same individuals served as directors of supposedly competing firms).

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

The Spanish American War and its outcome made clear the American necessity of a trans-isthmian canal. But the terms of the ______________ Treaty (1850) prohibited both the U.S. and Great Britain from ulilateral construction of a trans-isthmian canal.

Clayton-Bulwer

____________________ was elected president in 1892 - the only president ever reelected after defeat, and the only president to serve non-consecutive terms.

Cleveland

Muckraking attacks also took place against the abundance of less than legitimate patent medicines. These attacks took place notably in_________ were ably reinforced by Dr. Harvey W. Wiley, chief chemist of the Department of Agriculture, who with his famous "Poison Squad" performed experiments on himself.

Collier's

___________________ was admitted to the Union in 1876 as "the Centennial State," thanks to the earlier spike in population due to the Pike's Peak gold rush.

Colorado

In the 1880s a separate _______________________ emerged to attract black farmers, and by 1890 membership numbered more than 250,000.

Colored Farmers' National Alliance

The more than one million southern black farmers organized in the __________________ shared a host of complaints with poor white farmers, and for a time their common economic goals promised to overcome their racial differences.

Colored Farmers' National Alliance

In 1902 Congress approved the Panama route for the canal. The focus then became _______________, within which was located the province of Panama.

Columbia

The welding together of the western rail lines with the older eastern rail network was orchestrated largely by ________________ of the New York Central Railroad. He also established an excellent university in his own name in Tennessee.

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Insiders of the _______________ construction company reaped fabulous profits. They pocketed $73 million for some $50 million worth of breakneck construction, while bribing congressmen to look the other way.

Crédit Mobilier

In 1906 U.S. Marines were landed in _____________ to put down disorder. These police forces were withdrawn temporarily in 1909.

Cuba

As time wore on, an increasing number of liberal thinkers were able to reconcile _____________ with Christianity. They heralded the revolutionary theory as a newer and grander revelation of the ways of the Almighty.

Darwinism

One of America's most gifted poets, ________________ work was discovered after her death in 1886. Her writing reflected a solitary, pensive, and somewhat bleak existance.

Emily Dickinson

McKinley shepherded the ___________ Tariff (1897) which was pushed through the House by "Czar" Reed (he's back!) This tarif greatly ___________ rates from the Wilson-Gorman Tariff.

Dingley, increased

General Leonard Wood wrought miracles in government, finance, education, agriculture, and public health in U.S. occupied Cuba. Under his leadership a frontal attack was launched on yellow fever. Spectacular experiments were performed by _______________ and others upon American soldiers, who volunteered as human guinea pigs. A cleanup of breeding places for mosquitoes wiped out _______________in Havana, while removing the recurrent fear of epidemics in cities of the South and Atlantic seaboard.

Dr. Walter Reed, yellow fever

James Buchanan ______________ took full advantage of new technology to roll and mass-produce cigarettes. In 1890, in what was becoming a familiar pattern, he absorbed his main competitors into the American Tobacco Company.

Duke

The already explosive situation between the U.S. and Spain over Cuba suddenly grew acute on February 9, 1898, when Hearst sensationally headlined a private letter written by the Spanish minister in Washington, _________________. The letter was stolen from the mails, and described President McKinley as an ear-to-the- ground politician who lacked good faith.

Dupuy de Lôme

In the wake of the sinking of the Lusitania, the ________ section of the U.S. seethed with talk of fighting, but the rest of the country showed a strong distaste for hostilities.

Eastern

____________________ would ultimately be the ticket, Washington believed, to black political and civil rights.

Economic independence

Increased respect for the American navy and steel ships was also a byproduct of the Spanish American war. ____________ took over the reins at the War Department and established a general staff and founded the War College in Washington. His genius later paid dividends when the United States found itself involved in WWI.

Elihu Root

Long-awaited American troops, finally arriving in force, captured Manila on August 13, 1898. They collaborated with the Filipino insurgents, commanded by their well-educated, part-Chinese leader, __________________. Dewey, to his later regret, had brought this shrewd and magnetic revolutionary from exile in Asia, so that he might weaken Spanish resistance.

Emilio Aguinaldo

The Pullman strike of 1894 was fomented by ______________, a charismatic labor leader who had helped organize the American Railway Union of about 150,000 members.

Eugene V. Debs

The United States suffered a black eye as a result of Roosevelt's "cowboy diplomacy." ___________ imperialists, who were old hands at this sort of thing, could now raise their eyebrows in scorn at America's superior moral pretensions—and they did.

European

Thomas W. Lawson, an erratic speculator who had himself made $50 million on the stock market, laid bare the practices of his accomplices in "Frenzied Finance." This series of articles, appearing in 1905-1906, rocketed the circulation of _______________.

Everybody's

The A.F. of L. died out as a result of the Panic of 1893.

FALSE

Spain's navy was its strongest military weapon at the time, as all of their war ships were fast-moving steel curisers, destroyers, and battleships.

FALSE D:

After the Supreme Court's decision in the Wabash case, the influnence of the Grangers _____________.

Faded

At the outset of World War I, the great majority of Americans wanted to join the war.

False

Federal Indian agents dealt with the Indians in a uniformly fair and just manner.

False

Kelly's first objective and first plan as leader of the Grange was to create a militant political movement only.

False

Morgan's bailout of the federal government did nothing to restore confidence in the American economy, and the gold supply continued to drop dramatically.

False

Southern textile mill workers generally were paid more than their northern counterparts. Southern children were generally not permitted to perform "child labor" in Southern textile mills.

False

A striking manifestation of rural discontent came through the _________________ founded in Texas in the late 1870s (see p. 521). Farmers came together in this group to socialize, but more importantly to break the strangling grip of the railroads and manufacturers through cooperative buying and selling.

Farmers' Alliance

Ominously for conservatives, the new Congress also included nine members of the _______________, a militant organization of southern and western farmers.

Farmers' Alliance

The __________________ of 1916 made credit available to farmers at low rates of interest—as long demanded by the Populists.

Federal Farm Loan Act

In 1913 Wilson was able to obtain legislation for a decentralized national banking system in the form of the ____________________.

Federal Reserve Act

Like he had done when assailing to the first two components of the "Triple Wall" (the tariff and the banks,) Wilson went to Congress for relief against the tursts. Congress responded with the __________________________. It empowered a presidentially appointed commission to police industries engaged in interstate commerce, such as the meatpackers. The commissioners were expected to root out unfair trade practices, including unlawful competition, false advertising, mislabeling, adulteration, and bribery.

Federal Trade Commission Act

The _____________ massacre led to one of the few— though short-lived—Indian triumphs in the plains wars. In another Treaty of Fort Laramie, signed in 1868, the government abandoned the Bozeman Trail.

Fetterman

Huge department stores such as Macy's in New York and Marshall ________ in ______________ attracted urban middle-class shoppers and provided urban working-class jobs, many of them for women. These department stores heralded a dawning era of consumerism and accentuated widening class divisions.

Field's, Chicago

Settlement houses became centers of women's activism and of social reform. The women of Hull House successfully lobbied in 1893 for an Illinois anti sweatshop law that protected women workers and prohibited child labor. They were led in this case by _____________.

Florence Kelly

By the _____________ of 1900, Congress accorded the Puerto Ricans a limited degree of popular government and, in _________, granted them U.S. citizenship.

Foraker Act, 1917

By the end of the nineteenth century, __________ out of ten Americans were city dwellers. (But it would not be until 1920 that the majority of Americans were living in cities.)

Four

Though Wilson refused to directly intervene to stop the bloodshed danger to American life and property in Mexico, he refused to recognize the murderous government of "that brute" Huerta. In 1914 he allowed American arms to flow to Huerta's principal rivals, Venustiano Carranza and the firebrand ________________________.

Francisco ("Pancho") Villa

The Republicans' campaign slogan in 1896 became "McKinley and the _______________."

Full Dinner Pail

During the Mexican Revolution in 1913, the ruling revolutionary leader was murdered, and ________________ was installed as president of Mexico.

General Victoriano Huerta

Responding to the international crisis caused by San Francisco's segregation of the Asian students, Roosevelt invited the entire San Francisco Board of Education to the White House in an attempt to negotiate a solution. The Californians were induced to repeal the offensive school order and to accept what came to be known as the "____________________."

Gentlemen's Agreement

____________________, the buckskin-clad "boy general" of Civil War fame, now demoted to colonel and turned Indian fighter, wrote that Fetterman's annihilation "awakened a bitter feeling toward the savage perpetrators." The cycle of ferocious warfare intensified.

George Armstrong Custer

On February 25, 1898, while Sec. Long was away for a weekend, Roosevelt had cabled Commodore ______________, commanding the American Asiatic Squadron at Hong Kong, to descend upon Spain's Philippines in the event of war.

George Dewey

_____________________ taught and researched at Tuskegee. After he joined the faculty in 1896, he became an internationally famous agricultural chemist who provided a much-needed boost to the southern economy by discovering hundreds of new uses for the lowly peanut (shampoo, axle grease), sweet potato (vinegar), and soybean (paint).

George Washington Carve

Fierce Apache tribes of Arizona and New Mexico were the most difficult to subdue. Led by _________________, whose eyes blazed hatred of the whites, they were pursued into Mexico by federal troops. Scattered remnants of the warriors were finally persuaded to surrender after the Apache women had been exiled to Florida. The Apaches ultimately became successful farmers in _______________.

Geronimo, Oklahoma

When the "_____________" cult later spread to the Dakota Sioux, the army bloodily stamped it out in 1890 at the so-called Battle of Wounded Knee.

Ghost Dance, Wounded Knee

Probably no single group was more profoundly affected by the new industrial age than women. The new inventions of the typewriter and the telephone switchboard created opportunities for millions of women. The "______________ Girl," a magazine image of an independent and athletic "new woman" created in the 1890s by the artist Charles Dana Gibson, became the romantic ideal of the age.

Gibson

The construction of the Panama Canal took place between 1900-1914, cost about $400 million, and stands as one of the great engineering feets. The organization of the project was perfected under an energetic but autocratic West Point engineer, Colonel George Washington ______________. The myriad of sanitation issues were addressed by Colonel William C. ____________.

Goethals, Gorgas

Democratic "______________," unable to swallow Bryan, bolted their party over the silver issue. The Democratic minority, including Cleveland, charged that the Populist silverites had stolen both the name and the clothes of their party. They nominated a lost-cause ticket of their own, and many of them, including Cleveland, not too secretly hoped for a McKinley victory.

Gold Bugs

With the return of prosperity, the money issue that had overshadowed politics since the Civil War gradually faded away. The __________________ of 1900, passed over last-ditch silverite opposition, provided that the paper currency be redeemed freely in gold.

Gold Standard Act

At the 1900 Republican Convention, a frantic Hanna reportedly moaned that there would be only one heartbeat between that wild-eyed "madman"—"that damned cowboy"—and the presidency of the United States. He was referring to _____________________.

Gov. Theodore Roosevelt

All of the transcontinental railroad builders received generous grants of land except the _________________.

Great Nothern

The British inaugurated an era of "patting the eagle's head," which replaced a century or so of America's "twisting the lion's tail." Sometimes called the ________________________—or reconciliation—between the United States and Britain, the new Anglo-American cordiality became a cornerstone of both nations' foreign policies as the twentieth century opened. Spurning the Hawaiian

Great Reproachment

During the Gilded Age farmers never attained the level of unity or consolidation that other big business and labor achieved. But they did achieve a political voice and created an uprising. Agrarian unrest had flared forth earlier, in the _________________ movement shortly after the Civil War.

Greenback

As their presidential candidate in the 1892 presidential election, the Populists nominated the eloquent old _________________, General ______________. .

Greenbacker, James B. Weaver

The Platt Amendment required that Cuba not to impair its independence by treaty or by contracting a debt beyond its resources. It further required that the United States might intervene in Cuban affairs with troops to restore order and to provide mutual protection. Finally, the Cubans promised to sell or lease needed coaling or naval stations, ultimately two and then only one (___________________), to the U.S.

Guantanamo

The United States still occupies ________________ under an agreement that can be revoked only with the consent of both Cuba and the U.S.

Guantanomo

In 1916 Wilson sent marines into _______ to protect American lives and interests.

Haiti

The king of dime novelists was ______________, who made a fortune by writing about 650 novels, often one in a day.

Harlan F. Halsey

The _____________________, extending the Morrill Act, provided federal funds for the establishment of agricultural experiment stations in connection with the land-grant colleges.

Hatch Act of 1887

Three days after the uprising, Roosevelt granted diplomatic recognition of the new, independent state of Panama. Fifteen days later, Bunau Varilla, who was now the Panamanian minister despite his French citizenship, signed the __________________ treaty in Washington. The price of the canal strip was left the same, but the zone was widened from six to ten miles.

Hay- Bunau-Varilla

Britain, bogged down with the Boer War in South Africa, released the U.S. from its obligations under the Calyton-Bulwer Treaty of 1850, through the _______________ Treaty of 1901. This treaty also gave the U.S. the right to fortify such a canal.

Hay-Pauncefote

The aftermath of the _________________ incident in 1886, along with the defection of many skilled workers, helped to bring about the end of the Knights of Labor.

Haymarket Square

Wilson based his 1916 presidential campaign around the slogan "______________________."

He Kept Us Out of War.

At Abilene - one of the famous railheads, order was maintained by Marshal James B. ("Wild Bill") _____________, a fabulous gunman who reputedly killed only in self-defense or in the line of duty and who was fatally shot in the back in 1876, while playing poker.

Hickok

Other states marched steadily toward the progressive camp, as they undertook to regulate railroads and trusts, chiefly through public utilities commissions. Oregon was not far behind Wisconsin, and California made giant bootstrides under the stocky _______________. Elected Republican governor in 1910, this dynamic prosecutor of grafters helped break the dominant grip of the Southern Pacific Railroad on California politics.

Hiram W. Johnson

_________________ , a Puritan-reared New Englander, wrote more than a hundred volumes of juvenile fiction that sold over 100 million copies. His stock formula was that virtue, honesty, and industry are rewarded by success, wealth, and honor.

Horatio Alger

"______________ integration," which simply meant allying with competitors to monopolize a given market. This method of integration was used masterfully by Rockefeller through the mechanism of the trust.

Horizontal

________________in Washington, D.C., Hampton Institute in Virginia, Atlanta University, and numerous others nurtured higher education for blacks until the civil rights movement of the 1960s made attendance at white institutions possible.

Howard University

In the 1916 election _____________ carried the East, but ____________ carried the Mid-West and the West and California, which made the difference in the election.

Hughes, Wilson

Journalist and teacher _________________ inspired black women to mount a nationwide antilynching crusade. She also helped launch the black women's club movement, which culminated in the establishment of the National Association of Colored Women in 1896.

Ida B. Wells

Steffens was followed in McClure's by _________________, a pioneering journalist who published a devastating but factual exposé of the Standard Oil Company.

Ida M. Tarbell

In 1889-1890 a Republican Congress, eagerly seeking more Republican electoral and congressional votes, admitted in a wholesale lot six new states: North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Washington, ____________, and Wyoming.

Idaho

The forced-assimilation doctrine of the Dawes Act remained the cornerstone of the government's official Indian policy for nearly half a century, until the _____________________.

Indian Reorganization Act of 1934

Beginning in 1901 with the ____________, a badly divided Supreme Court held in effect, that the flag did not follow the Constitution in that indigenous poeples in areas conquered by the U.S. are not guranteed the same range of rights as U.S. citizens.

Insular Cases

The ________________ was passed in 1887. It prohibited rebates and pools and required the railroads to publish their rates openly.

Interstate Commerce

The _______________________________ tended to stabilize, not revolutionize, the existing business system.

Interstate Commerce Act

The Interstate Commerce Act prohibited rebates and pools and required the railroads to publish their rates. It also forbade unfair discrimination against shippers and outlawed charging more for a short haul than for a long one over the same line. Most important, it set up the _________________________ to administer and enforce the new legislation.

Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)

"Then drill, my Paddies, drill; Drill, my heroes, drill; Drill all day, No sugar in your tay [tea] Workin' on the U.P. Railway." The reference to "Paddies" in the above passage, as they worked building the Union Pacific link of the Transcontinental Railroad, was a reference to ___________ workers, many of whom had fought for the Union in the Civil War.

Irish

Female activists agitated through organizations like the Women's Trade Union League and the National Consumers League, as well as through two new federal agencies, the Children's Bureau (1912) and the Women's Bureau (1920), both in the Department of ______________.

Labor

Attitudes toward labor had begun to change perceptibly by 1900. The public was beginning to concede the right of workers to organize, to bargain collectively, and to strike. As a sign of the times, ____________ was made a legal holiday by act of Congress in 1894.

Labor Day, 1894

The federal government tried to pacify the Plains Indians by signing treaties with the "chiefs" of various "tribes" at Fort ___________ in 1851 and at Fort ____________ in 1853.

Laramie, Atkinson

The queen of the Populist "calamity howlers" was Mary Elizabeth ("Mary Yellin'") ___________, a tall, athletic woman known as the "Kansas Pythoness." She reportedly demanded that Kansans should raise "less corn and more __________."

Lease, hell

He enjoyed dramatic success, both as governor and as president, in appealing over the heads of ______________ to the sovereign people.

Legislators

___________________ wrote Ben Hur: A Tale of the Christ (1880) which became a great success, The anti-Darwinists found in it support for the Holy Scriptures.

Lew Wallace

Women founded settlement houses in other cities as well. Conspicuous among the houses was ______________'s ________________ Settlement in New York, which opened its doors in 1893.

Lillian Wald, Henry Street

In 1902 a brilliant New York reporter, _________________, launched a series of articles in McClure's titled "The Shame of the Cities." He fearlessly unmasked the corrupt alliance between big business and municipal government.

Lincoln Steffens

The ____________ was invented in 1885, helping to make print journalism big business in the Gilded Age.

Linotype

Custer's Seventh Cavalry set out to suppress the Indians and to return them to the reservation. Attacking what turned out to be a superior force of some 2,500 well-armed warriors camped along the ___________________ River in present-day Montana Custer and his men were wiped out.

Little Bighorn

In 1905, the Supreme Court in _________________, invalidated a New York law establishing a ten-hour day for bakers. Yet the reformist progressive wave finally impacted the judiciary, and in 1917 the Court upheld a ten-hour law for factory workers.

Lochner v. New York

The railroad made the ______________, and the railroad unmade the __________________, primarily because the locomotives ran both ways. The same rails that bore the cattle from the open range to the kitchen range brought out the homesteader and the sheepherder.

Long Drive

In the congressional elections of 1890, the Republicans _______________ mostly as a result of discontent over ________________.

Lost control of the House, the McKinley Tariff

In the Supreme Court holding in Muller v. Oregon (1908), crusading attorney _________________ persuaded the Supreme Court to accept the constitutionality of laws protecting women workers by presenting evidence of the harmful effects of factory labor on women's weaker bodies.

Louis D. Brandeis

Wilson's position on the banks was influnced by attorney ___________________, who wrote the scholarly book Other People's Money and How the Bankers Use It (1914) - he would later become the first Jewish member of the Supreme Court.

Louis D. Brandeis

In 1916, Wilson nominated ______________ to become an associate justice of the Supreme Court, and the first Jewish member of the Court. Under the Southerner Wilson, racial segregation in the federal bureauacracy ________________.

Louis D. Brandeis, accelerated and expanded

New scientific gains were reflected in improved public health. Revolutionary discoveries abroad, such as those of the French scientist _______________ and the English physician Joseph Lister, left their imprint on America.

Louis Pasteur

In the first months of 1915, German U-boals sank about ninety ships in the war zone (the zone around the British Isles.) Then the submarine issue became acute when the British passenger liner ______________ was torpedoed and sank off the coast of Ireland on May 7, 1915, with the loss of 1,198 lives, including 128 Americans

Lusitania

The ___________ was carrying forty-two hundred cases of small-arms ammunition, a fact the Germans used to justify the sinking.

Lusitania

La Follette reigned in the lumber and railroad trusts in Wisconsin. He also perfected a scheme for regulating public utilities, while laboring in close association with experts on the faculty of the state university at ____________. His model for using the brainpower and knowledge from the university became a model known as the "Wisconsin idea."

Madison

Early in 1898 the U.S. sent the battleship ____________ to Cuba, ostensibly for a "friendly visit" but actually to protect and evacuate Americans if a dangerous flare-up should again occur.

Maine

In regard to what the U.S. should do with the Philippines, ______________ said, in support of U.S. retaining the Philippines, the following: "If this be commercialism, then "for God's sake let us have commercialism."

Mark Hanna

The Church of Christ, Scientist (Christian Science), founded by ___________________ in 1879, after she had suffered much ill health. She preached that the true practice of Christianity heals sickness.

Mary Baker Eddy

Hanna's campaign methods of fear and big money paid off. On election day in 1896 _________________ triumphed decisively.

McKinley

In 1899 President ___________ appointed the Philippine Commission to make appropriate recommendations regarding what to do with the Philippines.

McKinley

The amazing natural resources of the nation were now about to be fully exploited, including coal, oil, and iron. For example, the Minnesota-Lake Superior region, which had yielded some iron ore by the 1850s, contributed the rich deposits of the ____________ Range by the 1890s. (Thank you Webster-Ashburton Treaty of _________!)

Mesabi, 1842

Villa emerged as Carranza's chief rival and opponent. Villa's men ruthlessly hauled sixteen young American mining engineers off a train traveling through northern Mexico in January 1916 and killed them. A month later Villa and his followers, hoping to provoke a war between Wilson and Carranza, blazed across the border into __________________, and murdered another nineteen Americans.

Mexico

By 1900 the Senate had so many rich men that it was often sneered at as the "_________________' Club." Progressive reformers sought what became the ________ Amendment, ratified in 1913, providing for the direct election of U.S. Senators.

Millionaires, 17th

Evolution cast serious doubt on a literal interpretation of the Bible. The Conservatives, or "Fundamentalists,'' stood firmly on the Scripture as the inspired and infallible Word of God, and they condemned what they thought was the "bestial hypothesis'' of the Darwinians. The "____________'' parted company with the "Fundamentalists'' and flatly refused to accept the Bible in its entirety as either history or science.

Modernists

The U.S. had skated close to the thin ice of a terrible war, but the results on the whole were favorable. The prestige of the ________________ was immensely enhanced. Europe was irked by Cleveland's claim to domination in this hemisphere, but he had made his claim stick.

Monroe Doctrine

In rural areas, mail-order houses such as Sears and ___________________ increasingly displaced the rural "general store'' in the late nineteenth century.

Montgomery Ward

Proclaiming a gospel of kindness and forgiveness, Dwight Lyman ___________ was a modern urban circuit rider who took his message to countless American cities in the 1870s and 1880s.

Moody

The _______________ Act of 1862 established "Landgrant colleges,'' most of which became state universities.

Morrill Land Grant

Cleveland's agreement with Morgan to permit the federal bailout proved to make Cleveland ______________with his constituents in the Democratic party.

Much less popular

Clevelands actions in the creation of the Wilson Gorman Tariff of 1894 proved to make him ______________ with his Democratic Party constituents.

Much less popular

The Republicans nominated William McKinley from _________ for president in 1896. His campaign architect was ________________, also from that "swing state."

Ohio, Marcus Alonzo "Marc" Hanna

General John J. ("Black Jack"*) ______________, a veteran of the Cuban and Philippine campaigns, was ordered to break up Villa's force. His hastily organized force of several thousand mounted troops penetrated deep into rugged Mexico with surprising speed. They clashed with Carranza's forces and mauled the Villa's men but missed capturing Villa himself. As the threat of war with Germany loomed larger, the invading army was withdrawn in January 1917.

Pershing

Though some Americans favored the Nicaraguan route, the Panama route gained popularity when the New Panama Canal Company, through its agent ____________________, suddenly dropped the price of its holdings from $109 million to the fire-sale price of $40 million.

Philippe Bunau Varilla

At Andrew Carnegie's Homestead steel plant near Pittsburgh, company officials called in three hundred armed _________________ detectives in July, 1892 to crush a strike by steelworkers angry over pay cuts.

Pinkerton

One of the impediments to industrialization in the "New South" were discriminatory pricing systems imposed by railroad interests. A good example of these discriminatory practices can be found in the "________________ plus" pricing system for hauling steel by railroad.

Pittsburgh

But the Cubans were forced by Congress to write into their own constitution of 1901 the so-called _______________.

Platt Amendment

In 1892 the newly formed People's Party, or "______________," burst upon the scene. Rooted in the Farmers' Alliance of frustrated farmers in the great agricultural belts of the West and South, they met in Omaha and adopted a scorching platform that denounced "the prolific womb of governmental injustice."

Populists

Out of the Farmers' Alliances a new political party emerged in the early 1890s—the People's party. Better known as the _____________, these frustrated farmers attacked Wall Street and the "money trust."

Populists

Protestant ministers also started to become a source of aid to the urban poor. Noteworthy among them was Walter _________________, who in 1886 became pastor of a German Baptist church in New York City. Also conspicuous was Washington ________________, who took over a Congregational church in Columbus, Ohio, in 1882.

Rauschenbusch, Gladden

Some of the most effective fire of the muckrakers was directed at social evils. The list included the immoral "white slave" traffic in women, slums, and the appalling number of industrial accidents. The subjugation of America's 9 million blacks—of whom 90 percent still lived in the South and one-third were illiterate—was spotlighted in __________________'s Following the Color Line(1908).

Ray Stannard Baker

U.S. soldiers resorted to such extremes as the painful "water cure"—that is, forcing water down victims' throats until they yielded information or died. ________________________ were even established.

Reconcentration camps

The ________________ won the Congressional midterm elections in 1894 in a landslide.

Republicans

Missionaries inspired by books like __________________'s Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis, looked overseas for new souls to harvest.

Reverend Josiah Strong

Secreatry of State ______________ declared in effect that the British, by attempting to dominate Venezuela in this quarrel and acquire more territory, were flouting the Monroe Doctrine. London should therefore submit the dispute to arbitration.

Richard Olney

The "__________________," a part of the American army invading Cuba, was a colorful regiment of volunteers, short on discipline but long on dash, consisting largely of western cowboys and other hardy characters, with a sprinkling of ex-polo players and ex-convicts. Commanded by Colonel __________________, the group was organized principally by the glory-hungry Theodore Roosevelt, who had resigned from the Navy Department to serve as lieutenant colonel.

Rough Riders, Leonard Wood

___________________, the British poet laureate of imperialism, urged America down the slippery path: "Take up the White Man's burden— Ye dare not stoop to less— Nor call too loud on Freedom To cloak your weariness."

Rudyard Kipling

Africa, previously unexplored and mysterious, was partitioned by the Europeans in the 1880s in a pell-mell rush of colonial conquest. In the 1890s Japan, Germany, and ______________ all extorted concessions from the anemic Chinese Empire.

Russia

Other adaptations to the western environment were more successful. Tough strains of wheat, resistant to cold and drought, were imported from _____________ and blossomed into billowing yellow carpets.

Russia

______________, with covetous designs on China's Manchuria, politely declined. But John Hay artfully interpreted the _______________ refusal as an acceptance and proclaimed that the Open Door was in effect.

Russia, Russian

By 1890 Americans could choose from 150 religious denominations, two of them newcomers. One was the band-playing __________________, who arrived in the U.S. in 1879, making their appeal on street corners.

Salvation Army

The American Federation of Labor - A.F. of L. - was founded in 1886 by ________________.

Samuel Gompers

Brisk fighting broke out on July 1 at El Caney and _________________, up which Colonel Roosevelt and his horseless Rough Riders charged, with strong support from two crack black regiments. They suffered heavy casualties, but TR was exhilarated by the fighting.

San Juan Hill

At ___________________, Colorado, in 1864, Colonel J. M. Chivington's militia massacred in cold blood some four hundred Indians who apparently thought they had been promised immunity.

Sand Creek

In the Cuban theater, Spanish Admiral Cervera and his fleet found refuge in bottle-shaped _______________ harbor, Cuba, where he was blockaded by the much more powerful American fleet.

Santiago

In the summer of 1914, a _________ patriot killed the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary in Sarajevo. An outraged Vienna government, backed by Germany, forthwith presented a stern ultimatum to neighboring Serbia.

Serb

Theodore Dreiser's fictional heroine in _______________ (1900), escapes from rural life to city life in Chicago just before the turn of the century, as her values become victim to the superficiality of urban life.

Sister Carrie

Hordes of greedy gold-seekers swarmed into the Sioux lands. The aggrieved Sioux took to the warpath, inspired by the influential and wily ___________________.

Sitting Bull

As late as 1900, the _________ still produced a smaller percentage of the nation's manufactured goods than it had before the Civil War.

South

Wilson was born and raised in __________________, which could explain his failure to eliminate Jim Crow in federal employment and his strong belief in "self determination."

South

The sprawling "Great Sioux reservation" was guaranteed to the Sioux tribes. But in 1874 a new round of warfare with the Plains Indians began when Custer led a "scientific" expedition into the Black Hills of ________________ (part of the Sioux reservation) and announced that he had discovered gold.

South Dakota

In the absence of government aid to the immigrants in American cities, political machines such as the Democratic machine in New York City, ______________, led by _______________, provided assistance but with the expectation of political support in return.

Tammany Hall, Boss Tweed

In 1893 ________________ published Maggie: A Girl of the Streets, a brutal tale about a poor prostitute driven to suicide. He rose quickly to prominence with The Red Badge of Courage (1895), the stirring story of a bloodied young Civil War recruit under fire.

Stephen Crane

Appearing first as a ten-story building in Chicago in 1885, the skyscraper (which was invented by Louis ______________,) was made usable by the perfecting of the electric _______________. This architect believed in the principle of "form follows function.''

Sullivan, elevator

Evidencing the disrespect that even Christian missionaries displayed toward Indian culture, the federal government outlawed the _________________ in 1884.

Sun Dance

In 1916 the Republicans nominated __________________, a cold intellectual who had achieved a solid liberal record when he was governor of New York. The Republican platform condemned the Democratic tariff, assaults on the trusts, and Wilson's wishy-washiness in dealing with Mexico and Germany.

Supreme Court justice Charles Evans Hughes

In 1890 militant suffragists formed the National American Woman Suffrage Association. Its founders included aging pioneers like Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who had helped organize the first women's rights convention in 1848, and her long-time comrade __________________, radical Quaker who had flirted with jail by trying to cast a ballot in the 1872 presidential election.

Susan B. Anthony

In response to Wilson's Sussex ultimatum, Germany agreed not to sink passenger ships and merchant vessels without giving warning. But the Germans attached a long string to their ___________ pledge: the United States would have to persuade the Allies to modify what Berlin regarded as their illegal blockade.

Sussex

Rockefeller's lawyer invented the trust. Trusts emrged in other businesses besides oil - the sugar trust, the tobacco trust, the leather trust, and the harvester trust, which amalgamated some two hundred competitors, are other examples. The meat packing industry was led by _____________________, who became magnates in their own right.

Swift and Armour

In the 1916 presidential election season, the Progressives renominated Theodore Roosevelt, and __________________.

TR, despite his loathing of Wilson, refused to run and split the Republican party again.

In 1914 at the port of ________________, a small party of American sailors was arrested. The Mexicans promptly released the captives and apologized, but they refused the affronted American admiral's demand for a salute of twenty-one guns. Wilson then asked Congress for __________________.

Tampico, the authority to use force against Mexico

In response to McKinley's war request and message to Congress, Congress approved the war request and also passed the ________________, which proclaimed that when the United States had overthrown Spanish rule in Cuba, it would give the Cubans their freedom.

Teller Amendment

The head of the Knights was _________________. The Knights campaigned for a(n) __________ hour workday.

Terence V. Powderly, eight

The abuses of child labor were brought to light by John Spargo's __________________ (1906).

The Bitter Cry of the Children

Frank Norris (1870-1902), like London a Californian, wrote _____________ (1901), an earthy saga of the stranglehold of the railroad and corrupt politicians on California wheat ranchers. A sequel, The Pit (1903), dealt with the making and breaking of speculators on the Chicago wheat exchange.

The Octopus

David G. Phillips shocked an already startled nation by his series in Cosmopolitan titled "_____________________" (1906). He boldly charged that seventy-five of the ninety senators did not represent the people at all but the railroads and trusts.

The Treason of the Senate

_________________ assailed the new rich in his The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899), a savage attack on "predatory wealth" and "conspicuous consumption."

Thorstein Veblen

President Cleveland's intervention in the Pullman strike, his Morgan bailout deal, and especially his stubborn hard-money policies, all made him _______________ with his Democratic constituents.

Unpopular

Recognizing the crucial edge that black votes could give them in the South, Populist leaders like Georgia's _______________ reached out to the black community.

Tom Watson

European powers were drawn into war as a by-product of a system of secret alliances. On one side were arrayed the Central Powers: Germany and Austria-Hungary, and later ___________ and Bulgaria. On the other side were the Allies: principally France, Britain, and Russia, and later Japan and _________.

Turkey, Italy

Frederick Jackson _______________ asserted in the ____________ Thesis that "American history has been in a large degree the history of the colonization of the Great West."

Turner, Turner

__________ was a biting satirist, journalist, humorist, and foe of social injustice. Our text authors contend that he made his most enduring contribution in recapturing frontier realism and humor in the authentic American dialect.

Twain

The ___________________ Railroad built more track miles of the Transcontinental Railroad than the _______________ Railroad.

Union Pacific, Central Pacific

The ________________ Raliroad was commissioned to begin construction on the east to west leg of the Transcontinental Railroad, with construction to start in _______________.

Union Pacific, Omaha

Morgan moved rapidly to expand his new industrial empire. He took the Carnegie holdings, added others, "watered" the stock liberally, and in 1901 launched the enlarged _____________________, capitalized at $1.4 billion.

United States Steel Corporation

__________________ also participated in a new kind of religious-affiliated organization, the Young Men's and Women's Christian Associations. The YMCA and the YWCA, established in the United States before the Civil War, grew by leaps and bounds.

Urbanites

In the ugliest affair, American demands on Chile after the deaths of two American sailors in the port of ________________ in 1892 made hostilities between the two countries seem inevitable. The threat of attack by Chile's modern navy spread alarm on the Pacific Coast, until American power finally forced the Chileans to pay an indemnity.

Valparaiso

_________________ with its coarse jokes and graceful acrobats, continued to be immensely popular during the 1880s and 1890s, as were minstrel shows in the South, now performed by black singers and dancers rather than by blackfaced whites as in the North before the Civil War.

Vaudeville

An armed conflict was avoided by an offer of mediation from the ABC Powers—Argentina, Brazil, and Chile. Huerta's government collapsed in July 1914 under pressure from within and without. He was succeeded by his archrival, _______________, still fiercely resentful of Wilson's military meddling.

Venustiano Carranza

Before Congress could act, Wilson ordered the navy to seize the Mexican port of ____________. Huerta as well as Carranza hotly protested against Wilson's action.

Vera Cruz

In 1871 ________________proclaimed her belief in free love. She was a beautiful and eloquent divorcée, sometime stockbroker, and tireless feminist propagandist. Together with her sister, Tennessee Claflin, she published a far-out periodical.

Victoria Woodhull

The other major voice for black rights at this time was from _________________. He demanded immediate and complete equality for blacks, social as well as economic, and helped to found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.

W.E.B. DuBois

Many of these Granger laws met with judicial challenge and reversal in high level courts. Perhaps the most notable and devastating of these judicial decisions came in the holding in ________________ vs. Illinois (1886), in which the Supreme Court struck down an Illinois statute regulating railroads.

Wabash

Scattered state efforts were halted in 1886, when the Supreme Court handed down its decision in the _____________ case, holding that individual states had no power to regulate _______________ commerce.

Wabash, interstate

Revisions of Leaves of Grass by ______________ proved popular in the Gilded Age. The assassination of Lincoln inspired him to write two of the most moving poems in American literature, "O Captain! My Captain!'' and "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd.''

Walt Whitman

The Chicago firm of Aaron Montgomery ___________ sent out its first catalogue—a single sheet—in 1872. With profits that farmers were now making from typically a single cash crop, they would often purchase goods through mail order in this catalogue.

Ward

Under the new federal policies, American Indian population ______________.

Was rising

__________ disposal was an issue new to the urban age., as mountains of waste that urbanites generated further testified to a cultural shift away from the virtues of thrift to the conveniences of consumerism.

Waste

In the presidential election of 1880, the Greenbackers ran General James _______________, an old Granger who was a favorite of the Civil War veterans and who possessed a remarkable voice and bearing. He spoke to perhaps a half-million citizens in a hundred or so speeches but polled only 3 percent of the total popular vote.

Weaver

Many of the states, especially the more liberal ones in the ________, gradually extended the vote to women. But by 1910 nationwide female suffrage was still ten years away, as the 19th Amendment would be ratified in 1920.

West

The Transcontinental Railroad connected the ___________________ more firmly to the ___________ and facilitated a flourishing trade with Asia. It penetrated the arid barrier of the deserts, paving the way for the phenomenal growth of the Great West.

West Coast, Union

During the Gilded Age, we saw a shift from mostly "Old" immigration to mostly "New" immigration. Most of the "Old" immigrants came from Northern and ___________ Europe, while most of the "New" immigrants came from Southern and Eastern Europe, and ________.

Western, Asia

The _____________________ air brake, generally adopted in the 1870s, was a marvelous contribution to efficiency and safety. The ____________ Palace Cars, advertised as "gorgeous traveling hotels," were introduced on a considerable scale in the 1860s.

Westinghouse, Pullman

The arrival of Spanish General ("Butcher") _____________ in Cuba made Americans more upset with Spain. He undertook to crush the rebellion by herding many civilians into barbed-wire reconcentration camps, where they could not give assistance to the armed insurrectos. Lacking proper sanitation, these enclosures turned into deadly pestholes; the victims died like dogs.

Weyler

The Anti-Imperialist League was born to fight the McKinley administration's expansionist moves. The organization counted among its members some of the most prominent people in the U.S., including the presidents of Stanford and Harvard Universities, the philosopher ____________ James, and the novelist Mark Twain.

William

In 1871 ________________ became editor of Atlantic Monthly. He wrote about ordinary people and about contemporary and sometimes controversial social themes, such as divorce.

William Dean Howells

In the second year of the Commission's existence, McKinley appointed future president _________________ as Chairman of the Philippine Commission.

William H. Taft

One of America's most brilliant intellectuals, __________________ served for thirty-five years on the Harvard faculty. Through his numerous writings, he made a deep mark on many fields. His Principles of Psychology (1890) helped to establish the modern discipline of behavioral psychology.

William James

A young political superstar Senator from Nebraska emerged during the debates over the repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act. He was ________________, and he championed the cause of silver and farmers' interests.

William Jennings Bryan

The Democratic convention in 1896 rejected Cleveland, and nominated Populist ____________________ of Nebraska. Then only thirty-six years of age and known as "the Boy Orator of the Platte," he stepped confidently onto the platform before fifteen thousand people, and delivered his "Cross of Gold" speech.

William Jennings Bryan

Wilson responded to the sinking of the Lusitania with a series of increasingly strong notes directed to Germany. Even this measured approach was too much for Secretary of State ________________, who resigned rather than sign a protestation that might embroil the U.S. in the fighting.

William Jennings Bryan

The Democratic Party nominee in 1900 was ______________, who proclaimed that the central issue in the campaign was ________________.

William Jennings Bryan, imperialism

The proper order of finish in the 1912 presidential election was _______________.

Wilson, TR, Taft, Debs

Boston-born _________________ (1836-1910), was perhaps the greatest painter of the group. His work revealed rugged realism and boldness of conception. His paintings of the sea and of fishermen were masterly, and probably no American artist has surpassed him in portraying the awesome power of the ocean.

Winslow Homer

Federal workers were benefited by the new ________________________of 1916, granting assistance to federal civil-service employees during periods of disability.

Workingmen's Compensation Act

They won a kind of equality on the rough frontier that earned them the vote in ________________ (1869), Utah (1870), Colorado (1893), and Idaho (1896) long before their sisters in the East could cast a ballot.

Wyoming

The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine probably did more than any other single step to promote the "Bad Neighbor" policy begun in these years. As time wore on, the new corollary was used to justify wholesale interventions and repeated landings of the marines, all of which helped turn the Caribbean into a "_____________________."

Yankee lake

New Question The government set aside land for national parks—first ________________ in 1872, followed by ________________ and Sequoia in 1890.

Yellowstone, Yosemite

In 1890—a watershed date—the superintendent of the census announced that for the first time in America's experience, __________________.

a frontier line was no longer discernible.

With the chaos going on in Mexico, more than _____________ Spanish-speaking newcomers tramped across the southern border in the first thirty years of the twentieth century. Settling mostly in Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California, they built highways and railroads or worked as migrant farm workers. Though often segregated in Spanish-speaking enclaves, they helped to create a unique borderland culture that blended Mexican and American folkways.

a million

Bryan's "Cross of Gold" speech was _______________________.

a repudiation of the gold standard, and in support of silver.

At the end of the Civil War, there were approximately _____________ buffalo on the western plains. By 1885, there remained ________________.

about 15 million, fewer than a thousand

The Spanish commission investigating the explosion of the Maine stated that the explosion had been internal and presumably _____________; the American commission reported that the blast had been caused by a submarine mine.

accidental

War broke out between Russia and Japan in 1904 over continuing Russian presence in Manchuria. Tokyo officials approached Roosevelt in the deepest secrecy and asked him to help sponsor peace negotiations. Roosevelt _______________ this request.

agreed to

and Japan all accepted the Open Door, but subject to the condition that the others _________________________________.

agreed to it as well

Under the terms of the Gentlemen's Agreement, the Japanese ______________________.

agreed to stop the flow of laborers to the American mainland

Contributing causes of the Panic of 1893 were the overbuilding and speculation, labor disorders, and the ongoing _______________. Free-silver agitation had also damaged American credit abroad, and the usual pinch on American finances had come when European banking houses began to call in loans from the United States. Distress ran deep and far.

agricultural depression

A revolution in American ____________ fed the industrial and urban revolutions in Europe as well as in the United States.

agriculture

In the Gilded Age, the percentage of Americans working in _________ declined in relation to the percentage working in manufacturing.

agriculture

Most Americans were _____________ from the outset of World War I.

anti-German

Samuel Gompers and Andrew Carnegie were notable ______________.

anti-imperialists

But President Cleveland—an ________________ and anti-imperialist—refused to budge. He defiantly vowed that if Congress declared war, the commander in chief would not issue the necessary order to mobilize the army.

anti-jingoist

Some Americans feared that these New Immigrants would not—or could not—______________ to life in their new land, and they began asking if the nation had become a melting pot or a dumping ground.

assimilate

American fighting troops _________ in the Hawaiian revolution of 1893.

assisted

In 1870 the currency in circulation for each person was $19.42; in 1890 it was only $22.67. Yet during these twenty years, business and industrial activity, increasing manyfold, had intensified the scramble for ___________________.

available currency

When the fighting was finished, almost four hundred men had lost their lives to bullets, but over five thousand succumbed to _______________________________________

bacteria and other causes.

Roosevelt worried that his intercession between California and Japan might be interpreted in Tokyo as prompted by fear of the Japanese. Accordingly, he hit upon a dramatic scheme to impress the Japanese with the heft of his big stick. He daringly decided to send the entire _____________ fleet on a voyage around the world.

battleship

he Farmers' Alliance strengthened itself by reaching out to the landless tenant farmers, sharecroppers, and farmworkers, and forming a political bond with them. But the alliance did not welcome... _____________

black farmers in the South and West.

Many of the cowboys during the era of the American cowboy were _________- perhaps five thousand of them, enjoyed the newfound freedom of the open range.

blacks

One of the happiest results of the Spanish American was the further closing of the "________________" between North and South.

bloody chasm

An irate Wilson informed the Germans that unless they renounced the practice of sinking merchant ships without warning, he would _______________ —an almost certain prelude to war.

break diplomatic relations

The Homestead Strike and the union were ____________. That same month, federal troops bloodily smashed a strike among silver miners in Idaho's fabled Coeur d'Alene district.

broken

The voters in the 1900 election turned out to be much less concerned about imperialism than about "Four Years More of the Full Dinner Pail." When the smoke cleared, McKinley had won ________________.

by a much wider margin than he did in 1896.

The muckrakers sought not to overthrow ______________ but to cleanse it. The cure for the ills of American democracy, they earnestly believed, was more democracy.

capitalism

Some railroad companies induced Americans and European immigrants to buy the ______ lands earlier granted to the railroads by the government

cheap

The A.F. of L. engaged in "pure and simple" unionism, not seeking the broad sweeping social agenda sought by the Knights. Gompers had a "bread and butter" agenda of better wages, hours, and working conditions. A major goal of Gompers was the "trade agreement" authorizing the "____________ shop"—or all-union labor.

closed

The American Federation of Labor was _________ to African Americans and women, and was a union of mostly ______________ workers.

closed, skilled

In 1901 in the wake of a hurricane, Galveston Texas instituted the _________________ form of local government. The city manager form also emerged as a way to improve and clean up the executive function of city government. Some of these "reforms" obviously valued efficiency more highly than democracy, as control of civic affairs was further removed from the people's hands.

commission

In response to this crisis, Cleveland floated two Treasury bond issues in 1894, totaling over $100 million. The "endless-chain" operations then ____________.

continued

Rooting out graft also became a prime goal of earnest progressives. A number of the state legislatures passed _________________, which limited the amount of money that candidates could spend for their election. Such legislation also restricted huge gifts from corporations, for which the donors would expect special favors.

corrupt-practices acts

Beginning about 1880, northern capital began to erect _____________ in the South, largely in response to tax benefits and the prospect of cheap and non-unionized labor.

cotton mills

Mile-wide clouds of grasshoppers, leaving "nothing but the mortgage," periodically ravaged prairie farms. The terrible __________________ was also wreaking havoc in the South by the early 1890s.

cotton-boll weevil

Birthrates continued to _________ and family size continued to _________ as the 19th century wound down. Marriages were being delayed, and more couples learned the techniques of birth control. The ___________ in family size in fact affected rural Americans as well as urban dwellers, and oldstock "natives'' as well as new immigrant groups.

decline, shrink, decline

Among the "New" European immigrants were Italians, Croats, Slovaks, Greeks, and Poles; many of them worshiped in orthodox churches or synagogues. They came from countries with little history of _________________________.

democratic government

Under the cover of night, on May 1, 1898, Dewey sailed into Manila harbor. On the next moring, Dewey opened fire on the ten-ship Spanish fleet. Dewey ________________________.

destroyed the Spanish fleet without the loss of a single American life.

The long reign of Republican political dominance that was ushered in by the 1896 presidential election was accompanied by ______________ voter participation in upcoming elections, the weakening of party organizations, and the fading away of issues like the money question and civil service reform, which came to be replaced by concern for industrial regulation and the welfare of labor.

diminishing

McKinley was easily renominated for a second term. He had brought the promised prosperity of the full ___________. "We'll stand pat!" was the poker-playing counsel of Mark _________ 1897 a senator from Ohio. McKinley was renominated at Philadelphia on a platform that smugly endorsed prosperity, the gold standard, and overseas expansion.

dinner pail, Hanna

The income tax provision of the Wilson-Gorman Tariff was found inconstitutional as a ______________ tax.

direct

The progressive reformers pushed for ______________ primary elections so as to undercut power-hungry party bosses in the nomination process. They favored the "____________" so that voters could directly propose legislation themselves, thus bypassing the boss-bought state legislatures.

direct, initiative

Railroads tended to give preferential rates to manufactured goods moving southward from the north, but in the opposite direction they tended to _________ in favor of southern raw materials.

discriminate

From the late nineteenth century dates the beginning of the "_______________'' that transformed the United States' social landscape in the twentieth century.

divorce revolution

In the wake of the devastating drought, the new technique of "_______________" took root on the plains. Its methods of frequent shallow cultivation supposedly were adapted to the arid western environment, but over time "________________" created a finely pulverized surface soil that contributed to the notorious "Dust Bowl" several decades later.

dry farming

Slums seemed to grow ever more crowded, more filthy, and more rat-infested, especially after the perfection in 1879 of the "______________'' tenement.

dumbbell

McKinley was an "_________________" politician - a phrase which actually grew to describe his and conservative Republican policies. He seldom got far out of line with majority opinion. His cautious, conservative nature caused him to shy away from the flaming banner of reform.

ear-to-the-ground

DuBois was the first African American to _______________.

earn a Ph.D. from Harvard

In the wake of the 1906 ___________________, the San Francisco school board ordered the segregation of Chinese, Japanese, and Korean students in a special school to free more space for whites.

earthquake

For middle-class women, careers often meant delayed marriages and smaller families. Most women workers, however, toiled neither for independence nor for glamour, but out of ________________.

economic necessity

Black workers organized their own Colored National Labor Union as an adjunct, but their support for the Republican party and the persistent _______________ of white unionists prevented the two national unions from working together.

eight

In this era, _________________, powered by overhead wires, pushed city limits explosively outward, while skyscrapers propelled cities upward.

electric trolleys

The new _____________ industry rendered kerosene obsolete just as kerosene had rendered whale oil obsolete.

electrical

The Treasury was required to issue legal tender notes for the silver bullion that it bought. Owners of the paper currency would then present it for gold, and by law the notes had to be reissued. New holders would repeat the process, thus draining away precious gold in what became known as an "_____________" operation.

endless chain

Nineteenth-century notions of "separate spheres" dictated that a woman's place was in the home, so most female progressives defended their new activities as an _______________—not a rejection—of the traditional roles of wife and mother.

extension

International discoveries of gold, along with the perfecting of the cheap cyanide process for extracting gold from low-grade ore, helped to assure moderate inflation thus addressing the currency needs of an explosively expanding nation, as its circulatory system greatly improved. Thus, the silver issue _________.

faded

The Great West experienced a __________________ in population from the 1870s to the 1890s.

fantastic growth

Foreclosures, taxes and high tariffs, competing in an protected world market, floods, and drought were all problems that the ____________ faced in the Gilded Age. _____________ were also at the mercy of the harvester trust, the barbed-wire trust, and the fertilizer trust, all of which could control output and raise prices to extortionate levels.

farmer

Despite the romantic lore of the miners, cowboys, and farmers, taming the West, the reality is that the federal government is by far the West's largest landowner—and that ___________, especially dam-building, have done more to shape the region than all the cowboys and farmers put together. (See the chart on page 603.)

federal projects

The golden gravel of California continued to yield "pay dirt," and in 1858 an electrifying discovery convulsed Colorado. Avid "______________" or "Pike's Peakers" rushed west to rip at the ramparts of the Rockies.

fifty-niners

The ICC was the _________ large-scale attempt by Washington to regulate business in the interest of society at large. It heralded the arrival of a series of independent regulatory commissions in the next century, which would irrevocably commit the government to the daunting task of monitoring and guiding the private economy.

first

By the end of the 19th century, ______ transcontinental railroads had been completed.

five

During the forty years after the passage of the Homestead Act of 1862, about half a million families took advantage of the statute, carving out homesteads in the West. Yet _________ times that many families purchased their land from the railroads, the land companies, or the states.

five

For decades Mexico had been exploited by ________________ in oil, railroads, and mines. By 1913 American capitalists had invested about a billion dollars into recource-rich Mexico. But despite the wealth of resources in Mexico, the people in Mexico were mostly poor.

foreign investors

Scholars have dubbed this new political era, 1896 etc. the period of the "_________ party system."

fourth

When Lincoln was elected in 1860, the Republic ranked only ___________ among the manufacturing nations of the world. By 1894 it had _________________ place.

fourth, jumped to first

The keynote of Wilson's campaign was not regulation but _________ of the big industrial business combinations, chiefly by means of vigorous enforecment of the antitrust laws.

fragmentation

Booker T. Washington's goal for his students at Tuskegee was to have them ___________________.

gain self-respect and economic security.

Black women had few opportunities beyond domestic service. White-collar jobs as social workers, secretaries, department store clerks, and telephone operators were largely reserved for native-born women. Immigrant women tended to cluster in particular industries, as Jewish women did in the _______________.

garment trades

By 1900 the _________________-burning internal combustion engine had clearly bested its rivals, steam and electricity, as the superior means of automobile propulsion. As the century of the automobile dawned, the oil business got a new, long-lasting, and hugely profitable lease on life.

gasoline

A surprising number made it out of the old ____________, but then they generally resettled in other urban neighborhoods alongside people of the same ethnicity or religion.

ghetto

Catt stressed the desirability of __________________ if they were to continue to discharge their traditional duties as homemakers and mothers in the increasingly public world of the city.

giving women the right to vote

The Populists called for nationalizing the railroads, telephones, and telegraph; instituting a ____________ income tax; and creating a new federal "subtreasury"—a scheme to provide farmers with loans for crops stored in government-owned warehouses, where they could be held until market prices rose.

graduated

The Populists further called for a _______________ income tax; government ownership of the railroads, telegraph, and telephone; the direct election of U.S. senators; a one-term limit on the presidency; the adoption of the ______________ and referendum to allow citizens to shape legislation more directly; a shorter workday; and immigration restriction.

graduated, initiative

Soup kitchens fed the unemployed, while gangs of _______________ wandered aimlessly about the country. Local charities did their best, but the federal government, bound by the let nature-take-its-course philosophy of the times, saw no legitimate way to relieve the suffering masses.

hoboes ("tramps")

With the advent of _______________________ to extract gold from quartz, after surface gold had been mostly depleted, the "Boomtowns" and "Helldorados" strarted to wane. But women, as well as men had found opportunity in the West.

huge machines

In the long run, the ________________ engineers had more to do with shaping the modern West than all the trappers, miners, cavalrymen, and cowboys there ever were. As one engineer boasted, "We enjoy pushing rivers around." (Witness for instance, the damning of the Colorado River and the Missouri River.)

hydraulic

The success of the public schools is confirmed by the falling of the _______________ rate from 20 percent in 1870 to 10.7 percent in 1900.

illiteracy

Growing European population, freedom from religious and political persecution, and letters from family and friends who immigrated to the U.S., were all factors in the burgeoning "New" European ______________ to the U.S.

immigration

By the end of the 19th century, America itself would become an ____________ power, an astonishing departure from its venerable anticolonial traditions.

imperial

The question of annexing Hawaii touched off the first full-fledged _____________ debate in American experience.

imperialistic

Our text points out that most of the political vitality of the Gilded Age was centered ______________________.

in Congress and in local settings.

The Wilson-Gorman Tariff of 1894 was essentially not rate-reductive. It also contained a(n) _______________ that was found unonstitutional by the Supreme Court the following year.

income tax provision

Corporations started to seek _______________ from federal courts, ordering strikers to cease striking. If defiance and disorders ensued, the company could request the state and federal authorities to bring in troops. An excellent illustration of the power of the _______________ can be seen in the case of the Pullman Strike.

injunctions, injunction

In 1898, revolution began in Cuba against Spanish rule. High sugar rates through the Wilson-Gorman Tariff had a very negative impact on the Cuban sugar industry and American sugar interests in Cuba. As the Cuban economy felt the impact, "_______________" in Cuba destroyed property and sugar fields, sugar mills, and dynamited trains with the hope that such destruction would cause American intervention.

insurrectos

Roosvelt declared that in the event of future failure by Latin American nations to pay their debts to foreign creditor nations, the United States itself would _____________, take over the customshouses, pay off the debts, and keep the troublesome powers on the other side of the Atlantic. In short, no outsiders could push around the Latin nations except the U.S., which would thus be playing the role of Policeman of the Caribbean.

intervene

Employers could lock their doors against rebellious workers—a procedure called the "lockout"—and then starve them into submission. They could compel them to sign "______________ oaths" or "yellow-dog contracts," both of which were solemn agreements not to join a labor union.

ironclad

Wilson's response to the oubreak of World War I was to _________________.

issue a proclamation of neutrality.

The American pubic came to believe that Hawaii was necessary as a refueling station and provisioning way station for Dewey and his ships. Thus a ______________ of annexation was rushed through Congress and approved by McKinley on July 7, _________.

joint resolution, 1898

Management still held the upper hand over __________, and several trouble-fraught decades were to pass before labor was to gain a position of relative equality with capital.

labor

A classic case of the use of the Sherman Antitrust Act against labor involved striking hatmakers in Danbury, Connecticut, who were assessed triple damages of more than $250,000, which resulted in the loss of their savings and homes. The Clayton Antitrust Act sought to exempt _____________________ from antitrust prosecution, while explicitly legalizing strikes and peaceful picketing.

labor and agricultural organizations

Henry George authored Progress and Poverty, in which he asserted that a tax should be imposed on the appreciated value of _____.

land

Economic freedom for women encouraged sexual freedom, and the "_________________'' began to be reflected in soaring divorce rates, the spreading practice of birth control, and increasingly frank discussion of sexual topics.

new morality

The Populist-inspired reminder of potential black political strength led to the near-total extinction of what little African-American suffrage remained in the South. White southerners more aggressively than ever used _____________ (outlawed by the Voting Rights Act of 1965) and poll taxes to deny blacks the ballot.

literacy tests

The ____________ of eleven Italians in New Orleans in 1891 brought America and Italy to the brink of war; the crisis was defused when the United States agreed to pay compensation.

lynching

Beginning about 1902 the exposing of evil became a flourishing industry among American publishers. A group of aggressive ten- and fifteen-cent popular ________________ surged to the front, notably McClure's, Cosmopolitan, Collier's, and Everybody's.

magazines

Progressivism was less a minority movement and more a ____________ mood.

majority

Progressive reformers were mainly _______________ men and women who felt themselves squeezed from above and below. They sensed pressure from the new giant corporations, the restless immigrant hordes, and the aggressive labor unions.

middle-class

Our text, in analyzing the validity of the "safety-valve" theory, asserts that relatively few city dwellers, at least in the populous eastern centers, ______________ to the frontier during depressions.

migrated

As the 1896 presidential election neared, it became increasingly apparent that the major issue would be _________________.

monetary policy

Enterprising editors financed extensive research and encouraged pugnacious writing by their bright young reporters, whom President Roosevelt branded as "________________" (such as S.S. McClure, founder of McClure's magazine.)

muckrakers

Black folk traditions like spirituals and "ragged music" were evolving into the blues, ragtime, and jazz, which would transform American popular __________ in the twentieth century.

music

American diplomacy in the late 1880s and early 1890s encountered a number of diplomatic crises or _______________.

near wars

American _____________ toward Germany partially stemmed from Germany's ruthless rumble through neutral Belgium at the start of the war. German and Austrian agents further tarnished the image of the Central Powers in American eyes when they resorted to violence in American factories and ports.

negativity

Catholics expanded their parochial-school system and Jews established Hebrew schools. Foreign language newspapers abounded. Yiddish theaters, kosher food stores, Polish parishes, Greek restaurants, and Italian social clubs all attested to the desire to keep _______ ways alive.

old

Local chapters of the Famers' Alliance spread throughout the South and the Great Plains during the 1880s, until by 1890 members numbered more than _________________.

one-million

After Cleveland pulled the pending annexation treaty from Senate consideration, he had the Hawaiian people surveyed to determine their feelings on the issue of annexation. Most Hawaiians ____________ annexation.

opposed

The Federal Reserve Board was also empowered to issue _____________—"Federal Reserve Notes"— backed by commercial paper, such as promissory notes of businesspeople. Thus the amount of money in circulation could be swiftly increased as needed for legitimate requirements of business.

paper money

Which of the following was and was not accomplished by the Billion Dollar Congress?

pensions were showered on Civil War veterans increased government purchases of silver the McKinley Tariff ***major, significant tariff reductions

The earliest form of railroad combination was the "__________"—an agreement to divide the business in a given area and share the profits. Other rail barons granted secret rebates or kickbacks to powerful shippers in return for steady business. Often they slashed their rates on competing lines, but they more than made up the difference on noncompeting ones, where they might actually charge more for a short haul than for a long one.

pool

In the wake of the Boxer Rebellion, Sec. of State Hay issued the second Open Door note in 1900, announcing that the Open Door would additionally include ______________________.

preservation of the territorial integrity of China.

Roosevelt feared that if the Germans or British intervened in Latin America to collect debts from nations who were failing to pay their debts, they might remain in Latin America, in flagrant violation of the Monroe Doctrine. Roosevelt therefore devised a devious policy of "________________," better known as the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine.

preventive intervention

In response to the bleeding away of gold, Cleveland engineered the ________________. For this purpose he summoned Congress into an extra session in the summer of 1893.

repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890

The new crusaders of the early 20th century who called themselves "_________________," waged war on many evils, notably monopoly, corruption, inefficiency, and social injustice. The progressive army was large, diverse, and widely deployed, but it had a single battle cry: "Strengthen the _________."

progressives, State

Messengers of the social gospel promoted a brand of ________________ based in Christian teachings. They used religious doctrine to demand better housing and living conditions for the urban poor. Feminists in multiplying numbers added social justice to suffrage on their list of needed reforms.

progressivism

Wilson knew that to be reelected in 1916, he needed to identify himself clearly as the candidate of ___________________. He appeased businesspeople by making conservative appointments to the Federal Reserve Board and the Federal Trade Commission, but he devoted most of his energies to cultivating progressive support.

progressivism

Our text asserts that the real safety valve by the late nineteenth century was in western cities like Chicago, Denver, and San Francisco, where failed farmers, busted miners, and displaced easterners found ways to _____________.

prosper

By the 1880s and 1890s, tax supported _________________ became common.

public high schools

The treaty for Hawaiian annexation was pending in the Senate when Cleveland came into office in 1893. Cleveland _______________________.

pulled the treaty from Senate consideration on moral grounds.

President Grover Cleveland put an end to foot-dragging on the part of the railroads in building on the lands granted by the federal government. Cleveland did this by __________________.

putting remaining claimed portions of the grants open for settlement.

More than any other single factor, the ________________ network spurred the amazing industrialization of the post-Civil War years.

railroad

The _____________ stimulated mining and agriculture, especially in the West. It took farmers out to their land, carried their products to market, and brought them their manufactured necessities. Clusters of farm settlements paralleled the railroads, just as earlier they had followed the rivers.

railroad

By 1900 the amount of _________________ had spurted up to 192,556 miles, or more than that for all of Europe combined, and much of the new trackage ran west of the Mississippi.

railroad track mileage

While in prison, Debs ____________________.

read radical literature, and became an avowed socialist

Another, the "______________" would enable the voters to remove faithless elected officials, particularly those who had been bribed by bosses or lobbyists.

recall

Because of preocupation with the Boer War, Britain finally agreed to have the said border dispute resolved by arbitration. When that process was completed, Britain ___________________.

received most of its land claim.

Roosevelt brokered a peace between Russia and Japan at Portsmouth, New Hampshire in 1905. For achieving this agreement, as well as for helping arrange an international conference at Algeciras, Spain, in 1906 to mediate North African disputes, Roosevelt ___________________________. But the price of TR's diplomatic glory was high for U.S. foreign relations. Two historic friendships - with Russia, and with Japan, were damaged.

received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906.

American diplomats gained Spain's agreement to Washington's two basic demands: an end to the ___________________ and an armistice with Cuban rebels. The cautious McKinley did not want hostilities.

reconcentration camps

Urban reformers likewise attacked "slumlords," juvenile delinquency, and wide-open prostitution, which flourished in _____________ districts unchallenged by bribed police.

red-light

Another reform that you will recall was offered by the Populists, was "__________________." This device would place laws proposed by the legislature on the ballot for final approval by the people, especially laws that had been railroaded through a compliant legislature by free-spending agents of big business.

referendum

With the advent of the railroad_____________________1880s, California fruit and vegetable crops, raised on sprawling tracts by ill-paid migrant Mexican and Chinese farmlands, sold at a handsome profit in the rich urban markets of the East.

refrigerator car

Cleveland had the border surveyed to determine its proper location, to which Britain ____________________.

refused to agree, but later agreed to the American demand for the issue to be submitted to arbitration.

Columbia and the U.S. entered into the Hay-Herran Treaty in early 1903, containing terms very favorable to the U.S. It granted to the United States a lease for a six-milewide zone in perpetuity in exchange for $10 million and an annual payment of $250,000. The Colombian senate ________________.

rejected the treaty.

As a result of the Spanish American War, U.S. prestige__________ sharply, and the European powers grudgingly accorded the Republic more respect.

rose

Before important additional advances in ______________, appalling railway accidents were almost daily tragedies, despite safety devices like the telegraph ("talking wires"), double-tracking, and (later) the block signal.

safety

A "______________" is a person hired by business ownership to cross a picket line and work during a strike.

scab

The new industrialization brought insistent demands for "practical'' courses and specialized training in the ___________. The elective system, which permitted students to choose more courses in cafeteria fashion, was gaining popularity.

sciences

A simmering argument between the United States and Canada over _________________ near the Pribilof Islands off the coast of Alaska was resolved by arbitration in ________.

seal hunting, 1893

During the Gilded Age, the former plantation system in the South had degenerated into largely a system of absentee land ownership, with poor black and white farmers scraping out a living as ______________________ on the former plantations.

sharecroppers or tenant farmers

Although race and ethnicity assigned urban Americans to distinctive neighborhoods and workplaces, to an increasing degree they shared a common popular culture—playing, reading, shopping, and talking alike. As the century drew to a close, the explosion of cities paradoxically made Americans more diverse and more __________ at the same time.

similar

The vast majority of working women were ____________. Their jobs depended on their race, ethnicity, and class.

single

Populist electoral votes came from only _________ midwestern and western states, four of which (Kansas, Colorado, Idaho, and Nevada) fell completely into the Populist column. The Populists won ________ electors in the 1892 election.

six, 22

Preaching the "social gospel,'' Rauschenbusch, and others like them preached the "____________ gospel,'' as they insisted that the churches tackle the burning social issues of the day.

social

The pioneering work of Addams, Wald, and Kelley helped blaze the trail that many women—and some men—later followed into careers in the new profession of _______________.

social work

Many in the social gospel movement predicted that _____________ would be the logical outcome of Christianity. They appealed to the consciences, thus preparing the path for the progressive reform movement after the turn of the century.

socialism

Scores of Bellamy Clubs sprang up to discuss this mild utopian _________, and they heavily influenced American reform movements near the end of the century.

socialism

The progressives simultaneously sought two goals: to use state power to curb the trusts and to stem the _____________ threat by generally improving the common person's conditions of life and labor.

socialist

In a last gaudy fling, the federal government made available to settlers vast stretches of fertile plains formerly occupied by the Indians in the district of Oklahoma ("the Beautiful Land"). Scores of overeager and well-armed "____________," illegally jumping the gun, had entered Oklahoma Territory.

sooners

Through ________________, Grangers strove to regulate railway rates and the storage fees charged by railroads and by the operators of warehouses and grain elevators. Many of the state courts, notably in Illinois, were disposed to recognize the principle of public control of private business for the general welfare.

state legislation

By 1900 America was producing as much _________ as Britain and Germany combined.

steel

Connect the magnate to his discipline - Carnegie - ____________, Rockefeller - ______________, Morgan - _____________.

steel, oil, credit and banking

One of the favorite devices of the railroad moguls in the manipulation of stock was "_________________." Jay _____________ was particularly well known for this tactic.

stock watering, Gould

The Grangers gradually raised their goals from individual self-improvement to improvement of the farmers' collective plight. In a determined effort to escape the clutches of the trusts, they established cooperatively owned ____________ for consumers and cooperatively owned grain elevators and warehouses for producers.

stores

Germany declared that it would try not to sink neutral shipping, but it warned that mistakes would probably occur. In response Wilson announced that Germany would be held to "______________________" for any attacks on American vessels or citizens.

strict accountability

An epidemic of nationwide ___________ in the summer of 1892 raised the prospect that the Populists could weld together a coalition of aggrieved workers and indebted farmers in a revolutionary joint assault on the capitalist order.

strikes

The middle-class public, annoyed by recurrent _____, grew deaf to the outcry of the worker. American wages were perhaps the highest in the world.

strikes

In February 1915 Germany, in retaliation for the embargo and mining of the North Sea, announced a ____________________________ area around the British Isles.

submarine war zone

McKinley ran on a platform _________ the gold standard.

supporting

DuBois advocated training the "___________________" to become professionals and voices for immediate equality.

talented tenth

By 1879 the government had already funded _________________ in Pennsylvania, where Native American children, separated from their tribes, were taught English and inculcated with white values and customs. "Kill the Indian and save the man" was the school founder's motto.

the Carlisle Indian School

In 1916 Wilson practiced the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine when he concluded a treaty with Haiti providing for U.S. supervision of finances and the police. In the same year, he sent the marines to quell riots in _________________, and that debt-cursed land came under the shadow of the American eagle's wings for the next eight years.

the Dominican Republic

This new brandishing of the big stick in the Caribbean became effective in 1905, when the United States took over the management of tariff collections in ________________.

the Dominican Republic

In response to the Cleveland administration's assertion that British intervention in the border dispute between British Guiana and Venezuela amounted to a violation of ________________, Britain failed to respond for four months.

the Monroe Doctrine

Cleveland had been greeted by an embarrassment of riches in 1885. Upon taking office after being elected in 1892, he was greeted by ________________.

the Panic of 1893

"Give me your tired, your poor Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore." The above words, though somewhat ironic given the federal immigration legislation of the 1880s, were embossed on _____________, a gift from ___________ in 1886.

the Statue of Liberty, France

Wilson's first major legislative success in attacking the "triple wall of privilege" was _____________________.

the Underwood Tariff

In 1917 Wilson purchased ________________ from Denmark. Increasingly, the Caribbean Sea, with its vital approaches to the now navigable Panama Canal, was taking on the earmarks of a "Yankee lake."

the Virgin Islands

TR wanted to see "dirt fly" before the 1904 election, meaning ___________________.

the beginning of construction of the Panama Canal.

The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 prohibited business combinations that operated in unfair restraint of trade. The enforcement of the statute was frustrated by the fact that ____________________.

the language of the statute was too general.

Well-stocked public libraries—__________________________________—were making encouraging progress, especially in Boston and New York.

the poor person's university

Above all, _____________________ doomed the Plains Indians' nomadic way of life.

the virtual extermination of the buffalo

Roosevelt was infuriated by his setback at the hands of what he called "________________." Frantically eager to be elected president "in his own right" in 1904, he was anxious to "make the dirt fly" to impress the voters. "Damn the law," he reportedly cried in private, "I want the canal built!"

those dagoes

Wilson's response to Germany's Sussex pledge was _____________________.

to accept it without "the string."

Troubled by what to do with the Philippines, President McKinley is alleged to have gotten down on his knees in prayer, asking divine guidance. His decision was _________________.

to keep the Philippines.

But the public, prodded by the yellow press and the appeals of Cuban exiles in the United States, clamored for a fight. The president, recognizing the inevitable, finally yielded and gave the people what they wanted, and requested a declaration of war from Congress against Spain. Consistent with his personality, McKinley had has "ear _______________."

to the ground

In the warm diplomatic atmosphere created by the visit of the fleet, the Root-Takahira agreement of 1908 was reached with Japan. The United States and Japan solemnly pledged themselves to respect each other's territorial possessions in the Pacific and _________________________.

to uphold the Open Door in China

The federal government has played its most conspicuous role in the economic and social development of the _________________, with its vast landholdings, its subsidies to the railroads, and its massive irrigation projects.

trans-Mississippi West

The federal government helped to provide incentives for ________________________ building by providing large land grants to railroads.

transcontinental railroad

By the year 1900, the United States' upsurging population nearly doubled from its level of some 40 million in as counted in the 1870 census. Yet in the same period, the population of American cities _______________.

tripled

The speed of harvesting wheat was dramatically increased in the 1870s by the invention of the ______________ and then in the 1880s by the "________________"—the combined reaper-thresher, which was drawn by twenty to forty horses and which both reaped and bagged the grain.

twine binder, combine

The U.S. was militarily mostly ____________ for the war at the outbreak of the Spanish American War.

unprepared

During the 1880s and 1890s, several hundred thousand ______________ workers a year entered the U.S. from Europe, creating a labor market more favorable to the employer than the worker.

unskilled

During the Gilded Age cities grew __________________.

upward and outward

Andrew Carnegie pioneered the creative entrepreneurial tactic of "___________ integration," combining into one organization all phases of manufacturing.

vertical

For more than a decade after the Civil War, fierce _________ between Indians and the U.S. Army raged in various parts of the West.

warfare

Cervas' Spanish fleet _____________________.

was destroyed

The neighborhood settlement movement provided women with an opportunity to become involved in social reform. The ___________ movement provided an even broader civic entryway for many middle-class women to learn about social problems and to become involved in urban reform.

women's club

Other forces also whetted the popular appetite for overseas involvement. The lurid "_________ press" of Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst described foreign exploits as manly adventures, the kind of dashing derring-do that was the stuff of young boys' dreams.

yellow

Atrocities in Cuba provided fodder for the sensational new "__________________." William R. Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer, then engaged in a titanic duel for circulation, attempted to outdo each other with screeching headlines and hair-raising "scoops." Lesser competitors zestfully followed suit.

yellow journalism

Although Japanese residents never amounted to more than 3 percent of the state's population, white Californians ranted about a new "______________"

yellow peril