Chapter 23 The Respiratory System

A) decrease the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli.

100) Increasing the alveolar ventilation rate will A) decrease the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli. B) decrease the rate of oxygen diffusion from the alveoli to the blood. C) increase the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli. D) decrease the rate of carbon dioxide diffusion from the blood to the alveoli. E) hardly affect either the partial pressure or diffusion of gases.

B) 45 mm Hg.

ssure of oxygen in the interstitial space of peripheral tissues is approximately A) 40 mm Hg. B) 45 mm Hg. C) 50 mm Hg. D) 70 mm Hg. E) 100 mm Hg.

B) 45 mm Hg.

120) The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in venous blood is approximately A) 40 mm Hg. B) 45 mm Hg. C) 50 mm Hg. D) 70 mm Hg. E) 100 mm Hg.

B) 45 mm Hg.

122) The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the interstitial space of peripheral tissues is approximately A) 35 mm Hg. B) 45 mm Hg. C) 55 mm Hg. D) 70 mm Hg. E) 100 mm Hg.

A) nitrogen

123) Decompression sickness is a painful condition that develops when a person is exposed to a sudden drop in atmospheric pressure. Bubbles of ________ gas are responsible for the problem. A) nitrogen B) oxygen C) carbon dioxide D) helium E) carbon monoxide

D) diameter of an alveolus.

124) Each of the following factors affects the rate of external respiration, except the A) PO2 of the alveoli. B) PCO2 of the blood. C) thickness of the respiratory membrane. D) diameter of an alveolus. E) solubility of oxygen in plasma.

A) greater than the partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air at the top of Mt. Everest.

125) The partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air at sea level is A) greater than the partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air at the top of Mt. Everest. B) less than the partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air at the top of Mt. Everest. C) equal to the partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air at the top of Mt. Everest.

A) respiratory distress syndrome.

74) The condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant and the resultant collapse of alveoli is A) respiratory distress syndrome. B) COPD. C) anoxia. D) pulmonary embolism. E) pneumothorax.

B) an acute condition resulting from unusually sensitive, irritated conducting airways.

75) Asthma is A) a collapsed lung. B) an acute condition resulting from unusually sensitive, irritated conducting airways. C) an obstructive tumor. D) characterized by fluid buildup in the alveoli. E) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

D) contraction increases airway resistance

76) Which of these descriptions best matches the term bronchiolar smooth muscle? A) accessory muscle of expiration B) accessory muscle of inspiration C) primary muscle of inspiration D) contraction increases airway resistance E) affects lung compliance

B) left lung

77) Which respiratory organ(s) has a cardiac notch? A) right lung B) left lung C) right primary bronchus D) left primary bronchus E) both the right and the left lungs

C) internal respiration.

78) The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluids is A) pulmonary ventilation. B) external respiration. C) internal respiration. D) cellular respiration. E) breathing.

E) pH, PO2, and PCO2.

79) Determination of blood gases includes testing an arterial sample for A) pH. B) PO2. C) PCO2. D) PO2 and PCO2 only. E) pH, PO2, and PCO2.

B) torr.

80) The unit of measurement for pressure preferred by many respiratory therapists is A) mm Hg. B) torr. C) cm H2O. D) psi. E) centigrade.

A) they are equal.

81) When there is no air movement, the relationship between the intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure is that A) they are equal. B) intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric. C) atmospheric pressure is less than intrapulmonary. D) atmospheric pressure is more than intrapulmonary. E) intrapulmonary pressure is less than atmospheric.

B) diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the circulating blood.

82) External respiration involves the A) movement of air into and out of the lungs. B) diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the circulating blood. C) exchange of dissolved gases between the blood and the interstitial fluid. D) binding of oxygen by hemoglobin. E) utilization of oxygen by tissues to support metabolism.

D) from the tissue cells into the blood

83) Which direction does carbon dioxide move during internal respiration? A) from the blood into the tissue cells B) from the blood into the lungs C) from the lungs into the atmosphere D) from the tissue cells into the blood E) from the lungs into the blood

C) a pneumothorax.

109) While playing in an intramural football game, Joe is tackled so hard that he breaks a rib. He can actually feel a piece of the rib sticking through the skin and he is having a difficult time breathing. Joe probably is suffering from A) a collapsed trachea. B) an obstruction in the bronchi. C) a pneumothorax. D) decreased surfactant production. E) a bruised diaphragm.

B) Forced breathing

93) ________ involves active inspiratory and expiratory movements and calls on accessory muscles to assist with inhalation, while exhalation involves contraction of the internal intercostal muscles and sometimes abdominal muscles too. A) Eupnea B) Forced breathing C) Costal breathing D) Vital breathing E) Passive breathing

A) movement of air into and out of the lungs.

101) Pulmonary ventilation refers to the A) movement of air into and out of the lungs. B) movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood. C) movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the interstitial space. D) movement of dissolved gases from the interstitial space to the cells. E) utilization of oxygen.

B) movement of air into and out of the alveoli.

102) Alveolar ventilation refers to the A) movement of air into and out of the lungs. B) movement of air into and out of the alveoli. C) movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood. D) movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the alveoli. E) utilization of oxygen by alveolar cells to support metabolism.

C) maintain adequate alveolar ventilation.

103) The function of pulmonary ventilation is to A) remove carbon dioxide from the blood. B) supply oxygen to the blood. C) maintain adequate alveolar ventilation. D) remove air from dead air space. E) prevent gas exchange in the bronchioles.

E) vital capacity.

104) If a patient inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible, the volume of air expelled would be the patient's A) tidal volume. B) inspiratory reserve volume. C) expiratory reserve volume. D) reserve volume. E) vital capacity.

D) Alveolar ventilation rate

105) ________ = respiratory rate × (tidal volume - anatomic dead space). A) Vital capacity B) Respiratory minute volume C) Pulmonary ventilation rate D) Alveolar ventilation rate E) External respiration rate

E) if the volume goes up, the pressure goes down.

106) Boyle's Law of Gases states that A) the pressure and volume of a gas are equal. B) as the temperature goes up, the pressure goes up. C) the total gas pressure is equal to the sum of the partial pressures. D) the concentration of dissolved gas is proportional to its partial pressure. E) if the volume goes up, the pressure goes down.

B) greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.

107) Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is A) less than the pressure in the atmosphere. B) greater than the pressure in the atmosphere. C) equal to the pressure in the atmosphere. D) greater than intraalveolar pressure. E) less than intrapulmonic pressure.

D) decreased alveolar PO2

108) As an astronaut is lifted into Earth's orbit, what is the first change to take place in response to the drop in cabin pressure? A) increased hematocrit B) renal hypoxia C) increased alveolar ventilation rate D) decreased alveolar PO2 E) decreased hemoglobin saturation

A) minute volume

110) Which of the following can be calculated if the tidal volume and respiratory rate are known? A) minute volume B) inspiratory reserve volume C) expiratory reserve volume D) anatomical dead space E) forced vital capacity

A) rectus abdominis

111) Which muscle(s) produce(s) the movement labeled "1"? A) rectus abdominis B) internal intercostals C) external intercostals D) diaphragm E) both rectus abdominis and external intercostals

B) P outside > P inside

112) What is the relationship between the pressures at label "3"? A) P outside = P inside B) P outside > P inside C) P outside < P inside D) P outside + P inside E) P outside - P inside

D) subatmospheric pressure

113) What pressure will be present in the space labeled "4"? A) alveolar pressure B) interpleural pressure C) subalveolar pressure D) subatmospheric pressure E) atmospheric pressure

C) P outside < P inside

114) What is the relationship between the pressures at label "8"? A) P outside = P inside B) P outside > P inside C) P outside < P inside D) P outside + P inside E) P outside - P inside

E) both rectus abdominis and internal intercostals

115) Which muscle(s) contract(s) to cause the movement indicated by the arrows labeled "6" and "7"? A) rectus abdominis B) internal intercostals C) external intercostals D) diaphragm E) both rectus abdominis and internal intercostals

C) P4 is always lower than P5.

116) How does the pressure "P4" at label "4" compare to the pressure "P5" at label "5"? A) P4 is higher than P5 during inhalation and then lower during exhalation. B) P4 is always be higher than P5. C) P4 is always lower than P5. D) P4 always equals P5. E) P4 is lower than P5 during inhalation and then higher during exhalation.

C) the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure.

117) Henry's law states that A) gas volume and temperature are directly proportional. B) gas volume and pressure are inversely proportional. C) the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure. D) in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture. E) gas pressure is inversely proportional to gas volume.

D) in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture.

118) Dalton's law states that A) gas volume and temperature are directly proportional. B) gas volume and pressure are inversely proportional. C) the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure. D) in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture. E) gas pressure is inversely proportional to gas volume.

E) 100 mm Hg.

119) The partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood is approximately A) 40 mm Hg. B) 45 mm Hg. C) 50 mm Hg. D) 70 mm Hg. E) 100 mm Hg.

A) right primary

54) During a choking episode, most foreign objects are lodged in the ________ bronchus due to its larger diameter and steeper angle. A) right primary B) left primary C) right secondary D) left secondary E) medial

E) is reinforced with D-shaped cartilages

55) Which of the following statements about the trachea is false? A) is lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium B) is reinforced with C-shaped cartilages C) contains many mucous glands D) alters its diameter in response to the autonomic nervous system E) is reinforced with D-shaped cartilages

A) trachea.

56) The airway that connects the larynx to the bronchial tree is the A) trachea. B) bronchiole. C) laryngopharynx. D) alveolar duct. E) bronchus.

D) primary bronchi

57) The ________ branch from the trachea at the carina. A) terminal bronchioles B) secondary bronchi C) tertiary bronchi D) primary bronchi E) alveolar ducts

A) large masses of food can pass through the esophagus during swallowing.

58) The C shape of the tracheal cartilages is important because A) large masses of food can pass through the esophagus during swallowing. B) large masses of air can pass through the trachea. C) it facilitates turning of the head. D) the bronchi are also C-shaped. E) it permits the trachea to pinch shut prior to sneezing.

A) 4, 1, 2, 7, 5, 3, 6.

59) The following is a list of some airways. 1. secondary bronchus 2. bronchioles 3. alveolar ducts 4. primary bronchus 5. respiratory bronchiole 6. alveoli 7. terminal bronchiole The order in which air passes through is A) 4, 1, 2, 7, 5, 3, 6. B) 4, 1, 2, 5, 7, 3, 6. C) 1, 4, 2, 5, 7, 3, 6. D) 1, 4, 2, 7, 5, 3, 6. E) 2, 4, 1, 7, 5, 3, 6.

B) lobes of the lungs.

60) Secondary bronchi supply air to the A) lungs. B) lobes of the lungs. C) lobules of the lungs. D) alveoli. E) alveolar ducts.

B) pulmonary lobules.

61) The interlobular septa divide the lungs into A) lobes. B) pulmonary lobules. C) alveolar sacs. D) vital capacity and residual volume. E) visceral pleura and fibrous trabeculae.

D) alveoli.

62) The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are A) bronchioles. B) terminal bronchioles. C) pleural spaces. D) alveoli. E) interlobular septa.

C) simple squamous epithelium.

63) The respiratory membrane of the gas exchange surfaces consists of A) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. B) moist cuboidal epithelium. C) simple squamous epithelium. D) ciliated squamous epithelium. E) surfactant cells.

A) three lobes; two lobes

64) The right lung is to ________ as the left lung is to ________. A) three lobes; two lobes B) two lobes; two lobes C) two lobes; three lobes D) three lobes; three lobes E) four lobes; three lobes

B) apex.

65) The most superior portion of the lung is termed the A) base. B) apex. C) cardiac notch. D) hilus. E) epipleurium.

A) greater than the number of lobes in the left lung.

66) The number of lobes in the right lung is A) greater than the number of lobes in the left lung. B) less than the number of lobes in the left lung. C) equal to the number of lobes in the left lung.

A) a loss of surfactant.

67) Damage to the type II pneumocytes of the lungs would result in A) a loss of surfactant. B) an increased rate of gas exchange. C) decreased surface tension in the alveoli. D) expansion of alveoli. E) All of the answers are correct.

A) extrapulmonary bronchi; intrapulmonary bronchi

68) Primary bronchi are to ________ as secondary bronchi are to ________. A) extrapulmonary bronchi; intrapulmonary bronchi B) lobar bronchi; intrapulmonary bronchi C) intrapulmonary bronchi; lobar bronchi D) trachea; pharynx E) secondary bronchi; alveolar ducts

C) 6500

69) Roughly ________ terminal bronchioles arise from each tertiary bronchus. A) 1500 B) 3000 C) 6500 D) 10,000 E) 100,000

A) causes fluids to leak into the alveoli.

70) Respiratory function deteriorates as a result of pneumonia because inflammation A) causes fluids to leak into the alveoli. B) causes respiratory bronchioles to swell and dilate. C) causes the lungs to leak air into the thorax. D) reduces movement of the epiglottis. E) reduces the size of the pleural cavity.

A) pleurisy.

71) The resulting pain and inflammation when pleural fluid is unable to prevent friction between the opposing pleural surfaces is known as A) pleurisy. B) pulmonary hypertension. C) asthma. D) emphysema. E) COPD.

E) All of the answers are correct.

72) A pulmonary embolism can be caused by ________ becoming trapped in a pulmonary artery. A) blood clots B) masses of fat C) air bubbles D) circulating objects in the blood E) All of the answers are correct.

D) pulmonary embolism.

73) Blockage of pulmonary blood flow by a clot or similar obstruction is A) emphysema. B) COPD. C) anoxia. D) pulmonary embolism. E) pneumothorax.

A) inversely proportional to volume of its container.

84) Boyle's law states that the pressure of a gas is: A) inversely proportional to volume of its container. B) always higher in the atmosphere than in the lungs. C) directly proportional to temperature. D) inversely proportional to temperature. E) directly proportional to the volume of its container.

E) greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.

85) Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is A) greater than intraalveolar pressure. B) less than the pressure in the atmosphere. C) less than intrapulmonic pressure. D) equal to the pressure in the atmosphere. E) greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.

B) inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive.

86) During quiet breathing, A) only the internal intercostal muscles contract. B) inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive. C) inspiration is passive and expiration involves muscular contractions. D) inspiration and expiration are both passive. E) inspiration and expiration involve muscular contractions.

A) 760 mm Hg

87) What is one atmosphere of pressure? A) 760 mm Hg B) 1000 mm Hg C) 105 mm Hg D) 45 mm Hg E) 650 mm Hg

A) decreases

88) If the volume of the lungs increases, what happens to the air pressure inside the lungs? A) decreases B) increases and possibly damages the lungs C) increases twice the amount of the increase in volume D) remains constant E) increases

B) exhalation

89) What occurs if intrapulmonic pressure is 763 mm Hg? A) hyperventilation B) exhalation C) pause in breathing D) apnea E) inhalation

A) rectus abdominis and internal intercostal muscles

90) During exercise, which of the following contract for active exhalation: A) rectus abdominis and internal intercostal muscles B) diaphragm and internal intercostal muscles C) rectus abdominis and diaphragm muscles D) diaphragm and external intercostal muscles E) pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles

C) pneumothorax

91) The term ________ describes the result from an injury that permits air to leak into the intrapleural space. A) pleurisy B) pneumonia C) pneumothorax D) pulmonary edema E) emphysema

B) eupnea; costal breathing

92) Quiet breathing is to ________ as shallow breathing is to ________. A) eupnea; diaphragmatic breathing B) eupnea; costal breathing C) costal breathing; eupnea D) costal breathing; diaphragmatic E) diaphragmatic breathing; eupnea

D) Tidal volume

94) ________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle. A) Residual volume B) Expiratory reserve volume C) Inspiratory reserve volume D) Tidal volume E) Inspiratory capacity

C) Inspiratory reserve volume

95) ________ is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume. A) Residual inhaled volume B) Expiratory reserve volume C) Inspiratory reserve volume D) Enhanced tidal volume E) Inspiratory capacity

E) All of the answers are correct.

96) Which of the following muscles might be recruited to increase inspired volume? A) sternocleidomastoid B) pectoralis minor C) scalenes D) serratus anterior E) All of the answers are correct.

C) internal intercostal

97) Expiratory movements are produced by contraction of the ________ muscle. A) scalene B) diaphragm C) internal intercostal D) external intercostal E) serratus anterior

A) the volume of the thorax increases.

98) When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract, A) the volume of the thorax increases. B) the volume of the thorax decreases. C) the volume of the lungs decreases. D) the lungs shrink. E) expiration occurs.

C) primary muscle of inspiration

99) Which of these descriptions best matches the term external intercostal? A) accessory muscle of expiration B) accessory muscle of inspiration C) primary muscle of inspiration D) contraction increases airway resistance E) affects lung compliance