Chapter 24 Animal Physiology
How do the blood oxygen equilibrium curves vary between species?
- Shape: based on the different molecular forms of hemoglobin - Height: based on how much respiratory pigment is present
What are the 4 chemical buffer systems in humans?
1. H2CO3:HCO3- system extracellular fluid 2. protein buffer system intracellular 3. hemoglobin buffer system generated from carbonic acid 4. phosphate buffer system urinary buffer
What is the oxygen carrying capacity of humans in completely saturated blood?
20mLO2/100mL blood
What effect does increased acidosis have on the CNS?
CNS depression
Concentrations of what specific inorganic ions in the blood can allosterically modulate the O2 affinity?
Cl- hemoglobin Bicarbonate (HCO3-) in crocodilians Ca2+ and Mg2+ --in hemocyanin
What 5 factors affect loading and unloading to Hemoglobin?
Cooperativity pH Effects Haldane Effect Temperature Effect 2,3 DPG
What is the halden effect?
Deoxygenation promotes CO2 uptake by the blood and oxygenation promotes CO2 unloading
What are the four chemical categories of respiratory pigments?
Hemocyanins Chlorocruorins Hemoerythrins Hemoglobin
During exercise, what happens to the blood oxygen partial pressure?
It's lowered
What are the 4 types of acid base imbalances?
Respiratory acidosis Respiratory alkalosis Metabolic acidosis Metabolic alkalosis
What is the Bohr effect?
a decrease in the pH decreases oxygen affinity for hemoglobin
What is respiratory acidosis?
abnormal CO2 retention. aka hypo-ventilation
How does chlorocruorin differ from hemoglobin?
affinity to oxygen usually weaker
What are the two types of hemocyanin?
arthropod hemocyanins mollusc hemocyanins
What is most CO2 in the blood in the form of?
bicarbonate
What is the binding site of oxygen in hemerythrins?
binuclear iron center
What color is hemocyanin?
blue
How does the respiratory system regulate [H+]?
by controlling the rate of CO2 removal from plasma through adjustment of pulmonary ventilation
What effect does increased acidosis have on enzyme activity?
causes allosteric changes
What metal binds to hemocyanin?
copper
What change in O2 affinity of hemoglobin can aide O2 delivery to systemic tissues?
decrease in affinity
What is respiratory alkalosis?
excessive loss of CO2
What color is chlorocruorin?
green
What is the second most common of the respiratory pigments in animals?
hemocyanins
Does myoglobin have a higher or lower affinity to oxygen?
higher
What is the relationship between affinity and p50 values?
higher the p50 value, the lower the affinity
What is metabolic alkalosis?
increase in in plasma [HCO3-]
What effect does increased acidosis have on innervations of muscle?
increased excitability and spasms
What effect does increased acidosis have on renal tubules?
increases H+ excretion and decreases K+ excretion
What effect does increased acidosis effect on renal tubules have on cardiac function?
increases cardiac function can cause arrythmias
What metal forms a ring in hemoglobin that isn't present in hemocyanin?
iron
Does myoglobin have a higher or lower P50?
lower
Smaller bodied species tend to exhibit ________ (higher or lower) oxygen affinity.
lower
What is the primary oxygen-carrying pigment of muscle tissues?
myoglobin
Does myoglobin exhibit cooperative binding of oxygen?
no
What is metabolic acidosis?
reduction in plasma [HCO3-]
What happens during alkalosis in kidneys?
the kidney conserves H+ and eliminates HCO3-
What happens during acidosis in kidneys?
the kidney secretes H+ and adds HCO3- to the blood
What is P50 a measure of?
the partial pressure of oxygen at which the pigment is 50% saturated with oxygen
What color is hemoerythrin?
violet