Chapter 24 Reading Assignment

the muscularis of the stomach consists of ______ layers.

3

the esophagus is in the

mediastinum

starch digestion occurs in the

mouth, small intestine

T/F: food regardless of type moves out of the stomach within 1.5 hours

False

T/F: the majority of the muscularis consists of two layers of skeletal muscle

False. It's smooth muscle

T/F: most of the nervous control of the digestive system is through the parasympathetic nervous system

False. It's through the Enteric Nervous System

match the layer of the digestive tract with the correct description

Mucosa --> Consists of an epithelial lining, a layer of connective tissue referred to as lamina propria and a thin layer of muscle Muscularis --> Throughout most of the digestive tract, this tunic consists of two layers of smooth muscle: an inner circular layer, and an outer longitudinal layer Serosa --> Consists of a thin layer of connective tissue and simple squamous epithelium Submucosa --> Consists of a thick layer of connective tissue containing nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics and glands

what is a mesentery?

a connective tissue sheet composed of two layers of serous membranes

describe a hepatic lobule

a hexagon-shaped tissue with a portal triad at each corner

which are functions of the digestive tract?

absorb water, digest food, absorb electrolytes

name the outermost or most superficial layer of the digestive tract

adventitia/serosa

the ____________ part of the tongue is freely moveable

anterior

select the mechanisms that regulate the digestive system

chemical signals, nervous mechanisms

identify the hormones that decrease gastric secretions and gastric motility

cholecystokinin, secretin

stomach contents are called

chyme

what is the function of HCO3- when it is secreted by the large intestine

in increases the pH of the feces, which are acidic because of bacterial secretions

identify the functions of HCl is the stomach

inactivates salivary amylase, destroys ingested bacteria, activates pepsin

structures that secrete lipase include:

lingual glands, pancreas

identify the functions of saliva

moistens food in the oral cavity, neutralizes bacterial acids, digests starch

identify the primary products of the chemical digestion of lipids

monoglycerides, fatty acids

identify the substances within saliva

mucin, bicarbonate ion, lysozyme, amylase, water

identify the part of the pharynx that does not typically function in digestion

nasopharynx

the serous membrane that covers the interior surface of the abdominal cavity is the _______________.

parietal peritoneum

intrinsic factor is secreted by the ______________ cells of the _____________

parietal, stomach

the inflammation of the peritoneal membranes is called

peritonitis connective

the abdominal cavity is lined by ____________ membranes which produce a thin, lubricating film

serous

describe the membranes that line the abdominal cavity

serous membranes that secrete a serous lubricating fluid

segmental contractions are mixing contractions that occur predominantly in the ________________.

small intestine

the chemical digestion of disaccharides occurs in the

small intestine

what type of muscle makes up most of the muscularis of the GI tract?

smooth

cholecystokinin, secretin, and the vagus nerve all _____________ the release of pancreatic juice

stimulate

T/F: the masseter and temporals are muscles that move the mandible during mastication

true

T/F: villi an microvilli of the small intestine serve to increase surface area to allow for greater digestion and absorption

true

identify what activates chymotrypsinogen and procarboxypeptidase

trypsin

identify what activates trypsinogen

trypsin, enterokinase

identify the small blind-ended tube attached to the cecum

vermiform appendix

match the oral cavity region to its description

vestibule --> space between the lips and teeth oral cavity --> space medial to the teeth

identify the MACROscopic fingerlike projections of the small intestine that increase surface area for increased absorption

villi

identify the features of the small intestine that function to increase surface area and thus enhance digestion and absorption

villi microvilli circular fold

the serous membrane that covers the organs of the abdominal cavity is the ________________ peritoneum

visceral

Explain the process of bicarbonate ion production in the pancreas.

CO2 and H2O combine under the influence of carbonic anhydrase to for H2CO3 Carbonic acid dissociates into H+ and HCO3- H+ exchanged for Na+ in the blood HCO3- is exchanged for Cl- in the intercalated ducts. Na+ and H20 follow the HCO3- HCO3-, Na+, and H2O move into the interlobular ducts

Identify the steps in the production of hydrochloric acid by the stomach from beginning to secretion into the stomach.

CO2 diffuses into parietal cell CO2 combines with H2O to form H2CO3 H2CO3 dissociates HCO3- is exchanged for Cl- with the bloodstream H+ pumped into the duct of the gastric gland Diffusion of Cl- into duct of gastric gland

place the events of the cephalic phase of gastric regulation in order beginning from initiation of the cephalic phase

Taste, smell, or thought of food Stimulation of medulla oblongata Parasympathetic impulses carried by vagus nerve Postganglionic neurons stimulate the secretion of gastin and histamine Gastric secretions are released

T/F: throughout the digestive tract, the muscularis consists of 2 layer, except the stomach, which has 3 layers

True

match the digestive enzyme with the structure that secretes it

Trypsin --> pancreas Disaccharides --> small intestine Bile salts --> liver Amylase --> salivary glands Peptidase --> small intestine Pepsin --> stomach

correctly pair each basic function of the digestive system with the correct description

absorption --> movement of molecules from digestive tract into the circulation or lymphatic system digestion --> breakdown of large organic molecules into their component parts mastication --> process by which teeth break down food into smaller particles to increase SA ingestion --> the intake of solid or liquid food into the stomach propulsion --> movement of food from one end of the digestive tract to the other

which of the following is an example of nutrient conversion?

amino acids are converted to glycogen

the hepatic portal triad consists of 3 vessels. The hepatic portal vein, the hepatic _____________, and the hepatic ____________.

artery, duct

the four parts of the colon from proximal to distal end are the

ascending transverse descending sigmoid colon

match the components of pancreatic juice with the correct function

bicarbonate ion --> raise pH of small intestine proteolytic enzymes --> chemical digestion of proteins amylase --> chemical digestion of polysaccharides lipase --> chemical digestion of fats nuclease --> chemical digestion of DNA and RNA

identify the components of pancreatic juice

bicarbonate ions enzymes to digest lipids enzymes to digest carbs enzymes to digest proteins

the emulsification of lipids occurs primarily though the action of ________________.

bile salts

identify the components of bile

bile salts, bilirubin, mucus, cholesterol, lecithin

all of the microvilli on the epithelial surface of the small intestine are collectively called the

brush border

the muscle in the cheeks is called the _____________.

buccinator

identify the mismatch pair of enzyme and substrate below

carboxypeptidase - lipids

match the parts of the stomach with the correct description

cardiac sphincter - constrictor between the esophagus and stomach pyloric sphincter - constrictor between the stomach and small intestine body - largest part of the stomach fundus - rounded superior portion of the stomach pyloric part - funnel shaped part of the stomach

the ____________ sphincter is between the esophagus and the stomach, and the ______________ sphincter is between the stomach and the small intestine

cardiac, pyloric

the proximal end of the large intestine is characterized by a pouch-like structure called the

cecum

the vermiform appendix is attached to the

cecum

the large intestine consists of the __________, _____________, _____________, and anal canal

cecum colon rectum

the taste, smell, or thought of food stimulates gastric secretions by activating the ____________ phase of gastric regulation

cephalic

a type of lipoprotein consisting of mostly triglycerides along with phospholipids, cholesterol, and protein is a(n)

chylomicron

mass movements occur in the

colon

teniae coli are bands of longitudinal muscle of the _________ that from haustra upon contraction

colon

identify the functions of the gallbladder

concentration of bile storage of bile

the submucosa consists of ______________ tissue

connective

identify the duct leading from the gallbladder

cystic duct

select the effects of aging on the digestive system

decreases the amount of mucus secretion decline in the liver's ability to detoxify chemicals reduction of motility thinning of tooth enamel

feces are eliminated form the body by process of

defecation

the elimination of semi-solid waste products from the body is called

defecation

the process that moves a bolus from the oral cavity into the esophagus is called swallowing or ______________.

deglutition

describe the functions of hepatocytes

detoxification, bile production, synthesis of blood components, phagocytosis

the system specialized to ingest/digest food and absorb water/electrolytes is the

digestive system

The three sections of the small intestine, listed in order as food passes through

duodenum --> jejunum --> ileum

place the segments of the small intestine in the order of which food travels

duodenum --> jejunun --> ileum

the process by which bile salts transform large lipid droplets into much smaller lipid droplets is called

emulsification

food is ingested, digested, and finally eliminated from the body as ______________.

feces

the organ that stores and concentrates bile is the ____________________

gallbladder

identify the secretions of the stomach

gastin, pepsinogen, mucus, Hal, intrinsic factor

Mass movements in the colon are initiated by the ______ reflex when there is food in the stomach and by the ______ reflex when there is food in the small intestine.

gastrocolic, duodenocolic

identify the pouches of the large intestine that result from contraction of the teniae coli

haustra

identify the vessels that empty into the hepatic sinusoids

hepatic artery hepatic portal vein

the blood-filled channels found between the hepatic cords are called

hepatic sinusoids

bile helps in ________ the pH of the small intestine to allow for normal function of pancreatic enzymes

increasing

identify the structures of the digestive tract that are lined with simple columnar epithelium

large intestine, stomach, small intestine

a micelles is a ________ droplet surrounded by _________.

lipid, bile salts

a chylomicron is a ___________ droplet surrounded by __________

lipid, proteins

fatty acids and glycerol are products of the chemical digestion of

lipids

describe how lipids are transported through the blood

lipids are combined with protein to form lipoproteins

the ________ are formed mostly by the orbiculares iris and connective tissue covered by skin

lips

identify the largest internal organ of the body

liver

identify the organs of the digestive system that are considered accessory organs

liver, pancreas, salivary glands, gallbladder

the stongs and infrequent peristaltic contractions that move contents of the large intestine longer distances are called

mass movements

which movements of the digestive tract will help to propel food form one end of the digestive tract to the other?

mass movements, deglutition, peristalsis

what are the basic functions of the digestive system?

mastication, defecation, absorption, ingestion, digestion

mastication is the

mechanical breakdown of food (chewing)

acetylcholine, norepinephrine, and serotonin are _____________ that affect digestive tract ______________.

neurotransmitters, motility

correctly pair the digestive secretion with the correct function

ntrinsic factor --> B12 absorption Trypsin --> digests proteins Amylase --> digests starch Hydrochloric acid --> activates pepsin Enterokinase --> activates trypsin Bile salts --> emulsifies lipids Pepsinogen --> active form aids in breaking proteins Gastrin --> stimulated gastric secretions

identify the muscle that forms most of the lips

orbicularis oris

Identify the structures of the digestive tract that are lined with stratified squamous epithelium

oropharynx, esophagus, mouth, anal canal

identify the sturctures that are involved in deglutition

oropharynx, esophagus, tongue

the _______________ is an organ that consists of a head located within the curvature of the duodenum and a tail that extends to the spleen

pancreas

the three large paired salivary glands are the _____________, _____________, and _____________.

parotid, sublingual, submandibular

match the digestive secretion with the correct function

pepsin --> digests proteins into smaller peptide chains lipase --> digests lipids bicarbonate ions --> provides appropriate pH pancreatic enzymes mucus --> protects the lining of the esophagus peptidases --> splits amino acids from polypeptides bile salts --> emulsifies lipids

identify the substances that aid in the chemical digestion of proteins

peptidases carboxypeptidase trypsin pepsin

identify the secretions of the small intestine

peptidases, mucus, disaccharidases, cholecystokinin, secretin

teeth found in an adult mouth are called ___________, which teeth found in a chlid's mouth are called _______________.

permanent, deciduous

identify the functions of the liver

production of bile, synthesis of new molecules, interconversion of nutrients, phagocytosis, storage of glycogen/lipids/vitamins/minerals, production of blood proteins, conversion of amino acids into carbs, nutrient storage

identify the functions of mucus secretion in the large intestine

protects intestinal lining, helps fecal matter stick together, lubricates colon wall

trypsin, chymotrypsin, and pepsin all aid in the chemical digestion of _____________

protein

peristaltic contractions that move chyme through the partially closed pyloric opening are called the ________________

pyloric pump

identify the functions of bile

raises pH of small intestine emulsification of lipids

what process mixes food with digestive secretions?

segmental contractions

identify the types of movements that occur within the small intestine

segmental contractions peristaltic contractions

the adventitia or _____________ is the outermost layer of structures in the digestive system

serosa

identify the organ of the digestive system that primarily functions as a storage and mixing chamber

stomach

pepsinogen and pepsin are both secretions of the ____________

stomach

lipid digestion occurs in the

stomach, small intestine

the layer of the digestive tract that is a thick layer of connective tissue containing nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, and glands is the

submucosa

identify the four muscles of mastication

temporalis, medial pterygoid, masseter, lateral pterygoid

the low pH of the stomach is due to

the action of the proton pump

what is the brush border

the microvilli of the epithelium in the small intestine

describe the effects of food intake on the stomach

the rugae flatten and the stomach volume increases

name factors that influence stomach emptying

the type of food the volume of food