Chapter 24 Urinary system
Nephrons located close to the medulla with long nephron loops are called ______. A) columnar nephrons B) perimedullary nephron C) calyces D) juxtamedullary nephrons E) cortical nephron
D
______ is /are an immediately life-threatening condition. However, if an individual survives the incident, full recovery is often possible. A) chronic renal failure B) prostate enlargement C) dysuria D) kidney stones E) acute renal failure
E
Urine is temporarily stored in the _____. A) renal pelvis B) gallbladder C) kidneys D) prostate gland E) urinary bladder
E
As the filtrate passes through the renal tubules, approximately what percentage is reabsorbed and returned to the circulation? A) 99 B)1 C) 63 D) 74 E)38
A
Eighty-fiver percent of nephrons in the human kidney are located in the _____ and have short nephron loops. A) cortex B) fibrous capsule C) renal columns D) renal pelvis E) medulla
A
Regarding kidney function, in re-absorption,______ A) water and solutes are transported from the tubular fluid, across the tubular, epithelium, and into the peritubuar fluid B) solutes enter the tubular fluid after exiting the peritubular fluid and crossing tubular epithelium C) blood pressure forces water and solutes across the membrane of the glomerular capillaries and into the capsular space
A
The amount of filtrate produced by the kidney each minutes is called the _____. A) glomerular filtration rate B) filtration ratio C) autoregulation capacity D) corpuscular output E) net filtration pressure
A
The area of the urinary bladder bounded by the opening of the two ureters and the urethra is called the _____. A) trigone B) ruga C) vasa reta D) lamina propria E) detrusor muscle
A
The inability to urinate is termed A) urinary retention B) dysuria C) oliguria D) urgency E) incontinence
A
The most abundant waste solute in urine is ______ A) urea B) potassium C) uric acid D) creatine E) protein
A
The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is ______. A) reabsorbing nutrients B) secretion of acids and ammonia C) filtration D) secretion of drugs E) adjusting to urine volume
A
The ureter and urinary bladder are lined by _____ epitheium. A) transitional B) simple columnar C) stratified squamous D) pseudostratified columnar E) simple cuboidal
A
Triangular or conical structure located in the renal medulla are called _____. A) renal pyramids B) nephrons C) renal columns D) calyces E) renal pelvises
A
Urine is eliminated form the body through the ____. A) urethra B) urinary bladder C) liver D) kidney E) ureter
A
Blood leaves the glomerulus through blood vessels called the ____. A) afferent arterioles B) vase rectus C) cortical radiate artery D) efferent arterioles E) renal vein
D
A patient excretes a large volume of very diluted urine on a continuing basis. This may be due to ____. A) dilation of the afferent arterioles B) absence of ADH C) hematuric oliguria D) overproduction of aldosterone E) excessive ADH secretion
B
Each of the following organs is part of the urinary system except the _____. A) kidney B) rectum C) urinary bladder D) ureter E) urethra
B
In French, it's "Faire de pipi" in spanish, it's "hacer pipi", in English, it's "I have to per." What's the medical term for this universal urge to pass urine? A) mastication B) micturition C) degustation D) defecation E) filtration
B
The U-shaped segment of the nephron is the ______. A) collecting loop B) nephron loop C) proximal convoluted tubule D) minor calyx E) distal convoluted tubule
B
The detrusor muscle _____. A) functions as the internal urinary sphincter B) compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra C) moves urine along the ureter by peristalsis D) surrounds the renal pelvis E) functions as the external urinary sphincter
B
The glomerular capsule and the glomerulus make up the ______. A) collecting tubule system B) renal corpucles C) renal pyramids D) renal papilla E) nephron loop
B
The outermost layer of the kidney is the ______. A) renal pelvis B) fibrous capsule C) major calyx D) renal cortex E) renal medulla
B
Urine passes,in the order given, through which of the following structures? A) renal pelvis, urethra, bladder, ureter, collecting duct B) collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra C) renal pelvis, collecting duct, bladder, ureter, urethra D) collecting duct, ureter, renal pelvis, urethra, bladder E) collecting duct, renal pelvis, urethra, bladder, ureter
B
Which of the following is greater? A) the concentration of solute in the filtration at the beginning of the nephron loop B) the concentration of solute in the filtration at the bottom of the nephron loop C) the concentration at the top and bottom are identical
B
Which of the following is not a function of the urinary system? A) regulates blood volume B) excretes excess albumin molecules C) contributes to stabilizing blood pH D) eliminates organic waste products E) regulates plasma concentrations of electrolytes
B
______ nephrons are essential to water conservation and the production of concentrated urine. A) cortical B) juxtamedullary
B
Antidiuretic hormone A) causes the kidney to produce a larger volume of very diluted urine B) is secreted in response to low potassium ion in the blood C) release is insensitive to the osmolarity of interstitial fluid D) increase the permeability of the collecting duct to water E) is secreted by the anterior pituitary
D
A glomerulus is ______. A) the horseshoe-shaped segment of the nephron B) the middle segment of the renal tubule C) a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle D) attaches to the collecting duct E) the expanded end of a nephron
C
All of the following are true of the kidney except that they are _____. A) surrounded by a fibrous capsule B) located in a position that is retroperitoneal C) located partly within the pelvic cavity D) covered by peritoneum E) held in place by the renal fascia
C
At which point is the osmotic concentration of filtration highest? A) as it enters the proximal convoluted tubule B) as it leaves the glomerular capsule C) in the transition point between the descending and ascending limbs of the nephron loop D) as it enters the descending limb of the nephron loop E) as it blends with tubular fluid in the distal convoluted tubules
C
During the micturition reflex, A) sympathetic motor nerons that control the dutrusor muscle become active B) the internal sphincter is consciously relaxed C) stimulation of stretch receptors in the bladder wall sends impulses to the sacral cord D) all of the following answers E) none of the following
C
Major calyces are ______. A) expanded ends of nephrons B) conical structures that are located in the renal medulla C) large tributaries of the renal pelvis D) the expanded ends of renal pyramids E) basic foundation layer of the kidney
C
One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to _______ A) decrease urinary albumin concentration B) increase filtration into glomerular (Bowman's) capsule C) increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex D) increase release of angiotensin II by the suprarenal glands E) decrease secretion of adosterone
C
Substances larger than ______ do not ass through the filtration membrane. A) sodium ions B) amino acids C) albumin D) glucose E) urea
C
The condition called ______ is characterized by painful or difficult urination. This condition can be due to pathologic or benign causes. A) renal calculi B) urinary retention C) dysuria D)incontinence E) pyelonephritis
C
The filtrate first passes from the glomerular capsule to the _____. A) nephron loop B) distal convoluted tubule C) proximal convoluted tubule D) minor caylx E) collecting duct
C
The inability of the kidney to excrete adequately to maintain homeostasis is termed ______. A) polycystic kidney disease B) calculi C) renal failure D) hematuria E) glomerulonephritis
C
The left kidney lies _____ to the right kidney. A) slightly ipsilateral B) slightly transverse C) slightly superior D) slightly inferior E) slightly posterior
C
The process of filtration occurs at the ____. A) nephron loop B) proximal convoluted tubule C) glomerulus D) distal convoluted tubule E) collecting duct
C
Tubular reabsorption involves all of the following except: involves all of the following except _____. A) active transport B) facilitated diffusion C) phagocytosis D) osmosis E) secondary active transport
C
Typical renal blood flow is about _____ percent of cardiac output under resting conditions. A) 5 B) 10 C) 25 D) 40 E) 50
C
An x-ray image of the urinary system is called a _____. A) nephrograph B) pelvigram C) urogram D) pyeogram E) renogram
D
Peristaltic contractions, beginning at the renal pelvis, sweep along the ureter, forcing urine toward the urinary bladder. In a normal, healthy person, how often do these contractions occur? A) once every minute B) every 2 minutes C) 12-15 times a minute D) every 30 seconds or so E) it is not know how often these contractions occur
D
The efferent arteriole of a nephron divides to form a network of capillaries within the cortex called the ______ capillaries. A) glomerular B) vasa recta C) efferent D) peritubular E) cortical
D
The filtration membrane in the renal corpuscle of what three layers? A) fenestration, matrix, and foot process B) podocyte filtration slits, matrix cells in the glomerulus, and endothelium of glomerulus C) filtration slits, foot processes, and slit pores D) endothelium of glomerulus, dense layer of glomerulus, and podocyte filtration slits E) dense layer f glomerulus, foot processes, and fenestration in the capsule
D
The portion of the nephron that empties into the collecting ducts is the _____. A) papillary tubule B) proximal convoluted tubule C) calyx D) distal convoluted tubule E) nephron loop
D
The position of the kidneys in the abdominal cavity is stabilized by _____. A) supporting connective tissue B) the overlying peritoneum C) contact with adjacent visceral organs D) all of the answers are correct E) none of the answers are correct
D
The process of filttraton is driven by A) net filtration pressure B) blood colloid osmotic pressure C) renal pumping D) glomerular hydrostatic pressure E) active transport
D
The prominent indention on the medial surface of the kidney is the ______. A) pelvis B) ureter C) clayx D) hilum E) pyramid
D
When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) decreases, ______. A) the osmolarity of the urinary decreases B) less urine is produced C) more urine is produced D) more urine is produced and the osmolarity of the urine decreases E) none of the answers are correct
D
Which of the following description best matches the term calyx? A) tip of medullary pyramid B) releases renin C) initial filtrate enters here D) final urine enters here E) superficial portions of the kidney
D
Which of the tubules is impermeable to water? A) distal convoluted tubule B) proximal convoluted tubule C) descending limb of the nephron loop D) ascending limb of the nephron loop E) none of the answers are correct. All of the tubules are water-permeable
D
A healthy adult typically produces ____ of urine per day. A) 2500 mL B) 500 mL C) 250 mL D) 25 mL E) 1200mL
E
Countercurent multiplication takes place in the _____. A) glomerulus B) glomerular capsule C) collecting duct D) distal convoluted tubule E) nephron loop
E
Each of the following is a normal constituent of urine except ____. A) creatinine B) hydrogen ions C) uric acid D) urea E) proteins
E
If you have to urine but have to "hold it" until you can find a bathroom, what structure are you "holding it with" with? A) the internal anal sphincter B) the trigone C) the pyloric sphincter D) the internal urethral sphincter E) the external urethral sphincter
E
Renal columns are ______. A) internal cavities lined by the fibrous capsule B) conical structures that are located in the renal medulla C) expanded ends of the ureter D) the basic foundation units of the kidney E) bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex
E
The DCT secretes hydrogen ions in exchange for sodium ions by the process of _____. A) cotransport B) active transport C) facilitated diffusion D) diffusion E) countertransport
E
The cavity of the kidney that receives urine from the calyces is called the ____. A) renal papilla B) renal cortex C) renal medulla D) renal sinus E) renal pelvis
E
The functional unit of the kidney is the ______. A) calyx B) renal sinus C) collecting ducts D) kidney lobe E) nephron
E
The mechanism for producing concentrated urine involves A) a properly functioning nephron loop B) aquaporins being inserted into the membranes of the collecting duct cells C) the secretion of antidiuretic hormone D) a high concentration of NaCl in the fluid surrounding the collecting duct E) all of the following answers are correct
E
Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by ____. A) lymphatics B) blood vessels C) the clyces D) the urethra E) the ureter
E