Chapter 25 master set

When water is lost but electrolytes are retained,: a) both the ECF and ICF become more dilute b) Osmosis moves water from the ICF to the ECF c) There is an increase in the volume of the ICF d) the osmolarity of the ECF falls e) both A and D

B

Approximately ________ liters of peritoneal fluid are produced and reabsorbed each day. A) 10 B) 7 C) 9 D) 15 E) 20

b

Climbing at high altitude where oxygen levels are insufficient can lead to a; respiratory acidosis. b: respiratory alkalosis. c: metabolic acidosis. d: metabolic alkalosis.

b

Medicines that overstimulate respiratory centers in the brain lead to a: respiratory acidosis. b: respiratory alkalosis. c: metabolic acidosis. d: metabolic alkalosis.

b

Most of the fixed acid in our body comes from a: the oxygen we breathe. b: acid absorbed from the GI tract. c: loss of bicarbonate in feces. d: lactic acid from muscle.

b

Ca+ reabsorption by the kidneys is promoted by the hormone:

calcitrol

Which of the following bulk minerals is essential for normal muscle and neuron function and normal bone structure?

calcium

Exchange among subdivisions of ECF occurs primarily in the:

capillaries

Elevated HCO3- levels brought about by vomiting is classified as a: respiratory acidosis. b: respiratory alkalosis. c: metabolic acidosis. d: metabolic alkalosis.

d

The components of extracellular fluid (ECF) include: a) Interstitial fluid b) CSF c) blood plasma & lymph d) all the above

d

The hormone ANP causes systemic blood vessels to a: constrict, which raises blood pressure. b: constrict, which lowers blood pressure. c: dilate, which raises blood pressure. d: dilate, which lowers blood pressure.

d

If someone begins to hyperventilate due to anxiety, the CO2 concentration in their blood decreases; this causes __________ in blood pH.

increase

Low __ triggers aldosterone

sodium

Which ion is the principal solute of the ECF and is crucial for neuromuscular and renal function?

sodium

principle cation of ECF

sodium

__% body fluid is ICF

66

All of the homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids respond to changes in the ______: A) ECF B) ICF C) Plasma D) Lymph E) CSF

A

At which stage of life is the percentage of fluid in the human body highest? a: Infancy b: Childhood c: Middle age d: Advanced age

A

DONE A (n) ________ consists of a combination of a weak acid and its dissociation products. A) Buffer system B) Osmosis C) Filtration D) Cardiovascular system

A

High levels of ADH cause a: vasoconstriction and therefore increases in blood pressure. b: vasoconstriction and therefore decreases in blood pressure. c: vasodilation and therefore increases in blood pressure. d: vasodilation and therefore decreases in blood pressure.

A

Intracellular fluid (ICF) is found in: a) the cells of the body b) Lymph c) Blood vessels d) the interstitial space e) the cerebrospinal fluid

A

Renal failure can result in: A) Hyperkalemia. B) Decreased urea. C) Hypokalemia. D) Hyponatremia.

A

The principal ions in extracellular fluid are ___, ___, and ___. A) Na, Cl, HCO3- B) Na, Cl, K C) Na, K, HCO3- D) K, Cl, PO4- E) K, PO4-, Fe

A

When the hormone Aldosterone is secreted, the kidneys reabsorb: A) Sodium. B) Potassium. C) Magnesium. D) Calcium.

A

Which statement accurately describes the permeability to water of the cell membrane and the capillary wall? a: Both the plasma membrane and the capillary wall are permeable to water. b: The plasma membrane is permeable to water, but the capillary wall is not. c: The plasma membrane is not permeable to water, but the capillary wall is. d: Neither the plasma membrane nor the capillary wall is permeable to water.

A

DONE increases urine output and decreases blood volume.

ANP

Excess potassium ion is eliminated from the body by: a) the spleen b) sweating c) the liver d) the digestive system e) the kidneys

e

Aldosterone causes kidney tubules to a: reabsorb more sodium, water, and potassium. b: reabsorb more sodium and water, and secrete more potassium. c: reabsorb more sodium, and secret more water and potassium. d: secrete more sodium, water, and potassium. e: secrete more sodium and reabsorb more potassium.

B

Angiotensin II triggers a: vasoconstriction and increased urine output from the kidneys. b: vasoconstriction and decreased urine output from the kidneys. c: vasodilation and increased urine output from the kidneys. d: vasodilation and decreased urine output from the kidneys.

B

DONE When compared with the effects of blood pressure and osmolarity on fluid intake, the effects of saliva and stomach distention are a: more immediate and more accurate. b: more immediate but less accurate. c: more long-term and more accurate. d: more long-term but less accurate.

B

How does the hormone aldosterone influence potassium levels? a: It increases potassium secretion by the kidneys and increases potassium blood concentration. b: It increases potassium secretion by the kidneys and decreases potassium blood concentration. c: It increases potassium reabsorption by the kidneys and decreases potassium blood concentration. d: It increases potassium reabsorption by the kidneys and increases potassium blood concentration.

B

Hypoventilation would cause: A) Respiratory alkalosis. B) Respiratory acidosis. C) Metabolic alkalosis. D) Metabolic acidosis.

B

If a strong acid were to add H+ to the intracellular fluid, the effect would most likely be buffered, because a: HPO42- would act as a weak acid and donate an H+ to become PO4-. b: HPO42- would act as a weak base and accept an H+ to become H2PO4-. c: H2PO4- would act as a weak acid and accept an H+ to become H3PO4-. d: PO4 would act as a strong base and accept an H+ to become HPO4.

B

If an individual's respiratory rate decreases, then blood CO2 levels a: rise, blood H+ levels rise, and blood pH rises. b: rise, blood H+ levels rise, and blood pH falls. c: rise, blood H+ levels fall, and blood pH falls. d: fall, blood H+ levels rise, and blood pH rises. e: fall, blood H+ levels fall, and blood pH falls.

B

If your patient has a higher-than-normal pH (alkalosis), you would expect to also see: A) High Paco2 and high bicarbonate. B) Low Paco2 and high bicarbonate. C) Low bicarbonate and high Paco0. D) Low Paco2 and low bicarbonate.

B

If your patient is breathing rapidly his body is attempting to: A) Retain carbon dioxide. B) Get rid of excess carbon dioxide. C) Improve the buffering ability of bicarbonate. D) Produce more carbonic acid

B

Older adults are at increased risk for electrolyte imbalances because, with age, the kidneys have: A) Increased Glomerular filtration rate. B) Fewer functioning Nephrons. C) Increased ability to concentrate urine. D) Increased blood flow.

B

The bicarbonate system is composed of H2CO3 and HCO3-. Which statement accurately describes these molecules? a: H2CO3 and HCO3- are both weak acids. b: H2CO3 is a weak acid, and HCO3- is a weak base. c: H2CO3 is a weak base, and HCO3- is a weak acid. d: H2CO3 and HCO3- are both strong bases. e: H2CO3 is a strong base, and HCO3- is a weak acid.

B

To survive, humans must maintain a normal volume and composition of: A) Body fluids. B) ECF. C) Plasma. D) ICF. E) All of the above

e

Aldosterone exerts effects on principal cells of the kidney by causing a: increased levels of cAMP and increases in the total number of Na+ channels. b: decreased levels of cAMP and decreases in the number of open K+ channels. c: increased numbers of Na+/K+ pumps. d: decreased numbers of Na+/K+ pumps.

C

How are sodium levels and blood pressure related? a: Increased plasma sodium levels decrease water retention, decrease blood volume, and increase blood pressure. b: Decreased plasma sodium levels increase water retention, increase blood volume, and decrease blood pressure. c: Increased plasma sodium levels increase water retention, blood volume, and blood pressure. d: Decreased plasma sodium levels decrease water retention, increase blood volume, and increase blood pressure.

C

If a physiologic condition resulted in blood pH reaching 7.2, but then physiological buffering systems brought the pH to 7.4, that increase in pH would be called a: acidosis. b: alkalosis. c: compensation. d: imbalance. e: partial noncompensation.

C

Insulin causes blood plasma levels of potassium to ________ by _______ activity of the Na+/K+ pumps. a: increase; stimulating b: increase; inhibiting c: decrease; stimulating d: decrease; inhibiting

C

Low levels of calcium within cells are maintained by a: a high number of voltage-gated and leakage channels for calcium in cell membranes. b: frequent exocytosis and endocytosis of calcium-containing vesicles. c: pumps that move calcium out of cells or into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. d: osmosis of large amounts of water into cells that have any calcium within them.

C

The most common problems with electrolyte balance are caused by an imbalance between gains and losses of: A) Chlorine ions. B) Magnesium ions. C) Sodium ions. D) Calcium ions. E) Potassium ions.

C

The molecule HCl is an example of a(n)

electrolyte

The stimuli that trigger the release of ADH are a: high blood pressure, high blood volume, and high blood osmolarity. b: high blood pressure, low blood volume, and low blood osmolarity. c: low blood pressure, low blood volume, and high blood osmolarity. d: low blood pressure, high blood volume, and high blood osmolarity. e: low blood pressure, low blood volume, and low blood osmolarity.

C

When blood starts to become too acidic, the kidneys respond by a: synthesizing and secreting bicarbonate ions while reabsorbing H+. b: synthesizing and reabsorbing H+ while filtering bicarbonate ions. c: synthesizing and reabsorbing bicarbonate ions while secreting H+. d: decreasing filtration rate and increasing reabsorption of both bicarbonate ions and H+. e: increasing filtration rate and increasing reabsorption of H+.

C

When the pH of the extracellular fluid declines, the: A) Kidneys reabsorb less water. B) pH of the urine decrease. C) Kidneys secrete more potassium ions. D) Kidneys excrete more sodium ions. E) Kidneys excrete more bicarbonate ions.

C

Which of the following does not turn off the thirst center of the brain? a: Decreased blood osmolarity b: Entry of fluid in the stomach c: Decreased salivary secretions d: Increased blood pressure

C

When the amount of sodium ion in extracellular fluid increases, A) There is a decreased thirst. B) Aldosterone secretion increases. C) ADH secretion decreases. D) Osmoreceptors are stimulated. E) There is an increase in the volume of urine produced.

D

When bicarbonate levels fall due to an accumulation of fixed acids in the body, the result is a: metabolic acidosis. b: metabolic alkalosis. c: insufficient respiration. d: respiratory acidosis. e: respiratory alkalosis.

a

In response to a rapid increase of organic acids in the body, you would expect to observe all of the following, except A) Increased heart rate. B) Increased alveolar ventilation. C) Decreased blood pH. D) Decreased respiration rate. E) Increased blood pressure.

D

Prolonged vomiting can result in: A) Respiratory acidosis. B) Respiratory alkalosis. C) Metabolic acidosis. D) Metabolic alkalosis.

D

Secretion of potassium into the urine is: A) Increased with elevated levels of ADH. B) Minimal because humans ingest very little potassium. C) Decreased by aldosterone. D) Associated with the reabsorption of sodium from the distal tubules and collecting ducts. E) Increased in the presence of atrial natriuretic peptide.

D

The adrenal gland releases aldosterone in response to a: ANP and increased blood plasma sodium levels. b: ANP and decreased blood plasma sodium levels. c: angiotensin II and increased blood plasma sodium levels. d: angiotensin II and decreased blood plasma sodium levels.

D

The higher the plasma concentration of aldosterone, the more efficiently the kidney will: A) Secrete greater amounts of ADH. B) Retain potassium ions. C) Stimulate urinary water loss. D) Conserve sodium ions.

D

The kidneys respond to acid-base disturbances by: A) Adjusting Paco2 levels. B) Producing phosphate buffers. C) Producing protein buffers. D) excreting or reabsorbing hydrogen or bicarbonate

D

Cerebrospinal fluid of the central nervous system and synovial fluid of joint capsules are both examples of

ECF

Where is most of the iron excreted from?

Kidneys

When large amts of pure water are consumed, a) Osmolarities of the two compartments are slightly lower b) the volume of the ECF decreases c) a fluid shift occurs and the volume of the ICF decreases d) the ECF becomes hypertonic to the ICF e) The volume of the ICF increases

a

more potassium and more negatively charged proteins

ICF

When the pH of the ECF decreases, K+ starts to move from the__ to the ___

ICF ECF

Aerobic cellular respiration and dehydration synthesis reactions result in a: metabolic water intake. b: preformed water intake. c: insensible water output. d: preformed water output. e: obligatory water output.

a

Which hormone affects the osmotic concentration? A) ADH B) BNP C) Natriuretic peptide D) ANP E) Aldosterone

a

DONE Each of the following statements concerning chloride ions is true, except that: A) Large amounts of chloride ions are lost each day in the urine. B) Chloride ion concentrations in the ICF are usually low. C) Chloride ions are absorbed along the digestive tract in the company of sodium ions. D) Chloride ions are lost in perspiration. E) Chloride ions are the most abundant anions in the ECF.

a

The primary role of the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to: A) Prevent pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids. B) Buffer stomach acid. C) Buffer the urine. D) Increase the amount of carbonic acid during ventilation. E) Buffer carbonic acid formed by carbon dioxide.

a

Water accounts for approximately ________ percent of the body weight in an adult male. A) 60 B) 50 C) 80 D) 75 E) 40

a

Most potassium loss from the body occurs through

Urine

Promotes sodium retention in the kidneys.

aldosterone

Which hormone plays a role in determining the rate of sodium absorption and potassium loss?

aldosterone

Stimulates water conservation by the kidneys.

antidiuretic hormone

When NaCl is added to body fluids, it results in the addition of a: one solute particle per NaCl molecule and exerts an osmotic pressure equivalent to that of a nonelectrolyte. b: two solute particles per NaCl molecule and exerts twice the osmotic pressure of the same number of nonelectrolyte molecules. c; three solute particles per NaCl molecule and exerts one-third the osmotic pressure of the same number of nonelectrolyte molecules. d: one solute particle per NaCl molecule, but because it is uncharged it does not result in osmotic pressure.

b

When blood starts to become more alkaline than normal, the renal tubules begin to a: secrete bicarbonate and H+ through type B cells. b: secrete bicarbonate while reabsorbing H+ in exchange through type B cells. c: secrete H+ while reabsorbing bicarbonate in exchange through type A cells. d: absorb bicarbonate and H+ through type A cells.

b

A person with chronic diabetes will exhibit signs of: A) Respiratory acidosis. B) Respiratory alkalosis. C) Metabolic acidosis. D) Metabolic alkalosis.

c

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is synthesized in the _________ and released from the _________. a: anterior pituitary; posterior pituitary b: anterior pituitary; hypothalamus c: hypothalamus; posterior pituitary d: hypothalamus; anterior pituitary

c

Consuming a meal high in salt will: A) Activate the renin-angiotensin mechanism. B) Cause hypotension. C) Result in a temporary increase in blood volume. D) Decrease thirst. E) Drastically increase the osmolarity of the blood.

c

DONE Renal compensation to a decrease in blood H+ levels is to increase the activity of type a: A cells to secrete more bicarbonate. b: A cells to secrete less bicarbonate. c: B cells to secrete more bicarbonate. d: B cells to secrete less bicarbonate.

c

In the condition of volume excess, fluid gain involves a: an increase in osmolarity of body fluid. b: a decrease in osmolarity of body fluid. c: no change in the osmolarity of body fluid.

c

Renal compensation for acidosis results in a: urine with a high pH and an elevation of blood bicarbonate levels. b: urine with a high pH and a decline of blood bicarbonate levels. c: urine with a low pH and an elevation of blood bicarbonate levels. d: urine with a low pH and a decline of blood bicarbonate levels.

c

Respiratory acidosis occurs when the partial pressure of a: oxygen rises. b: oxygen falls. c: carbon dioxide rises. d: carbon dioxide falls.

c

Severe diarrhea results in the increased elimination of a: hydrogen ions and therefore causes acidosis. b: hydrogen ions and therefore causes alkalosis. c: bicarbonate ions and therefore causes acidosis. d: bicarbonate ions and therefore causes alkalosis.

c

The most abundant anion in the extracellular fluid is a: negatively charged proteins. b: phosphate. c: chloride. d: hydrogen. e: acetic acid.

c

The most common type of acid-base imbalance is a: metabolic acidosis. b: metabolic alkalosis. c: respiratory acidosis. d: respiratory alkalosis.

c

When the level of sodium ion in extracellular fluid decreases, A)A person experiences an increased thirst. B) More ADH is released. C) There is an increase in the level of aldosterone. D) There is an increase in the level of atrial natriuretic factor. E) Osmoreceptors are stimulated

c

Drinking a liter of water will cause the osmolarity of blood plasma to

decrease

Increases in secretion of the hormone ADH cause sodium concentration in the blood plasma to__

decrease

DONE type of water loss that is controlled by hormone effects on the kidney.

facultative

A diet rich in animal protein contributes to increased levels of

fixed acid

The thirst center of the brain is located in the

hypothalamus

Fixed acids are generally regulated by physiological buffering provided by the

kidneys

Assists in neuromuscular transmission.

magnesium

the Cofactor of enzymes, required for normal membrane functions

magnesium

Decreases in blood pressure turn _____ the thirst center of the brain.

on

Principle cation of ICF

potassium

The most abundant cation within cells is

potassium

DONE Water lost through feces is considered ___________ water loss.

sensible

The process by which the kidneys eliminate excess acid or base is relatively

slow

decreases in salivary secretions and increases in blood osmolarity cause

thirst