Chapter 25 terms

Usuman dan Fodio

(1745- 1817) leader who led the Muslim reform movement in Hausa; he said that Hausa people were unbelievers even though their official profession of Islam because they practice polytheistic rituals and turn people away from the path of God

Sokoto Caliphate

(1809- 1906) Created by inland West Africa Islamic reformers (includes Hausa and neighboring states); A large Muslim state founded in 1809 in what is now northern Nigeria

Ismail Pasha

- 1830-1895 - grandson of Muhammad Ali - 1863- 1879 ruled Egypt - "My country is no longer in Africa; we are now part of Europe. It is therefore natural for us to abandon our former ways and to adopt a new system adapted to our social conditions" - accepting Westernizing ways and emphasizing them -expanded Egypt to Sudan - "helped" with the construction of the Suez Canal

Emperor Tewodros

- 1833-1868 - emperor of Ethiopia from 1855 -encouraged the manufacture of weapons locally with the aid of the Protestant missionaries, his craftsmen even constructed a giant cannon capable of firing a half-ton shell but his efforts to coerce more technical aid by holding some British officials captive backfired when the British invaded - committed suicide

Zulu kingdom

- A people of modern South Africa whom king Shaka united in 1818. Created when there was a serious drought in southeastern Africa, and the military genius Shaka United everyone; this group was the most powerful and feared group in southern Africa; was very organized and disciplined - Catuahwoyo: last emperor, was kept in london prison (the picture we saw in class was some fat guy sitting in a cheap chair - and that was a photo, not even a drawing) They beat the british decisively in the battle of Isandlwana, January 22 1879 - Next day british came in and destroyed them

Swahili Coast

- An island off the shores of the Swahili coast. Joined with the mainland state of Tanganyika to form Tanzania

King Leopold

- April 9, 1835 - December 17, 1909 - founder and sole owner of Congo Free State - he was allowed to claim this land because he said he would improve the lives of he inhabitants there - however, he just wanted to extract a fortune from the Congo - forced natives in the Congo to to work and process rubber - about 10 mil. natives died from his control - he was relinquished of control of the Congo Free State in 1908

Charles Gordon

- British general who became a national hero for his exploits in China - aka Chinese Gordon - The same guy who helped take down the taiping rebellion, sent to Africa to help out in the sudanese area - killed in battle against the Mahdist empire. may have became a drunkard.

Zanzibar

- People on Zanzibar spoke Arabian, areas in Tanganyika (modern day Tanzania) spoke bantu, the combination is the language of Swahili.

Afrikaners

- South Africans descended from Dutch and French settlers of the seventeenth century. Their Great Trek founded new settler colonies in the nineteenth century. Though a minority among South Africans, they held political power after 1910, imposing a system of racial segregation called apartheid after 1949

Tippu Tip

- from Zanzibar - Livingstone and Stanley met him on their journey - he was an Arab slave trader (spoke Arabic); looks black but isn't black - conquered an area around what is now the Republic of Congo -Europeans admired him

Mahdia

- group of people like ISIS who thought the end of the world was coming - The thought process of the Mahdist empire. Like ISIS, they were muslim and tried to kick out europeans. They thought the end of the world was coming, so they wanted to take it over. They threatened the kings and queens of Europe with attacks, like terrorist attacks, and warn of their coming.

Congo Free State

- located in Central Africa - Privately controlled by Leopold II of Belgium - Leopold called it the "free state" in order to prevent people from being aware of the slavery that was actually happening there - he wanted white ivory and black ivory (slaves) - however, Leopold also wanted to develop the area

David Livingstone

- one of the journeying groups looking for the source of the Nile River - was a European exploring group that was not conquering, enslaving, or anything like that; they were simply exploring - was exploring for five years but managed to find Lake Victoria

Abd al-Qadir

- ruled Algeria after overthrowing the French - he united Algeria under Muslim ways - but later, Algeria was taken back by the French and he was killed

White Man's Burden

- the idea that white men have the responsibility of colonizing undeveloped countries and developing them - in the poem, the British author (Kipling) urged USA to follow the European ways of westernizing a culture - happened around 1898, when USA got a hold of the Philippines

Scramble for Africa

- the invasion, occupation, colonization and annexation of African territory by European powers during the period of New Imperialism, between 1881 and 1914 - happened quickly because of gin and tonic, which protected the Europeans from malaria/ mosquitos - Contains quinine, to suppress malaria, alcohol, to purify water, and lemon, for vitamin C. - people wanted to colonize Africa because the land was "untouched" and European countries wanted to Westernize it. also, there was rivalry between Britain, France, Germany, and the other European powers - The french went for a west-east, while Britain went north-south. Met up in southern Sudan at Fashoda where they had a Fashodown.

(second) Boer War

- war from October 11, 1899 until May 31, 1902 between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland on the one hand, and the South African Republic (Transvaal Republic) and the Orange Free State on the other (the British won) - had the first use of the maxim gun, which was invented by Hiram Maxim in 188; the first automated machine gun

Ethiopian Exceptionalism

- when a country is considered "exceptional" and thus does not need to conform to normal rules or general principles -to avoid being conquered from Europeans, they built their own empire for protection -state building and reform were also under way in Ethiopia, whose rulers had been Christian for fifteen hundred years. - beginning in the 1840s Ethiopian rulers purchased modern weapons from European sources and created strong armies loyal to the ruler

nawab

A Muslim prince allied to British India; technically, a semi-autonomous deputy of the Mughal empire. Duty was to uphold the sovereignty of the Mughal empire along with the administration of a certain Province (in this case the BEIC)

Berlin Conference

A conference held by german chancellor Otto von Bismarck to set the rules for the scramble for Africa/partition of Africa:led to creation of the Congo Free state.

cholera

A disease spread through water transmission, usually contaminated with human feces. Began to spread after the British established Infrastructure in India, as pilgrims and poor Indians moving to cities caused it to be centralized.

Cecil Rhodes

A leading British colonialist/imperialist in Southern Africa, Established the country of Rhodesia (named after him, now Zimbabwe and Zambia). Owned the diamond company De beers

Indian National Congress

A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in the government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, it appealed increasingly to the poor, and it organized mass protests demanding self-government and independence; made up of middle class indians who's goal was to have a larger role for indians in the Civil Service

Zulu

A people of modern South Africa whom king Shaka united in 1818. Created when there was a serious drought in southeastern Africa, and the military genius Shaka United everyone; this group was the most powerful and feared group in southern Africa; was very organized and disciplined

Suez Canal

A ship canal dug across the isthmus of Suez in Egypt. It shortened the Voyage from Europe to Asia greatly, as it connected the mediterranean to the red sea (i think) Egypt had hoped that this would increase their standing as a power, but rather it allowed the British to conquer them in 1882.

sepoy

A soldier in South Asia, especially in the service of the British

Asante

African Kingdom on the gold coast that expanded rapidly after 1680. it was part of the slave trade and eventually absorbed into British colonies in 1902.

Rammohun Roy

An Indian who tried to inspire a pan-Indian nationalism before the Sepoy mutiny

durbar

An elaborate display of political power and wealth in British India in the nineteenth century, ostensibly in imitation of the pageantry of the Mughal Empire a public reception/party held by an indian prince or by British Governor in India (Queen Victoria's Durar)

free trade

An idea of worldwide free trade, as in no specific or set mercantile networks or deals. This was wise due to the amount of new, Independent countries.

ambergris

An ingredient in perfume made from Dried out sperm whale feces

Muhammad Ali

Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. he rules Egypt as an Ottoman governor but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952.

Panama Canal

Like suez canal, cut through Mesoamerica.

Old Imperialism vs New Imperialism

Old Imperialism: It occurred between 16th and 18th centuries. It began in 1870s colonized Asia and Africa by using military force to take control of local governments. It exploited local economies for raw materials required by Europe's growing industry. It imposed Western values to benefit the "backwards" colonies. New Imperialism: European powers did not usually acquire territory (except for Spain in Americas and Portugal in Brazil) but rather built a series of trading stations. It respected and frequently cooperated with local rulers in India, China, Japan, Indonesia, and other areas where trade flourished between locals and European coastal trading centers. It involved economic penetration of non-European regions in the 19th century.

How did the British gain control of India?

Originally, the British were connected to India because of the British East india Company (tea) in the 1600s. at this time, India was ruled by the Mughals. They did not appreciate the need of navy/seas, since they were superior on land. So, the Emperor Jahangir provided Europeans with ports. In the mid 1600s, india was taken over by Aurangzeb, who was a brutal guy interested in Islam (he persecuted Hindus). He prevented Europeans from going to the ports. After he died, the empire became very unstable until the marathans tried to take over all of india. eventually the east india company got their ports back, and took over.

Nguni peoples

Peoples who've farmed and raised cattle in the fertile coast-lands of southeastern Africa

Indian Civil Service

The elite professional class of officials who administered the government of British India. Originally composed exclusively of well-educated British men since it was done to assign administrative jobs to British people, and was held in Britain to prevent having Indians in power., it gradually added qualified Indians; held to assign civil service jobs in India. These were done to assign administrative jobs to British people, and was held in Britain to prevent having Indians in power.

White Colonies

The following areas which were more part of colonialism than imperialism: * New Zealand, First settlers were seal hunters. Overhunted in the early 1820's, almost extinct by then. They also whaled for Sperm Whales, as their fat was multiuse. After a brief gold rush in the 1860's, encouraged people there and in Australia to form independent governments,like in canada. * Australia, (1800s) colonized by 738 prisoners, and only 188 were women. In 1851, there was a gold rush, which brought masses of European settlements. after gold rush, government created and British settled 'down under'. Aboriginal population decimated (650 k to 93 k) *Canada

Maori

The indigenous people of New Zealand

Mughal Empire

The name of the long standing aboriginal empire. They ruled by name only when the BEIC was in India. They acknowledged the BEIC rule in 1765. They were Muslims ruling a land with a large Hindu minority

quinine

The only antimalarial drug known to the world before the 1940's. Helped Europeans live in tropical climates.

modernization

The process of reforming political, military, economic, social, and cultural traditions in imitation of the early success of Western societies, often with regard for accommodating local traditions in non-Western societies

Sepoy Rebellion

The revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain practices that violated religious customs; also known as the Sepoy Mutiny A rebellion by the soldiers of the BEIC army. The triggering factor was that a rumor went around that the cartridges, which had to be bitten open, were made of pork and beef fat. Both of these were not allowed to be consumed by Muslims and Hindus, respectively. Allowed them to unite under a common cause. Considered nowadays as the first war of independence

British raj

The rule over much of South Asia between 1765 and 1947 by the British East India Company and then by a British government; taken over from the BEIC by official government in 1877

sati

The traditional act in india of a Wife immolating herself on her deceased husband's funeral pyre, or committing suicide in a similar fashion soon after. Official banned over all of India in 1861 by Queen Victoria.

New Imperialism

Using and flexing industrial power over nonindustrial parts of the world to take them.

Burma

Was a powerful kingdom which tried to expand starting 1750, tried but failed to annex Siam (Thailand) in 1802 and the Assam around 1824. The war for Assam lasted around 2 years, British India annexed it, and by 1852 British India had annexed to rest of coastal Burma due to being an important spot for rice and wood trade.

Singapore

a British outpost in Southeast Asia during the Expansion of the British Eastern Empire. A free port there, established with the help of Thomas Stamford Raffles in 1824, who governed Java from 1811 to 1814, was great. It had a superb harbor which had attracted British Merchants and Chinese business people & traders. Became to center of trade between the Indian Ocean and China. It, along with neighboring islands on the straight, formed to be the "straight settlements", which were Ruled by British India until 1867.

How did Islam spread throughout Africa?

at the beginning, Islam made slow progress among rural areas because Muslim leaders allowed the people there to practice their own religions. however, in the 1770s, Muslim scholars made the government enforce Islamic laws, which promoted the religion's spread

Swazi kingdom

consolidated north of the Zulu

diamonds

desired by the rich Europeans because it was shiny and more expensive than gold and it showed how wealthy they were. Diamonds were mined in South Africa, and later the De Beers company advertised diamonds for wedding rings, which started the whole expensive marriage proposal trend and set the bar high for bachelors.

kingdom of Lesotho

grew by attracting refugees to strongholds in southern Africa's highest mountains

jihad

holy wars (Muslim)

clipper ships

huge, American built sailing ships with enormous sails made them much faster than earlier ships - almost twice as fast. helped stimulate maritime trade.

Where were islamic reform movements taking place in Africa?

in the savannas of West Africa, clusters of powerful states were forming

Emilio Aguinaldo

leader of Filipino independence movement against Spain - But movement was crushed as US captured him and took over Philippines.

Shaka

military genius who united the Zulu kingdom in 1818; expanded kingdom by raiding African neighbors, seizing cattle, capturing women and children; ruled for little more than a decade but succeeded in creating a new national identity and a new kingdom

Battle of Omdurman

showed that guns were super overpowered and that new repeater rifles could decimate an army even if only used by a small force. A battle in Sudan, Mahdi vs Britain. after a few hours, it was 11k sudanese dead, 48 british dead.

Hausa

states where the largest Muslim reform movement took place; located in northern Nigeria

Why were the Muslim states that were created in Africa important?

they became centers of Islamic learning/reform; non-Muslims were allowed in to these states by paying a special fee, and people who resisted the expansion of Muslim rule during jihads were killed or forced to convert. captives in the Muslim states were sold into the trans-Saharan slave trade; slavery within Muslim states also increased

How did neighboring African groups try to protect themselves from the Zulu?

they created their own states

aborigines

what the British called the Australian natives