Chapter 26

Which of the following is not a disorder of water balance?

excessive hydration due to excess ANP secretion

The most important force causing net water flow across capillary walls is ________.

hydrostatic pressure of capillary blood

Which of the following is not a trigger for juxtaglomerular granular cells to release renin?

increased extracellular fluid water levels

Problems with fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance are particularly common in infants because of their ________.

inefficient kidneys

Bicarbonate ions are highest in ________.

interstitial fluid

Phosphate ions are highest in ________.

intracellular fluid

Potassium ions are highest in ________.

intracellular fluid

Proteins are highest in ________.

intracellular fluid

The regulation of potassium balance ________.

involves aldosterone-induced secretion of potassium

The regulation of sodium ________.

is linked to blood pressure

The movement of fluids between cellular compartments ________.

is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic forces

Blood analysis indicates a low pH, and the patient is breathing rapidly. Given your knowledge of acid-base balance, which of the following is most likely?

metabolic acidosis

A patient is breathing slowly and blood pH analysis indicates an abnormally high value. What is the likely diagnosis?

metabolic alkalosis

Which of the following is not a chemical buffer system?

nucleic acid

The fluid link between the external and internal environment is ________.

plasma

Whereas sodium is found mainly in the extracellular fluid, most ________ is found in the intracellular fluid.

potassium

The single most important factor influencing potassium ion secretion is ________.

potassium ion concentration in blood plasma

Calcitonin targets the bones and causes the release of calcium from storage when serum levels are low.

False

Hypercalcemia causes muscle tetany.

False

Hypoproteinemia reflects a condition of unusually high levels of plasma proteins and causes tissue edema.

False

It is impossible to overhydrate because people need as much water as they can drink to carry out ordinary body functions.

False

Salts are lost from the body in perspiration, and urine only.

False

Solutes, regardless of size, are able to move freely between compartments because water carries them along the osmotic gradients.

False

The most abundant cation in intracellular fluid is sodium.

False

The two hormones responsible for the regulation of calcium are pituitary hormone and calcitonin.

False

Thirst is always a reliable indicator of body water need.

False

Potassium excess.

Hyperkalemia

Magnesium excess.

Hypermagnesemia

Sodium excess.

Hypernatremia

Calcium depletion.

Hypocalcemia

A condition due to excessive water intake that results in net osmosis into tissue cells. This leads to severe metabolic disturbances.

Hyponatremia

Sodium depletion.

Hyponatremia

A condition of unusually low levels of plasma proteins resulting in tissue edema.

Hypoproteinemia

Spaces between cells.

Interstitial

Fluid compartments located within the cell.

Intracellular

Which of the following describes the distribution of sodium and potassium between cells and body fluids?

K+ mainly in the cells, Na+ in the body fluids

Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that is made in the atria of the heart. The influence of this hormone is to ________.

reduce blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and water retention

A falling blood pH and a rising partial pressure of carbon dioxide due to pneumonia or emphysema indicates ________.

respiratory acidosis

Newborn infants have a relatively higher ________ content in their ECF than do adults.

sodium

The body's water volume is closely tied to the level of which of the following ions?

sodium ions

The maintenance of the proper pH of the body fluids may be the result of ________.

the control of respiratory ventilation

Respiratory acidosis can occur when ________.

the kidneys secrete hydrogen ions

Hypoproteinemia is a condition of unusually low levels of plasma proteins. This problem is often characterized by ________.

tissue edema 73) B ID: hap9 26.3 -13 Diff: 1 Page Ref: 992 -93; Fig 26.2 74) A ID: hap9 26.3 -14 Diff: 1 Page Ref: 1012 75) C ID: hap9 26.3 -15 Diff: 1 Page Ref: 1001 76) A ID: hap9 26.3 -16 Diff: 1 Page Ref: 1005 77) A ID: hap9 26.3 -17 Diff: 1 Page Ref: 1010; Tbl. 26.3 78) A ID: hap9 26.3 -18 Diff: 1 Page Ref: 993 79) D ID: hap9 26.3 -19 Diff: 1 Page Ref: 1000

Possibly caused by severe diarrhea or untreated diabetes mellitus

Metabolic acidosis

Possibly caused by vomiting, use of diuretics, or use of antacids

Metabolic alkalosis

Do not dissociate.

Nonelectrolytes

Possibly occurring with emphysema, extreme obesity, or narcotic overdose

Respiratory acidosis

Possibly caused by asthma, pneumonia, or a severe panic attack

Respiratory alkalosis

Annie has just eaten a large order of heavily salted French fries, some pickled eggs, and some cheese. How will consuming this much salt affect her physiology?

There will be a temporary increase in blood volume.

Aldosterone stimulates the reabsorption of sodium while enhancing potassium secretion.

True

Although the sodium content of the body may be altered, its concentration in the ECF remains relatively stable because of immediate adjustments in water volume.

True

As ventilation increases and more carbon dioxide is removed from the blood, the hydrogen ion concentration of the blood decreases.

True

Blood acidity results in depression of the CNS, whereas blood alkalosis results in overexcitement of the CNS.

True

Carotid artery and aortic baroreceptors are involved in long term adjustment to total body sodium ion content.

True

Dehydration can be caused by endocrine disturbances such as diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus.

True

Electrolytes determine most of the chemical and physical reactions of body fluids.

True

Heavy consumption of salt substitutes high in potassium can present a serious clinical problem when aldosterone release is not normal.

True

Most acidic substances (hydrogen ions) originate as by-products of cellular metabolism.

True

One of the most powerful and plentiful sources of buffers is the protein buffer system.

True

Premenstrual edema may be due to enhanced reabsorption of sodium chloride.

True

Prolonged hyperventilation can cause alkalosis.

True

Respiratory acidosis results when lungs are obstructed and gas exchange is inefficient.

True

Sodium is pivotal to fluid and electrolyte balance and to the homeostasis of all body systems.

True

Some potassium ions are reabsorbed from the kidney filtrate via type A intercalated cells.

True

The main way the kidney regulates potassium ions is to excrete them.

True

The normal pH of blood is 7.35-7.45.

True

The phosphate buffer system is relatively unimportant for buffering blood plasma.

True

The single most important blood buffer system is the bicarbonate buffer system.

True

The thirst center in the brain is located in the hypothalamus.

True

To remain properly hydrated, water intake must equal water output.

True

Water imbalance, in which output exceeds intake, causing an imbalance in body fluids, is termed dehydration.

True

Weak acids are able to act as chemical buffering systems for the body because they partially dissociate.

True

When aldosterone release is inhibited, sodium reabsorption cannot occur beyond the distal convoluted tubule.

True

The term hypotonic hydration refers to

a condition that may result from renal insufficiency or drinking extraordinary amounts of water

One of the major physiological factors that triggers thirst is ________.

a rise in plasma osmolality

Which of the choices below exerts primary control over sodium levels in the body?

aldosterone

Which of the following hormones is important in the regulation of sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid?

aldosterone

Which of the following does not depend on the presence of electrolytes?

amount of body fat

Total body water is not a function of which of the following?

amount of water ingested

Which of the choices below is not an essential role of salts in the body?

anabolism of lipids

Which of the following hormones is important in stimulating water conservation in the kidneys?

antidiuretic hormone

What hormone reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction and sodium ion and water retention?

atrial natriuretic peptide

The term alkaline reserve is used to describe the ________ buffer system.

bicarbonate

Sodium ions are highest in ________.

blood plasma

Which of the following is not a method for regulating the hydrogen ion concentration in blood?

diet

A disorder entailing deficient mineralocorticoid hormone production by the adrenal cortex.

Addison's disease

Regulates sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid.

Aldosterone

An atypical accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space.

Edema

Dissociate in water.

Electrolytes

Which of the following statements is true regarding fluid shifts?

Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes and therefore have the greatest ability to cause fluid shifts.

The fluid compartments outside the cell.

Extracellular

Adipose tissue is one of the most hydrated of all tissues in the human body.

False

Aldosterone is secreted in response to low extracellular potassium.

False

Atrial natriuretic peptide reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasodilation and potassium and water retention.

False