Chapter 27, 28, and 29
Which level receives more specialized haz mat training than the technician level? A. Specialist B. Mitigator C. Technologist D. Scientist
A. Specialist
What is to liquids as vapor density is to gases? A. Specific Gravity B. Volatility C. Viscosity D. Molecular Weight
A. Specific Gravity
What is the term for soil removed from an excavation? A. Spoils B. Fines C. Tailings D. Waste
A. Spoils
Which sub-organization within the NFPA produces the haz mat standards? A. Technical Committee on Haz Mat Response Personnel B. Special Task Force on Hazardous Materials Substances, Responses, and Disposal C. Scientific and Technical Committee for Field Applications D. Study Group on the Integration of Applicable Hazardous Materials Regulations
A. Technical Committee on Haz Mat Response Personnel
What is the minimum level of hazardous materials training required to enter heavily contaminated areas using the highest levels of personal protection? A. Technician B. Advanced C. Specialist D. Operations
A. Technician
What dictates the actions taken at a haz mat incident? A. The chemical involved B. The level of protection C. The type of equipment D. The type of decontamination
A. The chemical involved
The four major training objectives at the hazardous material operations level are to analyze, plan, implement, and: A. evaluate B. execute C. determine D. follow up
A. evaluate
The three aspects to consider when looking at the fire potential of a chemical are flash point, ignition temperature, and: A. flammable range B. explosive range C. propagation rating D. flame spread rating
A. flammable range
What is the term for the fuel/air mixture necessary for combustion? A. flammable range B. specific heat C. fire point D. vapor concentration
A. flammable range
Which of the following is one of the three primary aspects to consider when evaluating the fire potential of a chemical? A. Flammable range B. vapor density C. vapor pressure D. boiling point
A. flammable range
What will a liquid with a specific gravity of 0.7 do in water? A. float on the surface B. evaporate C. sink D. dissolve
A. float on the surface
Which section of the Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG) provides information on isolation and evacuation distances for specific chemicals? A. green B. blue C. orange D. yellow
A. green
According to the NFPA, what is defined as a material capable of posing an unreasonable risk to health, safety, or the environment? A. Hazard B. exposure C. contaminant D. dangerous good
A. hazard
By which route of exposure are toxic substances brought into the body through the respiratory system? A. Inhalation B. Respiration C. Perfusion D. Absorption
A. inhalation
By which route of exposure are toxic substances brought into the body through the respiratory system? A. inhalation B. perfusion C. respiration D. absorption
A. inhalation
What is the term for the process in which chemicals are brought into the body through open cuts or abrasions? A. injection B. absorption C. perfusion D. insertion
A. injection
Signs and symptoms such as pinpoint pupils, tearing of the eyes, twitching muscles, loss of bowel and bladder control, and slow or rapid heartbeat may indicate exposure to a(n): A. nerve agent B. choking agent C. blister agent D. irritant
A. nerve agent
Which section of the Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG) contains the guides? A. orange B. yellow C. blue D. green
A. orange
What is used as a measurement of the corrosive strength of a substance? A. pH B. molecular weight C. ionic concentration D. reactivity index
A. pH
A change in the state of a material known as a: A. a physical change B. chemical change C. property change D. matter change
A. physical change
Which property tells you if a liquid will float on water? A. specific gravity B. relative density C. vapor density D. fluid buoyancy
A. specific gravity
Which quantity is the weight of a liquid as compared to an equal volume of water? A. specific gravity B. vapor density C. buoyancy D. atmospheric pressure
A. specific gravity
___ is to liquids at vapor density is to gases. A. specific gravity B. miscibility C. viscosity D. pH
A. specific gravity
What identifies a material as a liquid, solid, or gas? A. state of matter B. physical property C. physical profile D. chemical state
A. state of matter
Which level of hazardous materials training allows for offensive actions? A. technician B. awareness C. operations D. generalist
A. technician
How does the vapor pressure of a liquid relate to its rate of evaporation? A. the greater the vapor pressure, the faster the liquid will evaporate B. vapor pressure equals the rate of evaporation C. there is no relationship between these two quantities D. as vapor pressures increases, the rate of evaporation decreases
A. the greater the vapor pressure, the faster the liquid will evaporate
Incident planning should focus on both the real threats that exist in the department's community and: A. the real threats that exist in adjacent communities that the department might assist B. threats that are not real today, but may become real as technology changes C. model threats, which exercise all the available resources in a standard set of circumstances D. random threats-remember, always expected the unexpected, especially with the terrorism concerns of the new millennium
A. the real threats that exist in adjacent communities that the department might assist
When a chemical change occurs, the event is usually accompanied by ___. A. the release of energy B. spattering or boiling C. a physical change D. the evolution of gas
A. the release of energy
Substances that prevent the body from using oxygen, thus causing suffocation.
Aasphyxiants
The process by which hazardous materials travel through body tissues until they reach the bloodstream.
Absorption
Acetylene, Natural Gas, and Hydrogen are (heavier or lighter?) than air.
Acetylene, Natural Gas, and Hydrogen are lighter than air
A material with a pH value less than 7
Acid
A health problem caused by relatively short exposure periods to a harmful substance that produces observable conditions such as eye irritation, coughing, dizziness, and skin burns.
Acute Health Effect
A health problem caused by relatively short exposure periods to a harmful substance that produces observable conditions such as eye irritation, coughing, dizziness, and skin burns
Acute health effect
Personnel who, in the course of their normal duties, could encounter an emergency involving hazardous materials and weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) and who are expected to recognize the presence of the hazardous materials and WMDs, protect themselves, call for trained personnel, and secure the scene. Which NFPA? Which CFR?
Awareness Level NFPA 472 29 CFR 1910.12: First Responder at the Awareness Level
Training in technical rescue areas is conducted at three levels:
Awareness, Operations, and Technician
Which level of haz mat training is it that enables first responders to recognize a potential hazardous materials emergency, protect themselves, isolate the area, and call for assistance?
Awareness
The alteration of the chemical nature of a material is known as: A. physical change B. chemical change C. property change D. matter change
B. Chemical change
Which type of agent is designed to incapacitate rather than kill? A. Cyanide B. Choking C. Irritant D. Smothering
B. Choking
Which of the following actions is reserved for technician-level hazardous materials responders? A. Decontamination B. Offensive C. Defensive D. Containment
B. Offensive
Which of the following is one of the two greatest hazards at a confined-space incident? A. Electrical shock B. Oxygen deficiency C. Engulfment D. Fall/Crush Injuries
B. Oxygen Deficiency
What is a common cause of secondary collapse at a trench rescue incident? A. Shifting of debris B. Personnel at the edge of the trench C. Wall Shear D. Terracing
B. Personnel at the edge of the trench
Which type of changes can chemicals undergo when subjected to outside influences such as heat, cold, and pressure? A. Thermoplastic B. Physical C. Thermodynamic D. Spatial
B. Physical
What is the first step in the 10-step special rescue sequence? A. Assessment B. Preparation C. Response D. Size-Up
B. Preparation
Which subsection of 29 CAR 1910.120 covers emergency response? A. H B. Q C. M D. P
B. Q
What is the term for the process where unstable atoms of an element decay to a different state and emit excess energy in the form of particles or waves? A. Energy Emittance B. Radioactivity C. Rate of Decay D. Isotope
B. Radioactivity
Sulfur mustard is very persistent in the environment when released. It can remain intact, sticking to the ground or other surfaces, for (how long?)
for several days
Nerve agents in general are reported to have ___ odors
fruity odors
Whenever a collapse has occurred, you need to understand that the collapsed product is unstable and prone to...
further collapse.
When it comes to combustion, materials must be in a __ or ___ state to burn.
gaseous or vapor state
If a propane cylinder is exposed to heat, the liquid propane inside changes into ___ propane, which increases the pressure inside the vessel. If this uncontrolled expansion takes place faster than the relief valve can vent the excess pressure, a
gaseous propane. -catastrophic container failure could occur. Such a catastrophic failure in a pressurized cylinder of a liquid is referred to as a BLEVE.
The nature of choking agents alerts potential victims of... They have a (What kind?) of odor.
their presence and allows for escape from the environment when possible. extremely irritating odor
Both natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas are nontoxic. Both of these can still be dangerous for rescue operations because....
they are classified as asphyxiants because they displace breathing air.
The main route of exposure to cyanide compounds is ____, but many of these agents can also be absorbed through ____.
through the lungs -through the skin
When body inhales too much of carbon monoxide, the red blood cells cannot get oxygen to the cells and the person dies from ___.
tissue asphyxiation.
Blister Agents are classified as such because of their ability....
to cause blistering of the skin.
From a terrorism perspective, irritants can be employed to incapacitate rescuers or to drive a group of people into another area where a more dangerous substance can be released. Of all the groups of WMD, irritants post the least amount of danger in terms of ___.
toxicity.
The study of the adverse effects of chemical or physical agents on living organisms
toxicology
Every TRI is different. If you have the role of assisting a technical rescue team, what is probably the most important thing you can do to prepare for your participation in a TRI?
training with the team
It is a mistake to assume that the response to a hazardous materials incident begins when the alarm sounds. The response really begins with...
training, learning about the regulations and agencies involved, and finding out about potential hazards in your area.
The flash fire involves only the ____, so it goes out once the vapor fuel is consumed
vapor phase of the liquid
The temperature of the materials and the ambient temperature both have a direct correlation to ____.
vapor pressure
Blister agents are also known as ____.
vesicants
Arsenic poisoning symptoms include...
vomiting and low blood pressure
The term ___ describes the ability of a substance to dissolve in water.
water solubility
The majority of deaths in confined spaces are...
would-be rescuers (Meaning they didn't take the proper precautions for a confined space rescue)
Regarding Response Your department should make provisions for additional resources and trained personnel to assist in handling incidents when the TRI is beyond the local technical rescue team's capabilities.
yep
OSHA requires refresher training for hazardous materials responders once every ___ months. A. 18 B. 6 C. 12 D. 24
C. 12 months
What is standard atmospheric pressure at sea level? A. 1.0 psi (7 kPa) B. 8.3 psi (57 kPa) C. 14.7 psi (101 kPa) D. 7.5 psi (52 kPa)
C. 14.7 psi (101 kPa)
What is the expansion ratio of liquid propane? A. 1 to 1 B. 3 to 1 C. 270 to 1 D. 785 to 1
C. 270 to 1
What is the NFPA standard governing the competence of responders to hazardous materials/weapons of mass destruction incidents? A. 470 B. 471 C. 472 D. 473
C. 472
In reference sources, vapor pressure reported usually assume a standard ambient temperature of ___. A. 0 F (-18 C) B. 100 F (38 C) C. 68 F (20 C) D. 32 F (0 C)
C. 68 F (20 C)
Approximately how many chemicals are registered for commercial use in the United States? A. 400 B. 6000 C. 80,000 D. 200,000
C. 80,000
In general, which type of incident moves faster-a structure fire or a hazardous materials situation? A. They move at about the same pace B. A hazardous materials situation C. A structure fire D. Usually a hazardous materials incident, unless ketones are involved.
C. A structure fire
What is the process by which hazardous materials travel through body tissues until they reach the bloodstream? A. Ingestion B. Osmosis C. Absorption D. Permeation
C. Absorption
Corrosives can be broken down into two groups. Which two? A. Polars and Non-Polars B. Chlorine based and Hydrogen Based C. Acids and Bases D. Liquids and Solids
C. Acids and Bases
The ability of a material to cause damage (on contact) to skin, eyes, or other parts of the body.
Corrosivity
The ability of a material to cause damage (on contact) to skin, eyes, or other parts on the body.
Corrosivity
___ is the ability of a material to cause damage (on contact) to skin, eyes, or other parts of the body.
Corrosivity
___ compounds also affect oxygen uptake in the body and are a common cause of civilian deaths in structure fires.
Cyanide compounds
___ compounds prevent the body from using oxygen.
Cyanide compounds
The federal agency that publicizes and enforces rules and regulations that relate to the transportation of many hazardous materials
Department of Transportation
Several government agencies are concerned with hazardous materials. The ___, for example, enforces and publicizes laws and regulations that govern the transportation of goods by highways, rail, air, pipelines and, in some cases, marine transport.
Department of Transportation (DOT)
The federal agency that publicizes and enforces rules and regulations that relate to the transportation of many hazardous materials.
Department of Transportation (DOT)
The lowest temperature at which a liquid will ignite and achieve sustained burning when exposed to a test flame.
Fire Point
A type of radiation that can travel significant distances, penetrating most materials and passing through the body. Gamma radiation is the most destructive type of radiation to the human body.
Gamma Radiation
Which is the most destructive type of radiation to the human body?
Gamma Radiation
___ and ___ waves are examples of non-ionizing radiation.
Microwaves and radio waves
The four basic ways toxics enter the body:
-Inhalation -Absorption -Ingestion -Injection
Particle sizes of Common Types of Respiratory Hazards Mist =
Mist = > 40 microns
Motor oil has a (Low or high?) vapor pressure
Motor oil has a low vapor pressure
Standards are issued by nongovernmental entities, such as the ____, and are generally consensus based.
NFPA
To become proficient in handling rescue situations, you must take a formal course to gain specialized knowledge and skills. NFPA ___ identifies operational benchmarks and training needed to establish operational capacity for technical search and rescue events.
NFPA 1670, Standard on Operations and Training for Technical Search and Rescue Incidents
Wilderness search and rescue (SAR) is conducted by a limited number of fire departments. It is included in NFPA ___
NFPA 1670, Standard on Operations and Training for Technical Search and Rescue Incidents
Which NFPA is most often referred to with Haz Mat?
NFPA 472
The NFPA has two current standards that pertain to hazardous materials incidents:
NFPA 472 and NFPA 473
A private organization that develops and maintains nationally recognized minimum consensus standards on many areas of fire safety and specific standards on hazardous materials.
National Fire Protection Association
A private organization that develops and maintains nationally recognized minimum consensus standards on many areas on fire safety and specific standards on hazardous materials.
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
A toxic substance that attacks the central nervous system in humans.
Nerve Agent
___ pose a significant threat to civilians and fire fighters alike. The main threat stems from the ability of one to enter the body through the lungs or the skin and then systematically affect the function of the human body.
Nerve Agents
A penetrating particle found in the nucleus of the atom that is removed through nuclear fusion or fission. Although neutrons are not radioactive, exposure to neutrons can create radiation .
Neutron
When should fire fighters attempt to move an escalator?
Never, under any circumstance. Only professional escalator technicians who are thoroughly trained and authorized to do so should consider this step.
When should a fire fighter attempt to move or relocate an elevator?
Never, under any circumstances
Is exposure to a nerve agent considered automatic death?
No
When a chemical reaction is complete, is the substance itself the same as it was?
No
Do respirators provide oxygen?
No, neither oxygen nor breathing air.
____ skills are the most versatile and widely used technical rescue skills.
Rope rescue skills
Vibration or additional weight on top of displaced earth will increased the probability of a ____.
secondary collapse
The temperature at which the vapour pressure of a liquid equals the surrounding atmospheric pressure. Which NFPA?
Boiling Point NFPA 30
The ability of a chemical to undergo an alteration in its chemical makeup, usually accompanied by a release of some form of energy.
Chemical change
What is the term for a catastrophic failure of a pressurized cylinder of liquid? A. BLEEV B. PLUME C. CFPCL D. BLEVE
D. BLEVE
Twitching is a hallmark of exposure to which type of agent? A. cyanide compound B. blister C. choking D. nerve
D. nerve
Which types of actions should operations-level hazardous materials responders take?
Defensive
___ radiation consists of energetic particles or waves that have the potential to ionize an atom or molecule through atomic interactions.
Ionizing
___ is the process of preparing the victim for movement as a unit.
Packaging.
Location of Respiratory Trapping by Particle Size 0.5 - 1 micron = ?
0.5 - 1 micron = alveoli
The boiling point of water is ___.
212 F
What is the boiling point of water?
212 degrees F
Which department defines the haz mats?
U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT)
UFL/LFL are also known as:
UEL (Upper Explosive Limit)/LEL (Lower Explosive Limit)
Like sulfur mustard, Lewisite does not occur naturally in the environment and is considered to be a ____
chemical warfare agent
A ___ hazard is an adverse health effect to a substance that occurs gradually over time.
chronic health hazard
What is the most important phrase to remember when disentangling a victim from a vehicle accident?
"Remove the vehicle from around the victim, not the victim through the wreckage"
Regarding Corrosivity The technical definition, as written by the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), includes the following language:
"destruction or irreversible damage to living tissue at the site of contact."
When protecting the lungs, "___" is not an option.
"good enough"
Think of pH as the "___"
"potential of hydrogen"
An awareness and an understanding of the surroundings is your first defense against danger. Be aware of the hazards in your response area. Most often, this is referred to as "___"
"situational awareness"
In the case of too much air and not enough fuel, the mix is called "___"
"too lean"
When there is too much fuel and not enough air, the mixture is considered to be "____"
"too rich"
When discussing the concept of specific gravity, it is also necessary to determine whether a chemical will mix with water. Water is the predominate agent used to extinguish fires; it has often been referred to as being the "___"
"universal solvent and decontamination agent".
The flash point of gasoline is ____.
-43 F
As you read the information that follows about assisting at specific types of rescue scenes, bear in mind the three factors about safely approaching the scene, which apply to all TRIs:
-Approach the scene cautiously -Position the apparatus properly -Assist the specialized team members as needed
When it comes to assisting rescue teams, you may be called upon to do any of the following:
-Assist with controlling site security and the perimeter of the rescue incident -Obtain information from witnesses -Retrieve more rescue tools and equipment from the fire apparatus or rescue trucks -Console a family member of a victim -Keep bystanders out of the way -Assist in moving items that are in the way of the rescue team -Service Equipment -Set up power tools -Stand by with a hose line -Extinguish a fire
Training or competencies levels of proficiency for responders to a hazardous materials incident are found in HAZWOPER and outlined by the NFPA:
-Awareness -Operations -Operations Mission-Specialist Technician -Incident Commander
The training levels found in HAZWOPER, much like the NFPA competencies levels, are identified as:
-Awareness -Operations -Technician -Specialist -IC
The NFPA 472 levels of competencies are:
-Awareness -Operations (Core with mission-specific competencies) -Technician -Technician with Specialty -IC
When assisting rescue team members, keep in mind the five guidelines that you follow during other firefighting operations:
-Be safe -Follow orders -Work as a team -Think -Follow the Golden Rule of public service, which emphasizes the ethic of reciprocity: Treat others as you would like to be treated.
When assisting rescue team members, keep five guidelines in mind:
-Be safe -Follow orders -Work as a team -Think -Follow the Golden Rule of public service; treat others as you would like to be treated
Example of liquids that float on water:
-Gasoline -Diesel Fuel -Motor Oil -Benzene
Operations-level responders should work under the guidance of (List three options) and should be familiar with the policies and procedures of the local jurisdiction.
-Hazardous Material Technician -An Allied Professional -Standard Operating Procedures
Beginning with the initial dispatch of the rescue call, begin compiling facts and identifying factors pertinent to the call. The information received when an emergency call is received is important to the success of the rescue operation. The information should include the following details:
-Location of the incident -nature of the incident (kinds and number of vehicles) -conditions and positions of victims -conditions and positions of vehicles -number of people trapped or injured, and the types of their injuries -any specific or special hazard information -name of the person calling and a number where that person can be reached.
The information received when an emergency call is received is important to the success of the rescue operation. It should include the following details: (list 7)
-Location of the incident -nature of the incident (kinds, causes, what is involved, etc.) -conditions and positions of victims -conditions and positions of vehicles, building, structure, terrain, etc. -number of people trapped or injured, and the types of their injuries -any specific or special hazard information -name of the person calling and a number where that person can be reached
To help keep a victim calm, do the following:
-Make and keep eye contact with the victim -Tell the truth. Lying destroys trust and confidence. -Communicate at a level that the victim can understand -Be aware of your own body language -Always speak slowly, clearly, and distinctly -Use the victim's name
NFPA has two current hazardous materials-specific standards that relate directly to how fire departments response to hazardous materials incidents: The NFPA has recently withdrawn:
-NFPA 472 -NFPA 473 -NFPA 471
To understand where your training fits in, you must first understand some of the regulatory processes that govern hazardous materials response, beginning with the difference between a regulation and a standard. Regulations are issued and enforced by governmental bodies such as... In contrast, standards are issued by...
-Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) -Environmental Protection (EPA) Standards are issued by nongovernmental entities and are generally consensus based.
Advantages of Respirators to SCBA?
-Respirators are lighter -Respirators are more comfortable to wear -Respirators usually allow for longer work periods because they do not depend on a limited source of breathing air.
A size-up should include the initial and continuous evaluation of the following issues:
-Scope and magnitude of the incident -Risk-benefit analysis -number of known and potential victims -hazards -access to the scene -environmental factors -available and necessary resources -establishment of control perimeters
Radiation is everywhere and has been around since the beginning of time. For the most part, the health hazards posed by radiation are a function of two factors:
-The amount of radiation absorbed by the body has a direct relationship to the degree of damage done -The amount of exposure time ultimately determines the extent of the injury.
For the most part, the health hazards posed by radiation are a function of two factors:
-The amount of radiation absorbed by the body has a direct relationship to the degree of damage done. -The amount of exposure time ultimately determines the extent of the injury.
TRACEMP is the acronym to help remember the effects and potential exposures to a hazardous materials incident. What does TRACEMP stand for?
-Thermal -Radiation -Asphyxiant -Chemical -Etiologic -Mechanical -Psychogenic
The seven categories of WMD are as follows:
-Thermal -Radiological -Asphyxiation -Chemical -Etiological -Mechanical -Psychogenic
For personnel operating in a water rescue hazard zone, the minimum PPE includes:
-a Coast Guard-approved Personal Flotation Device -Thermal Protection -Helmet appropriate for water rescue -cutting device -a whistle that works in water -contamination protection (if necessary)
The four major objectives of training at the operations level are to..
-analyze the magnitude of the haz mat incident -plan an initial response -implement the planned response -evaluate the progress of the actions taken to mitigate the incident.
The skin (the largest organ in the body) is susceptible to damage by a number of substances. In addition to serving as the body's protective shield against heat, light, and infection, the skin helps to regulate...
-body temperature -stores water and fat -serves as a sensory center for painful and pleasant stimulation.
The human central nervous system is laid out much like the electrical wiring in a house. The ___ serves as the main panel. The wires (That is, the ___) go to muscles, organs, glands, and other critical areas of the body.
-brain -nerves
Some commonly recognized choking agents include:
-chlorine -phosgene -chloropicrin
A secondary collapse can be caused by...
-equipment vibration -personnel standing at the edge of the trench -water eroding away the soil.
Essentially, acute exposures are "right now" exposures that produce some observable conditions such as...
-eye irritation -coughing -dizziness -skin burns
When looking at the fire potential of a chemical, there are three important aspects to consider:
-flash point -ignition temperature -flammable range
Many other hydrocarbon-based substances can be absorbed through the skin and ultimately enter the bloodstream. A hydrocarbon is a substance consisting of hydrogen and carbon atoms, among other components. Examples include....
-gasoline -diesel fuel -benzene -other solvents
The detection of radiation is usually a responsibility of ___ or ___.
-hazardous materials technicians -specialist employees
Regarding Acute Health Effects Such an exposure period is considered to be subchronic, with effects occurring either...
-immediately after a single exposure or up to several days or weeks after an exposure.
The bulk of the new chemical substances are....
-industrial chemicals -household cleaners -lawn care products
LEPC committees include members from...
-industry -transportation -media -fire and polices agencies -the public at larg
The four ways that chemicals enter the body are:
-inhalation -absorption -injection -ingestion
The oxides of nitrogen (Give three examples) are deep lung irritants that can cause a serious medical condition called ____, which is a fluid buildup in the lungs.
-nitric oxide -nitrous oxide -nitrogen dioxide pulmonary edema
Particle size also determines where the inspired contamination ultimately ends up. Bigger particles that make up visible mists are captured in the.. Smaller particles work their way deeper into...
-nose and upper airway -the lungs
When considering protection against airborne contamination, it is important to understand the...(list 3)
-origin of the contamination -concentration -impact the contamination might potentially have on oxygen levels in the area.
Convulsants interfere with the central nervous system and disrupt normal transmission of neuromuscular impulses throughout the body. Pesticides capable of functioning as convulsants include:
-parathion -aldicarb -diazinon -fonofos
Signs and symptoms of nerve agent exposure include:
-pinpoint pupil -tearing of the eyes -twitching muscles -loss of bowel and bladder control -slow or rapid heartbeat
NFPA standards governing hazardous materials response come from the Technical Committee on Hazardous Materials Response Personnel. This group includes members from...
-private industry -the fire service -state and federal agencies -stakeholders from outside of the fire service that may be called on to respond to emergencies that involve hazardous materials.
Vapor pressure might be expressed in several different units:
-psi -atmospheres (atm) -torr -millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) -usually shown at a temperature at 68 F
Regarding Haz Mat Training at the awareness level will provide you with knowledge and skills you need to be able to...
-recognize the presence of a hazardous material -protect yourself -call for appropriate assistance -evacuate or secure the affected area
Regarding Haz Mat Incidents As a fire fighters, your main focus will be to...
-recognize the presence of hazardous materials -analyze the available information -take appropriate action
Convulsants include nerve agents such as:
-sarin -soman -VX
Chemicals that fall into the classification of convulsants include nerve agents such as...
-sarin -soman -tabun -VX -Organophosphate and carbamate classes of pesticides
A size-up should include the initial and continuous evaluation of the following issues:
-scope and magnitude of the incident -Risk-benefit analysis -number of known and potential victims -hazards -Access to the scene -Environmental factors -Available and necessary resources -Establishment and control perimeters
After sizing up the scene, take the following precautions to avoid further injuries to the victims and to provide for the safety of other fire fighters:
-secure utility hazards -provide scene security -use the proper protective equipment for the emergency -activate the incident command system -activate the personnel accountability system -make contact with the victim and keep the victim calm
Some of the typical signs and symptoms of cyanide exposure include.... High concentrations lead to...
-vomiting -dizziness -watery eyes -deep and rapid breathing -convulsions -inability to breathe -loss of consciousness -death
The typical signs and symptoms of cyanide compounds include:
-vomiting -dizziness -watery eyes -deep and rapid breathing
Weaponized anthrax spores typically vary in size from ___ to ____. Based on that range, a typical full-face APR with a nuisance dust filter would not offer sufficient protection against this hazard.
0.5 micron to 1 micron
What is the specific gravity of water?
1
What is the vapor density of air?
1
Location of Respiratory Trapping by Particle Size 1-2.5 microns = ?
1 - 2.5 microns = Respiratory Bronchioles
Water has an expansion ratio of ____ and a boiling point of ____.
1,700:1 and a boiling point of 212 F.
When responding to elevator incidents, consider these recommendations:
1. Always cut power to a malfunctioning elevator, and secure it with lockout/tagout 2. Implement incident risk management and risk assessment 3. Are there enough trained personnel and proper equipment to perform rescue operations safely? 4. Once the incident has been resolved, leave the power supply off.
Although special rescue situations may take many different forms, all rescuers take certain basic steps to perform special rescues in a safe, effective, and efficient manner: (1-10)
1. Preparation 2. Response 3. Arrival and Size-Up 4. Stabilization 5. Access 6. Disentanglement 7. Removal 8. Transport 9. Security of the scene and preparation for the next call 10. Postincident Analysis
The basic steps of special rescue operations are outlined here:
1. Preparation 2. Response 3. Arrival and Size-up 4. Stabilization 5. Access 6. Disentanglement 7. Removal 8. Transport 9. Security of the scene 10. Postincident Analysis
The steps for establishing a barrier are :
1. Respond safely to the emergency scene 2. Place the emergency vehicle in a safe position that protects the scene 3. Perform a size-up to assess for hazards 4. secure the scene 5. call for needed assistance 6. Don the appropriate PPE 7. Use appropriate devices to establish a barrier, following the IC's orders
Regarding escalators, consider these recommendations:
1. Stop switches are located at the top and bottom of most escalators. One member should maintain constant pressure on the stop switch until the power supply can be shut down. 2. Are personnel completely trained for this type of incident? proper equipment? 3. The best course may be to take no action until a trained professional arrives on the scene to apply special expertise regarding this type of incident. 4. Leave the power supply to the escalator turned off after the escalator incident has been resolved. Assume nothing.
The flammable range for gasoline vapors is ___ to ___ percent.
1.4 percent to 7.6 percent UFL = 7.6 percent LFL = 1.4 percent
How many basic steps are there in the multistep special-rescue sequence?
10
During water rescue operations, a personal flotation device should be worn by anyone within ___ of the water.
10 feet
Wearing turnout gear while conducting water rescue is dangerous and can be deadly. Do not wear turnout gear within ___ feet of water, especially around swift-moving water.
10 feet
Standard atmospheric pressure at sea level is ____ pounds per square inch (psi), or ___ kilopascals (kPa)
14.7 pounds per square inch or 101.4 kilopascals (kPa)
Regarding Vapor Pressure For a frame of reference, use the following comparison:
14.7 psi = 1 atm = 760 torr = 760 mm Hg
The vapor pressure of water at room temperature is approximately __ torr. Standard 40 weight motor oil, by comparison, has a vapor pressure of approximately less than ___
15 torr -0.1 mm Hg at 68 F. It is practically vaporless at room temperature.
According to OSHA, any work environment containing less than ___ percent oxygen is considered to be oxygen deficient and requires the use of an air-supplying respirator. What's another drawback to APRs?
19.5 percent Filters can be costly and are often needed in large quantities, depending on the nature of the response.
Regarding rope rescue systems, it is protocol to check a system (How many?) times to ensure its safety. This should be done by a rope rescue team member
2 or 3 times
Exposures to sulfur mustard might not be immediately apparent. Redness and blistering might not appear for (how long?) after exposure. Once this occurs, will skin decontamination reduce its effects?
2 to 24 hours no
Location of Respiratory Trapping by Particle Size 2-3 microns = ?
2-3 microns = Bronchi
Flammable Range of Propane:
2.5% - 9%
What is the expansion ratio of propane?
270:1
Propane has an expansion ratio of ____. This means...
270:1 This means that for every 1 volume of liquid propane, there would be 270 times that amount of propane vapor. In other words, 1 gallon of liquid propane has the ability to vaporize to 270 gallons of propane vapor when released.
The HAZWOPER regulations are found in the Code of Federal Regulations, Title __.
29
HAZWOPER This set of regulations, issues in the late 1980s, standardized training for hazardous materials response and hazardous waste site operations. The regulations are found in (Which CFR?) Fire departments are primarily concerned with Subsection (which letter?), Emergency Response
29 CFR 1910.120 Subsection (q)
Personnel who, in the course of their normal duties, could encounter an emergency involving hazardous materials and weapons of mass destruction (WMDS) and who are expected to recognize the presence of the hazardous materials and WMDs, protect themselves, call for trained personnel, and secure the scene. Which NFPA?
29 CFR 1910.12: First Responder at the Awareness Level Awareness level NFPA 472
Location of Respiratory Trapping by Particle Size 3-5 microns = ?
3-5 microns = Trachea and Bronchi
Isopropyl alcohol has a very high vapor pressure of ___ at room temperature.
30 mm Hg
Flammable range of Hydrogen:
4% - 75%
The maximum slope of a low-angle rescue operation is ___ degrees.
45 degrees
The minimum slope of a high-angle rescue operations is ___ degrees.
45 degrees
Which NFPA standard deals with various aspects of hazardous materials emergency response?
473
Flammable Range of Natural Gas:
5% - 15%
Location of Respiratory Trapping by Particle Size 5-7 microns = ?
5-7 microns = Larynx
___% of the general population cannot detect the presence of hydrogen cyanide by smell; thus, because the odor threshold and the amounts of cyanide that would be lethal are very close, many times odor alone cannot be used to detect dangerous amounts of hydrogen cyanide. By contrast, cyanogen chloride, because of the ___ atom within the chemical compound, has a much more irritating and pungent odor.
60% chlorine atom
At which pH is a substance neither acidic nor basic?
7
What is a neutral pH?
7
Douglas Fir (a type of wood) gives off more than (How many?) harmful chemical compounds.
70 harmful chemical compounds
First responders at the operations level must have received at least (how many?) hours of training or have sufficient experience to objectively demonstrate competency in the following areas in addition to those listed for the awareness level:
8 hours -Basic hazard and risk assessment techniques -Selection and use of PPE -Basic hazardous material terms -Control, containment, and/or confinement operations
Approximately how many chemicals are registered for commercial use in the United States?
80,000
Location of Respiratory Trapping by Particle Size: >7 microns = ?
>7 microns = Nose
Location of Respiratory Trapping by Particle Size >7 microns = 5-7 microns = 3-5 microns = 2-3 microns = 1 - 2.5 microns = 0.5 - 1 micron =
>7 microns = nose 5-7 microns = larynx 3-5 microns = trachea and bronchi 2-3 microns = bronchi 1 - 2.5 microns = respiratory bronchioles 0.5 - 1 micron = alveoli
On a technical rescue incident, the first-arriving ___ assumes command. A. company officer B. Operations-level rescuer C. Chief Officer D. Responder with technical rescue training
A. Company Officer
Regarding Hazardous Materials Technician with Specialties Three levels of specialist employees are distinguished: These designations are primarily used in the industrial world and describe the employee's capabilities with regard to his or her response during incidents on or off site.
A, B, and C
During water rescue operations, a personal flotation device should be worn by anyone within ___ feet of the water. A. 10 B. 15 C. 20 D. 25
A. 10
What is the flash point of diesel fuel? A. 120 F B. 240 F C. 360 F D. 485 F
A. 120 F
What is the flash point of diesel fuel? A. 120 F (49 C) B. 485 F (252 C) C. 200 F (93 C) D. 320 F (160 C)
A. 120 F (49 C)
What is the NFPA standard on operations and training for technical search and rescue incidents? A. 1670 B. 1906 C. 1561 D. 1981
A. 1670
What is the expansion ratio of water? A. 1700 to 1 B. 1100 to 1 C. 700 to 1 D. 100 to 1
A. 1700 to 1
What is the expansion ratio of water? A. 1700:1 B. 580:1 C. 70:1 D. 325:1
A. 1700:1
What is the term for the process in which hazardous materials travel through body tissues until they reach the bloodstream? A. Absorption B. Ingestion C. Injection D. Inhalation
A. Absorption
In a TRI, once stabilization has taken place, what is the next step? A. Access B. Size-Up C. Security D. Ventilation
A. Access
A person who has damaged skin from exposure to sulfuric acid experiences which kind of health effect? A. Acute B. Persistent C. Recurring D. Chronic
A. Acute
What will happen if water is applied to sulfuric acid, metallic sodium, or magnesium ? A. Adverse reaction B. They will dissolve C. They will separate D. They will float on the top
A. Adverse reaction
Who is qualified to supervise operations-level personnel engaged in product control tasks? A. Allied professional B. Company officer C. Division or group supervisor D. Officer with operations-level training
A. Allied professional
At a TRI, atmospheric monitoring is begun, when applicable, during the stabilization process. For what are they monitoring? A. Any IDLH environments B. Presence of any static electrical charge C. Moisture content of the surrounding air D. FRB-flammability, radioactive qualities, biologics quantities
A. Any IDLH environments
When should emergency medical care be started on trapped victims during a TRI? A. As soon as safe access is made to them B. As soon as they are out of the dangerous situation C. As soon as they are safely in an ambulance D. As soon as they are off-site of the incident in an ambulance
A. As soon as safe access is made to them
What is the first level of technical rescue training called? A. Awareness B. Operations C. Technician D. Specialized
A. Awareness
Which sort of change is decomposition? A. Chemical B. Physical C. Mechanical D. Combustive
A. Chemical
Which of the following actions is permitted for operations-level hazardous materials responders? A. Closing a remote valve B. Overpacking C. Rescue D. Product Transfer
A. Closing a remote valve
Which control zone has the largest perimeter? A. Cold B. Hot C. Rescue Area D. Support Zone
A. Cold Zone
What can be used to assess the flammable range of a released vapor or gas? A. Combustible Gas Indicators B. Vapor Ionization Detectors C. Flammability Ionizers D. Flammable Range Meters
A. Combustible Gas Indicators
What is the role of awareness-level rescuers in the assessment of a technical rescue situation? A. Continuous reassessment of the scene B. This is not an awareness-level responsibility C. Overall size-up and determination of initial actions D. Evaluation of the incident action plan
A. Continuous reassessment of the scene
Which type of agent prevents the body from using oxygen? A. Cyanide B. Sulfur Mustard C. Sarin D. Chlorine
A. Cyanide
Which types of actions should operations level hazardous materials responders take? A. Defensive B. Proactive C. Definitive D. Promulgatory
A. Defensive
In hazardous materials preincident planning, once the agency has identified the threats in its jurisdiction, what should the agency do next? A. Determine how it will respond B. Run full-scale drill exercises C. Draft an incident action plan D. Run table-top scenarios
A. Determine how it will respond
In hazardous materials preincident planning, once the agency has identified the threats in its jurisdiction, what should the agency do next? A. Determine how it will respond B. Run full-scale drill exercises C. Run table-top scenarios D. Draft an incident action plan
A. Determine how it will respond
Which of the following issues must a fire department consider prior to a technical rescue call? A. Does the department have enough equipment? B. Does the department have enough funding? C. Where is the building located? D. Who has jurisdictional responsibility?
A. Does the department have enough equipment?
What are lock-out and tag-out procedures used for? A. Ensuring that power or machinery is not accidentally turned on when it needs to be off during a rescue B. Denying entry to the public and the media when barrier or perimeter tape is not readily available C. Securing vehicles whose engines must remain running during periods when they must be left unattended D. Preventing theft or unauthorized use of construction site machinery during the nights and weekends
A. Ensuring that power or machinery is not accidentally turned on when it needs to be off during a rescue.
What should fire fighters do when given orders by a company officer in a technical rescue situation? A. Follow them B. Refuse them unless the fire fighter is trained to the technician level in technical rescue C. Paraphrase them into their own words and ask the superior if that is what was meant D. Confirm each order with their assigned immediate superior prior to execution
A. Follow them
Which section of the Emergency Response Guidebook provides information on initial isolation and evacuation distances for small and large spills? A. Green B. Yellow C. Blue D. Orange
A. Green
According to the NFPA, what is defined as a material capable of posing an unreasonable risk to health, safety, or the environment? A. Hazard B. Exposure C. Dangerous good D. Contaminant
A. Hazard
What is one resource that utility companies have readily accessible that may be necessary on TRI calls? A. Heavy Equipment B. Surveying Equipment C. Field-Portable Office Facilities D. Mobile and Portable Radios
A. Heavy Equipment
In the FAILURE acronym, what does the L stand for? A. Lack of teamwork or experience B. Loose or sloppy procedure C. Listening but not hearing D. Lenience in training
A. Lack of teamwork or experience
What is the detailed profile of a specific chemical's properties that is provided by the manufacturer and/or supplier of that chemical? A. Material safety data sheet B. UN registry data C. Emergency Response Guide D. Product label
A. Material Safety Data Sheet
Fire departments follow two sets of requirements for haz mat response. Which two? A. OSHA and NFPA B. NFPA and USFA C. USFA and FSTC D. FSTC and OSHA
A. OSHA and NFPA
The NFPA defines operational mission-specific competencies for which level of hazardous materials responder? A. Operations B. Commander C. Technician D. Specialist
A. Operations
Which piece of equipment is a mandatory requirement for water rescue hazard zones? A. Personal flotation device B. Flippers C. SCUBA D. Steel-Toe Boots
A. Personal Flotation Device
What is the first step of the ten-step special rescue sequence? A. Preparation B. Response C. Size-Up D. Stabilization
A. Preparation
Which of the following is an awareness-level technical rescue skill? A. Recognize hazards B. Access victims to provide first aid to them C. Install lockout/tagout/isolation devices D. Identify victim location and condition
A. Recognize hazards
What is the most critical factor in ensuring your safety on a hazardous materials call? A. Recognizing that the incident involves hazardous materials B. Resolving the situation quickly C. Being alert to the possibility of secondary devices D. Being able to specifically identify the material involved
A. Recognizing that the incident involves hazardous materials
Which color of police or fire line tape is usually used to demarcate the hot zone at a TRI? A. Red B. Yellow C. White and Red D. Black and Yellow
A. Red
Which mnemonic is used to summarize the more common signs and symptoms of nerve agent exposure? A. SLUDGEM B. TRACEMP C. DUMBELS D. PAST MED
A. SLUDGEM
Operations personnel should work under the guidance of a haz mat technician, allied professional, or a(n): A. SOP B. SOG C. SOA D. SOC
A. SOP
Which of the following is a hazardous materials awareness-level skill? A. Secure the affected area B. Take passive control measures C. Decontaminate equipment D. Remove victims
A. Secure the affected area
Which step must be taken before an entrapped person can be dug out of collapsed earth or sand? A. Shoring B. Placing a rescuer near the victim C. Walking around the site to check stability D. Nothing; after collapse, the material is stable
A. Shoring
What is the first defense against danger at a hazardous materials incident? A. Situational Awareness B. Identifying and isolating the hazard zone C. Personnel Accountability D. Team Integrity
A. Situational Awareness
The U.S. Department of Transportation's definition of hazardous materials specifies three entities against which the materials in question can pose an unreasonable risk. Which of the following is one of specified entities? A. The environment B. Persons in contact with the material C. Consumers D. Transportation personnel
A. The environment
In general, which factor has the most influence on the actions taken at a hazardous materials incident? A. The properties of the specific chemicals involved B. The initial actions of first responders C. Fixed facility versus transportation accident D. Weather conditions
A. The properties of the specific chemicals involved
At a TRI, in which control zone does decontamination, if applicable, take place? A. The warm zone B. The decontamination zone C. The Control Zone D. The staging zone
A. The warm zone
Which factor commonly limits the use of helicopters for victim transport? A. Weather Conditions B. Medical conditions that are exacerbated by flight C. The effect of rotor wash on ground conditions D. Expense
A. Weather conditions
When does size-up begin? A. When the company is dispatched B. While the company is in transit to the call C. When the victim is located D. Once the facts are known
A. When the company is dispatched
What is the only time a patient should be moved prior to completion of initial care, assessment, stabilization, and treatment? A. When the patient's life is in immediate danger B. In order to get to another patient C. To facilitate end-of-work period D. When the supply of medical equipment is low
A. When the patient's life is in immediate danger
Which factor will have the greatest impact on how a technical rescue incident is conducted? A. Whether the victims are trapped or just unable to move B. Whether the incident is a rescue or a body recovery C. Total reflex time for the required resources D. Whether the victim is conscious
A. Whether the victims are trapped or just unable to move
During the access phase of a TRI, should communications be undertaken with the trapped victim? A. yes, continuously, both for reassurance and to make sure they are not injured further by rescue operations B. yes, at first, but only to say that rescue is here and help is beginning C. No, not unless the victim has specific information or questions and initiates the conversation D. No, not at all; this only agitates victims and causes them to struggle, which can further injure or endanger them
A. Yes, continuously, both for reassurance and to make sure they are not injured further by rescue operations
Does the public have any input into the formulation of NFPA Standards? A. Yes, the public may participate in any part of the standards-making process B. Yes, the public may react to them once they are adopted, which will be considered next time they are revised. C. No, the standards are considered too technical for public input to be any of any value. D. No; although the public might well have valuable comments, access to the process is a political privilege.
A. Yes, the public may participate in any part of the standards-making process.
Do fire fighters have any role in the assessment of a technical rescue situation? A. Yes, they must constantly access and reassess the scene B. Yes, they should report an initial assessment upon arrival if they are first in C. No, not unless asked or consulted by a superior on the scene or a member of the technical rescue team D. No, not at all; their job is solely to carry out instructions
A. Yes, they must constantly access and reassess the scene
What is an etiological agent? A. a biological agent that causes illness or death B. an agent designed to cause temporary incapacitaiton C. an airborne toxic material D. a substance that gives off radiation
A. a biological agent that causes illness or death
Water changing to ice is an example of ___. A. a physical change B. an exothermic reaction C. a chemical change D. convection
A. a physical change
When a chemical change occurs, the event is usually accompanied by: A. a release of some form of energy B. at least one of the substances boiling C. a momentary pseudo-or cold boil D. the evolution of some kind of gas
A. a release of some form of energy
Corrosives are categorized as ___. A. acids or bases B. organic or inorganic C. liquids or solids D. polar or nonpolar
A. acids or bases
At which level of technical rescue training do fire fighters participate by recognizing the hazards, securing the scene, and calling for appropriate assistance? A. awareness B. operations C. technician D. specialized
A. awareness
What is an etiological agent? A. biological agent causing illness or death B. a substance that gives off radiation C. a dangerous material registered with the EPA D. a substance that can cause harm to humans
A. biological agent causing illness or death
Sulfur mustard is a(n) ___. A. blister agent B. nerve agent C. irritant D. cyanide compound
A. blister agent
An adverse health affect that occurs gradually over time is called a(n) ___ health hazard. A chronic B. acute C. pscyhosomatic D. tertiary
A. chronic
Which device is used to assess the flammable range of a released vapor or gas? A. combustible gas indicator B. colorimetric test strip C. vapor ionization detector D. thermal imaging device
A. combustible gas indicator
A situation in which a released chemical has contacted people and the environment is described as ___. A. contamination B. absorption C. exposure D. residue
A. contamination
Which toxic chemical is produced by the burning of wood? A. cyanide B. organic peroxide C. copper chlorate D. acetic acid
A. cyanide
A substance that is water soluble will ___ in water. A. dissolve B. emulsify C. separate D. float
A. dissolve
Which particle has a negative electric charge? A. electron B. neutron C. coulomb D. isotope
A. electron
A positively charged particle emitted by certain radioactive materials, identical to the nucleus of a helium atom.
Alpha Particle
A positively charged particle emitted by certain radioactive materials, identical to the nucleus of a helium atom Which NFPA?
Alpha Particle NFPA 801, Standard for Fire Protection for Facilities Handling Radioactive Materials
Elevator and escalator rescues are technical responses that require specialized knowledge. Rescue crews should review the....
American Society of Mechanical Engineers' A17.4 Guide for Emergency Personnel and OSHA's lockout and tagout procedures.
What is the definition of a confined space?
An enclosed space not designed for people to occupy
A material that causes the victim to suffocate
Asphyxiant
The mission-specific competencies allow the ___ to decide which additional individual competencies responders should have based on their expected duties.
Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ)
What is the flash point of gasoline? A. -79 F B. -43 F C. 23 F D. 79 F
B. -43 F
Which of the following is the NFPA Standard on operations and training for technical search-and-rescue incidents? A. 1561 B. 1670 C. 1906 D. 1981
B. 1670
Where can the HAZWOPER regulation be found? A. NFPA 1001, Parts 3-6.2 B. 29 CFR 1910.120 C. OSHA 62, Part B, Sub 6 D. BKS 47, Part BB
B. 29 CFR 1910.120
Which degree of slope determines whether it is a low-angle or high-angle operation? A. 30 degrees B. 45 degrees C. 60 degrees D. 90 Degrees
B. 45 degrees
Which NFPA standard deals with various aspects of hazardous materials emergency response? A. 10 B. 473 C. 1901 D. 1002
B. 473
In reference sources, vapor pressures reported usually assume a standard, arbitrary, ambient temperature. What is that temperature? A. 32 F B. 68 F C. 100 F D. 121 F
B. 68 F
Roughly how many different toxic chemicals are produced by the combustion of Douglas fir? A. 10 B. 70 C. 20 D. 35
B. 70
What is the minimum distance to park from downed power lines? A. 100 ft B. A distance equal to the span between utility poles C. A distance equal to half the span between utility poles D. 50 ft
B. A distance equal to the span between utility poles
Hazardous waste can be a mixture of several chemicals. What is it called? A. Slurry B. A hybrid substance C. A compound D. A solution
B. A hybrid substance
At which type of incident should an accountability system be established? A. Complex B. All incidents C. Incidents with victims D. Technical rescue
B. All Incidents
Who is qualified to supervise operations-level personnel engaged in product control tasks? A. Officer with operations-level training B. Allied Professional C. Company Officer D. Division or Group Supervisor
B. Allied Professional
Which of the following is a type of radiation? A. Theta B. Alpha C. Omega D. Delta
B. Alpha
At a technical rescue incident, if you are given an assignment you do not fully understand, what should you do? A. Modify the assignment B. Ask for clarification C. Perform the assignment to the best of your ability D. Turn down the assignment.
B. Ask for clarification
What does the "C" stand for in the mnemonic HA HA MICEN? A. Chlorine B. Carbon Monoxide C. Camphor D. Cyanide
B. Carbon Monoxide
What is the first step you should take when responding to an elevator car that is stalled between floors? A. Summon the building engineer or elevator mechanic B. Cut power to the malfunctioning elevator C. Drift the car to the nearest floor D. Determine the exact location of the car
B. Cut power to the malfunctioning elevator
Which federal agency enforces and publicizes laws and regulations governing transportation of hazardous materials? A. Environmental Protection Agency B. Department of Transportation C. Department of Energy D. Interstate Commerce Commission
B. Department of Transportation
In haz mat pre-incident planning, once the agency has identified the threats in its jurisdiction, what else is there to do? A. Nothing; just sit back and wait B. Determine how it will respond C. Run full-scale drill exercises D. Run tabletop drill exercises
B. Determine how it will respond
In which step of the technical rescue incident process are victims freed from entrapment? A. Release B. Disentanglement C. Recovery D. Extrication
B. Disentanglement
Who is responsible for securing the scene of an industrial setting? A. Fire Chief B. Facility Supervisor C. Company Officer D. Facility Security
B. Facility Supervisor
Who is responsible for securing the scene at an industrial facility? A. Facility security B. Facility supervisor C. Fire Chief D. Company Officer
B. Facility supervisor
Which piece of equipment is recommended for wilderness operations, but not normally required on other technical rescue operations? A. Shovels B. Flare Gun C. Helmet D. Whistle
B. Flare Gun
What is the temperature at which a liquid fuel gives off sufficient vapor that, when an ignition source is present, it will result in a flash fire? A. Flammable Range B. Flash Point C. Fire Point D. Ignition Temperature
B. Flash Point
Which mnemonic helps fire fighters remember a set of lighter-than-air gases? A. OH ME TOO B. HA HA MICEN C. BARKING SEALS D. BRAIN TO DO
B. HA HA MICEN
Which mnemonic helps fire fighters remember a set of lighter-than-air gases? A. BARKING SEALS B. HA HA MINCE C. OH ME TOO D. BRAIN TO TO
B. HA HA MINCE
By which acronym is the US federal document containing the haz mats response competencies known? A. HAZDEVL B. HAZWOPER C. HAZDUCKY D. HAZPIPPR
B. HAZWOPER
What is the term for the area where entry and rescue teams conduct operations? A. Entry Zone B. Hot Zone C. Warm Zone D. Response Zone
B. Hot Zone
What is the term for the process in which chemicals enter the body through the gastrointestinal tract? A. Absorption B. Ingestion C. Injection D. Inhalation
B. Ingestion
Aside from the simple benefit of training, what other advantage is there to training with other fire departments in the area? A. It allows one department to critique the actions of the other. B. It better enables fire fighters to respond to a mutual aid call C. It sets the stage for a little friendly interdepartmental competition on actual calls D. It is significantly less expensive to train with another department than it is to train alone.
B. It better enables one department to critique the actions of the other.
The DOT definition of hazardous materials specifies that the material in question poses an unreasonable hazard to certain named entities under one condition. What is the condition? A. It is toxic B. It is not properly controlled C. It is chemically reactive with air D. It is impinged upon or threatened by fire.
B. It is not properly controlled
___ identify the hazard as a liquid, solid, or gas A. Its matter properties B. Its state of matter C. Its physical matter D. Its chemical matter
B. Its state matter
Which characteristic of a gas is quantified as its vapor density? A. Its tendency to dissipate in open air B. Its weight relative to air C. How much moisture it contains D. How thickly it boils
B. Its weight relative to air
Which of the following is a key task to perform on a malfunctioning elevator or entrapment on an escalator? A. Movement of the elevator/escalator B. Lock-out/tag-out C. Reset electrical components D. Call for electrician
B. Lock-out/tag-out
What is the detailed profile of a single chemical or mixture called that is provided by the manufacturer and/or supplier of a chemical and is collected by the LEPC in a jurisdiction? A. INSOC B. MSDS C. UNLOC D. ANDS
B. MSDS
What is the most common type of rescue situation encountered by fire fighters? A. Elevator Rescue B. Motor Vehicle Crash C. Collapsed Structure D. Structure Fire
B. Motor Vehicle Crash
How does exposure to natural gas affect the body? A. Natural gas causes swelling of the airways B. Natural gas acts as an asphyxiant C. There is no effect; natural gas is inert and nontoxic D. Natural gas interferes with cellular metabolism
B. Natural gas acts as an asphyxiant
Do liquids burn? A. Yes, but only those containing hydrocarbons B. No, not unless ignited by a spark or flame C. No, liquids do not burn D. Yes, all liquids will burn at the right temperature
B. No, not unless ignited by a spark or flame
Which federal agency regulates hazardous materials response competencies? A. EPA B. OSHA C. NFPA D. DOT
B. OSHA
Which of the following actions is reserved for technician-level hazardous materials responders? A. Decontamination B. Offensive C. Containment D. Defensive
B. Offensive
Which mnemonic is used to summarize the more common signs and symptoms of nerve agent exposure? A. SLUGGEM B. SLUDGEM C. TWITCHY D. TRACEM
B. SLUDGEM
Which of the following is a hazardous materials awareness-level skill? A. Perform personnel accountability tasks B. Secure the incident scene C. Assist with decontamination D. Take passive product control measures
B. Secure the incident scene
What is a fire fighter's initial objective during a confined-space incident? A. Call for needed resources B. Secure the scene C. Stabilize the situation D. Make contact with the victim
B. Secure the scene
What is a fire fighter's main goal during a confined space incident? A. Enter into the confined space B. Secure the scene C. Package the patient D. Operate equipment
B. Secure the scene
In a trench rescue, which step comes first? A. Assist the victim with a pole or rope B. Shore up the collapse site C. Place a rescuer near the victim D. Provide an air supply to the victim
B. Shore up the collapse site
Which adjunct is used most frequently to stabilize sitting victims during the removal stage of a TRI? A. Seat belts B. Short Spine Board C. Air Splints D. Sling and Swathe
B. Short Spine Board
Which of the following serves as a liaison between local and state levels of authority for issues related to hazardous materials? A. Regional hazardous materials team B. State emergency response commission C. Local emergency planning committee D. State office of emergency services
B. State emergency response commission
Each state has the right to adopt and supersede any safety and health regulations put forth by federal OSHA. What are those states called? A. OSHA-exempt states B. State-plan states C. Sub-6 states D. CDA states
B. State-plan states
Which group within the NFPA produces the hazardous materials response standards? A. Special Task Force on Hazardous Materials Substances, Responses, and Disposal B. Technical Committee on Hazardous Materials Response Personnel C. Study Group on the Integration of Applicable Hazardous Materials Regulations D. Scientific and Technical Committee for Field Applications
B. Technical Committee on Hazardous Materials Response Personnel
Which group within the NFPA produces the hazardous materials response standards? A. Scientific and Technical Committee for Field Applications B. Technical Committee on Hazardous Materials Response Personnel C. Special Task Force on Hazardous Materials Substances, Responses, and Disposal D. Study Group on the Integration of Applicable Hazardous Materials Regulations
B. Technical Committee on Hazardous Materials Responses Personnel
What is the minimum level of hazardous materials training required to enter heavily contaminated areas using the highest levels of personal protection? A. Advanced B. Technician C. Operations D. Specialist
B. Technician
Who or what is the liaison between local and state levels of authority? A. The Local Emergency Planning Committee B. The State Emergency Response Commission C. The Federal Coordination and Reporting Hotline D. The regional hazardous materials team
B. The State Emergency Response Commission
On a TRI, who first assumes command upon arrival? A. The first-arriving member of the tactical rescue team B. The first-arriving company officer C. The first-arriving tactical rescue team leader D. The first-arriving chief officer
B. The first-arriving company officer
At a worksite or industrial facility, the foreman or supervisor has another title in this context. What is the title? A. The industry contact (IC) B. The responsible party (RP) C. The local controller (LC) D. The property trustee (PT)
B. The responsible party (RP)
What is the most common method of establishing the control zones for an emergency incident site? A. Stationing fire fighters along a perimeter B. The use of police or fire line tape C. Stationing police along a perimeter D. Police-style pedestrian traffic barricades
B. The use of police or fire line tape
What is the only circumstance in which a victim should be moved prior to completion of initial care, assessment, stabilization, and treatment? A. The victim is hostile or uncooperative B. The victim's life is in immediate danger C. The victim's injuries are minor D. The victim states he or she has no injuries
B. The victim's life is in immediate danger
How are regulations created, in the context of haz mat? A. They are created in each fire department separately by that department B. They are issues and enforced by government bodies such as OSHA C. They are formed by participation from industry manufacturers D. They are laws, passed by the several states' legislatures
B. They are issued and enforced by government bodies such as OSHA
How are hazardous materials regulations created? A. They are written by congressional committees and passed as legislation B. They are issued by government bodies such as OSHA and the EPA. C. They are produced through the NFPA consensus-standard process D. They are drafted by the State Emergency Response Commission (SERC)
B. They are issued by governmental bodies such as OSHA and the EPA
Where is the power control for an escalator usually located? A. In the escalator mechanical room B. Under the top landing plate C. At the top and bottom of the handrail D. Under an sidewall access plate
B. Under the top landing plate
What is the term for the pressure exerted by the vapor of a liquid until the vapor and the liquid are in equilibrium? A. Vapor Density B. Vapor Pressure C. Head Pressure D. Head Density
B. Vapor Pressure
What is one limitation of helicopters for victim transport? A. Rotor wash can aggravate ground conditions at the cave-in site or other emergency. B. Weather Conditions C. Some victims are terrified to flyf D. Expense
B. Weather Conditions
What is an etiological agent? A. a substance that gives off radiation B. a biological agent that causes illness or death C. an agent designed to cause temporary incapacitation D. an airborne toxic material
B. a biological agent that causes illness or death
What is defined as a material capable of posing an unreasonable risk to health, safety, or the environment, and of causing harm? A. containment B. a hazard C. A Class II substance D. an exposure
B. a hazard
A flammable vapor concentration that is too rich to ignite is ___. A. below the upper explosive limit B. above the upper explosive limit C. below the upper explosive limit D. between the lower explosive limit and the upper explosive limit
B. above the upper explosive limit
What is the process by which hazardous materials travel through body tissues until they reach the bloodstream? A. permeation B. absorption C. osmosis D. ingestion
B. absorption
Sulfur mustard is a(n) ___ A. nerve agent B. blister agent C. cyanide compound D. irritant
B. blister agent
What section of the Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG) would a fire fighter use when he or she knows the chemical name of a hazardous material? A. orange B. blue C. green D. yellow
B. blue
Rusting steel is an example of ___ change. A. physical B. chemical C. compositional D. morphological
B. chemical
What sore of change is combustion? A. physical B. chemical C. endothermic D. hypergolic
B. chemical
What is the term for an adverse health effect that develops gradually over time? A. somatic B. chronic C. labile D. continuous
B. chronic
If a substance with a vapor density of 2.3 is released into the environment, it will ___. A. float on water B. collect in low spots C. rise and dissipate D. evaporate
B. collect in low spots
The DOT defines a ___ material as one that causes destruction or irreversible damage to living tissue at the site of contact A. reactive B. corrosive C. toxic D. harmful
B. corrosive
The most important part of any rescue is the identification of any hazards and: A. determining whether to use ropes or ladders B. determining whether to make a recovery or a rescue C. determining whether to use SCBA or atmospheric air D. determining whether there is a sufficient number of personnel or if more are required
B. determining whether to make a recovery or a rescue
Compared to the volumes of haz mat used and generated in the United States, there are: A. many hazardous materials incidents that require fire fighter intervention B. few hazardous materials incidents that require fire fighter intervention C. many more pure chemical incidents than hazardous materials incidents D. about the same number of pure chemical incidents has haz mat incidents.
B. few haz mat incidents that require fire fighter intervention
What is the minimum temperature at which sustained combustion will occur if a material is exposed to an outside ignition source/ A. flash point B. fire point C. ignition temperature D. flammable range
B. fire point
Which of the following is one of the three primary aspects to consider when evaluating the fire potential of a chemical? A. vapor pressure B. flammable range C. vapor density D. boiling point
B. flammable range
When water is applied to a pool of gasoline, the gasoline will ___. A. disperse B. float on the surface of the water C. sink beneath the water D. dissolve
B. float on the surface of the water
Which is the most energetic type of radiation? A. alpha B. gamma C. ultraviolet D. beta
B. gamma
What is the temperature at which a flammable liquid will ignite without any external ignition source? A. flash point B. ignition temperature C. lower explosive limit D. fire point
B. ignition temperature
What is the term for the process in which chemicals are brought into the body through open cuts or abrasions? A. insertion B. injection C. perfusion D. absorption
B. injection
Which particle is electrically neutral? A. electron B. neutron C. proton D. ion
B. neutron
The DOT definition of hazardous materials focuses on those materials that are ___. A. intrinsically harmful B. not properly controlled C. in the process of transport D. transported in bulk
B. not properly controlled
A change in the state of a material is known as a ___ change. A. matter B. physical C. chemical D. property
B. physical
What does the "S" in the mnemonic SLUDGEM stand for? A. slurred speech B. salivation C. shortness of breath D. sleepy
B. salivation
Which property tells you if a gas will rise and dissipate? A. explosive limits B. vapor density C. specific gravity D. flash point
B. vapor density
What is the term for the pressure exerted by the vapor of a liquid until the vapor and the liquid are in equilibrium? A. vapor density B. vapor pressure C. barostatis D. evaporation ratio
B. vapor pressure
Which section of the Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG) would a fire fighter use when he or she knows the chemical identification number of a hazardous material? A. white B. yellow C. green D. blue
B. yellow
Which section of the Emergency Response Guidebook would a fire fighter use when he or she knows the chemical identification number of the hazardous material? A. Green B. Yellow C. Blue D. Orange
B. yellow
What is the most common method of demarcating the control zones for an emergency incident site?
Barrier Tape
A material with a pH value greater than 7
Base
Why should fire fighters trained to the awareness level of technical rescue learn the names of the tools that will be used only by those with more advanced training?
Because they may be called upon to assist with a tool
An elementary particle, emitted from a nucleus during radioactive decay, with a single charge and a mass equal to 1/1837 that of a proton (NFPA 801)
Beta Particle
An elementary particle, emitted from a nucleus during a radioactive decay, with a single charge and a mass equal to 1/1837 that of a proton Which NFPA?
Beta Particle NFPA 801
Hydrogen Cyanide has an odor of ___.
Bitter almonds
A chemical that causes skin to blister
Blister Agent
A chemical that causes the skin to blister.
Blister Agent
A chemical that, when absorbed by the body, interferes with the transfer of oxygen from the blood of the cells.
Blood Agent
A chemical that, when absorbed by the body, interferes with the transfer of oxygen from the blood to the cells.
Blood Agent
ERG sections This section lists hazardous chemicals in alphabetical order. The chemical name is followed by the guide number and the four-digit chemical identification number.
Blue Section
What does BLEVE stand for?
Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion
The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the surrounding atmospheric pressure.
Boiling Point
___ is the temperature at which a liquid will continually give off vapors in sustained amounts and, if held at that temperature long enough, will eventually turn completely into a gas.
Boiling Point
What is one type of radiation energy? A. Omega B. Delta C. Alpha D. Theta
C. Alpha
Which of the following is a hazardous materials operations-level skill? A. Conduct atmospheric monitoring B. Take product control measures C. Analyze the magnitude of an incident D. Perform victim rescue and recovery
C. Analyze the magnitude of an incident
When should emergency medical care be started for trapped victims in a technical rescue incident? A. Upon exiting the hazard zone B. Upon arrival at the medical group C. As soon as they are safely accessible D. After they are packaged
C. As soon as they are safely accessible.
What is the first level of technical rescue training? A. Technician B. First Responder C. Awareness D. Level A
C. Awareness
What is the term for a catastrophic failure of a pressurized cylinder of liquid propane? A. PLUME B. WOPER C. BLEVE D. MINCE
C. BLEVE
Which section of the Emergency Response Guidebook would a fire fighter use when he or she knows the chemical name of the hazardous material? A. Green B. Yellow C. Blue D. Orange
C. Blue
What is the temperature point called at which a liquid continuously gives off vapors? A. Evaporation Point B. Flash Point C. Boiling Point D. Condensation Point
C. Boiling Point
Which of the following is NOT one of the three factors to consider when approaching a rescue scene safely? A. Approach the scene cautiously B. Position the apparatus properly C. Call for needed assistance D. Assist specialized team members as needed.
C. Call for needed assistance
What does the "C" stand for in the mnemonic HA HA MICEN? A. Camphor B. Chlorine C. Carbon Monoxide D. Cyanide
C. Carbon Monoxide
Which term means the ability of a material to cause damage on contact to skin, eyes, or other body parts? A. Organicity B. Volatility C. Corrosivity D. Reactivity
C. Corrosivity
What is one toxic chemical liberated from the burning of wood? A. Sodium B. Xenon C. Cyanide Compounds D. Acetic Acid
C. Cyanide Compounds
Which federal agency enforces and publicizes laws and regulations governing transportation of goods? A. OSHA B. EPA C. DOT D. DOH
C. DOT
Which federal agency enforces and publicizes laws and regulations governing transportation of hazardous materials? A. Environmental Protection Agency B. Department of Energy C. Department of Transportation D. Interstate Commerce Commission
C. Department of Transportation
Ideally, when should response to a hazardous materials incident begin? A. After identifying the materials involved B. Upon receipt of the alarm C. During preincident planning D. Upon arrival at the scene
C. During preincident planning
Ideally, when should response to a hazardous materials incident begin? A. Upon arrival at the scene B. Upon receipt of the alarm C. During preincident planning D. After identifying the materials involved
C. During preincident planning
Which act requires a business that handles chemicals to report storage type, quantity, and storage methods to the fire department and the Local Emergency Planning Committee? A. Local Emergency Planning Committee Act B. State Emergency Response Act C. Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act D. Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response Act
C. Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act
Which federal agency regulates and governs issues related to hazardous materials in the environment? A. Department of Agriculture B. Department of Transportation C. Environmental Protection Agency D. Department of the Interior
C. Environmental Protection Agency
What is the term for a description of the volume increase that occurs when a liquid material changes to a gas? A. Off Gassing B. Liquefaction C. Expansion Ratio D. Vapor Pressure
C. Expansion Ratio
What is the temperature at which sustained combustion will occur? A. Flammable Range B. Flash Point C. Fire Point D. Ignition Temperature
C. Fire Point
Which piece of equipment is recommended for wilderness operations, but not normally required on other technical rescue operations? A. Which piece of equipment is recommended for wilderness operations, but not normally required on other technical rescue operations? A. Helmet B. Whistle C. Flares D. Shovels
C. Flares
What will gasoline or diesel fuel do when water is applied to it? A. Mix B. Sink to the Bottom C. Float to the Top D. Separate
C. Float to the Top
Which of the following is the most energetic type of radiation? A. Alpha B. Beta C. Gamma D. Photon
C. Gamma
By which acronym are the federal regulations detailing hazardous materials response competencies collectively known? A. HSC/HHC B. SARA C. HAZWOPER D. HAZEL
C. HAZWOPER
Which item of PPE is a mandatory when operating in a water rescue hazard zone? A. Cyalume light stick B. Goggles C. Helmet D. Water-proof flare
C. Helmet
What is the term for the process in which chemicals are brought into the body through open cuts and abrasions? A. Absorption B. Ingestion C. Injection D. Inhalation
C. Injection
Which agent is also known as a riot control agent? A. Cyanide B. Choking C. Irritant D. Smothering
C. Irritant
Which of the following is a correct action to take at a trench cave-in rescue? A. Begin shoring and stabilizing as soon as the victim's air supply has been established B. Approach from the wide end of the trench C. Keep personnel back from the cave-in site D. Remove spoils from the trench lip
C. Keep personnel back from the cave-in site
In a FAILURE acronym, what does the "L' stand for? A. Loose or sloppy procedure B. Lack of training C. Lack of teamwork or experience D. Limits exceeded
C. Lack of teamwork or experience
What will a liquid with a specific gravity of 0.7 do in water? A. Float on top B. Sink to the bottom C. Mix D. Not mix
C. Mix
Which of the statements is true concerning technical rescue incidents? A. Firefighting helmets should always be worn B. Firefighting gear should always be worn C. Most firefighting gear does not work well in these incidents D. Specialized equipment should never be worn in these incidents
C. Most firefighting gear does not work well in these incidents
Which of the following is the NFPA Standard for competence of responders to haz mat/WMD incidents? A. NFPA 470 B. NFPA 471 C. NFPA 472 D. NFPA 473
C. NFPA 472
The NFPA has produced two standards dealing with various aspects of hazardous materials and emergency responses to them. What is one of these standards? A. NFPA 1901 B. NFPA 1002 C. NFPA 473 D. NFPA 10
C. NFPA 473
The NFPA defines optional mission-specific competencies for which level of hazardous materials responder? A. Commander B. Specialist C. Operations D. Technician
C. Operations
What is the minimum level of hazardous materials training for a hazardous materials officer? A. Awareness B. Specialist C. Operations D. Technician
C. Operations
Which level of haz mats training enables fire fighters to recognize a potential haz mat incident, isolate and deny entry to other responders and the public, evacuate persons in danger, and take defensive action such as remotely shutting off valves and protecting drains without having contact with the product? A. Awareness B. Scout C. Operations D. Field
C. Operations
What is the most commonly used color fire line tape for marking the warm zone? A. Red B. Green C. Orange D. Yellow
C. Orange
Roughly how many different products of combustion are given off by the burning of simple wood such as Douglas fir? A. Just one B. About five C. Over seventy D. Thousands
C. Over seventy
What is the process in which unstable atoms of an element decay and emit excess energy in the form of particles or waves? A. nuclear decay B. organic decomposition C. radioactivity D. ionic emission
C. Radioactivity
What is the area called that is "an area that surrounds the incident site (collapsed structure, or collapsed trench, or hazardous spill area, etc.) and whose size is proportional to the hazards that exist? A. Collapse zone B. Primary area C. Rescue area D. Response zone
C. Rescue area
What is the term for a collapse that occurs after the initial collapse? A. Spoiled pile B. Dual Collapse C. Secondary Collapse D. Tertiary collapse
C. Secondary Collapse
Which of the following is a hazardous materials awareness-level skill? A. Assist with decontamination B. Perform personnel accountability tasks C. Secure the incident scene D. Take passive product control measures
C. Secure the incident scene
Which adjunct is used most frequently to stabilize a sitting victim? A. The victim's own body B. Stokes basket C. Short spine board D. Backboard
C. Short Spine Board
When dealing with a hazardous materials incident, fire fighters should: A. speed up B. use full firefighting gear C. slow down D. dress down, using minimal gear
C. Slow down
Which hazardous materials training level consists primarily of recognizing that a problem exists and keeping others away from it? A. First Responder B. Operations C. Specialist D. Awareness
C. Specialist
Which quantity is the weight of a liquid as compared to an equal volume of water? A. Vapor Density B. Atmospheric Pressure C. Specific Gravity D. Buoyancy
C. Specific Gravity
What does the "S" stand for in the acronym SERC? A. System B. Superfund C. State D. Special
C. State
Which mnemonic helps fire fighters remember the seven categories of harm that can be caused by terrorism agents or other hazardous materials? A. WAFFLES B. PANOPRY C. TRACEMP D. CALLUPP
C. TRACEMP
Which level of rescue training allows the fire fighter to be directly involved in the rescue operation? A. Awareness B. Operations C. Technician D. Specialized
C. Technician
How many steps are there in the multi-step special rescue sequence? A. Four B. Seven C. Ten D. Sixteen
C. Ten
The U.S. Department of Transportation's definition of hazardous materials specifies three entities against which the materials in questions can pose an unreasonable risk. Which of the following is one of specified entities? A. Transportation personnel B. Consumers C. The environment D. Persons in contact with the material
C. The environment
Who is the responsible party for a technical rescue incident that occurs at a worksite or industrial facility? A. the business owner B. the IC C. The foreperson or supervisor D. The property owner
C. The foreperson or supervisor
In general, which factor has the most influence on the actions taken at a hazardous materials incident? A. Fixed facility vs. transportation accident B. Weather conditions C. The properties of the specific chemicals involved D. The initial actions of first responders
C. The properties of the specific chemicals involved
How, if at all, is flammable range related to the relative danger of a substance? A. The higher the bottom number, the more dangerous B. The narrower the range, the more dangerous C. The wider the range, the more dangerous D. There is no relationship between these quantities
C. The wider the range, the more dangerous
Which of the following is true concerning responses to haz mat incidents? A. They should be treated like other fire emergencies B. They should not be approached with the same mindset as structure fires C. They employ a basic strategy, determined during the size-up phase D. They require quicker action to prevent significant problems.
C. They employ a basic strategy, determined during the size-up phase.
In the context of a TRI response to a worksite or industrial facility, why should fire fighters contact the responsible party? A. To determine billing information B. To complete the OSHA report C. To gain valuable information about the worksite D. To determine the identify of any victims
C. To gain valuable information about the worksite
In the context of a TRI response to a worksite or industrial facility, why should fire fighters contact the responsible party? A. To determine billing information B. To complete the OSHA report C. To gain valuable information about the worksite D. To determine the identity of any victims
C. To gain valuable information about the worksite
What is it called when there is not enough fuel in a fuel/air mixture? A. Too Rich B. Running Hot C. Too Lean D. Choking
C. Too Lean
When there is too much fuel in a fuel/air mixture, what is this condition called? A. Too lean B. Dieseling C. Too rich D. Engine knock
C. Too rich
What is the next step in the TRI process after removal of a victim? A. Stand-down B. Lock-out and tag-out systems C. Transport D. Packaging
C. Transport
What is the step in the technical rescue incident process that follows removal of a victim? A. Security B. Packaging C. Transport D. Treatment
C. Transport
Which of the following is the most toxic of the weapons-grade nerve agents? A. Sarin B. Soman C. VX D. Tabun
C. VX
In which control zone is decontamination performed? A. Decontamination Zone B. Cold Zone C. Warm Zone D. Support Zone
C. Warm Zone
When does size-up begin? A. When a senior fire officer arrives on scene B. When patient is located C. When dispatched D. Upon arrival
C. When dispatched
In addition to the initial training requirements, do OSHA regulations require any on-going training? A. No, just the initial training B. No, not unless three years pass without an actual call C. Yes, annual refresher training D. Yes, actual response training
C. Yes, annual refresher training
An adequate response to a TRI from an agency that has its own technical rescue team would include the team, an engine company, a chief, and: A. a law enforcement contingent B. a senior staff member C. a medic unit D. a contract civilian engineer
C. a medic unit
A flammable vapor concentration that is too rich to ignite is ___. A. below the lower explosive limit B. below the upper explosive limit C. above the upper explosive limit D. between the lower explosive limit and the upper explosive limit
C. above the upper explosive limit
Which kind of health effect occurs after a single exposure to a toxic substance? A. severe B. chronic C. acute D. somatic
C. acute
Compared to other types of incidents to which first responders are commonly called, hazardous material incidents typically ___. A. result in more injuries B. produce a higher rate of false alarms C. are more complicated D. are shorter in duration
C. are more complicated
What is the effect of temperature on vapor pressure? A. as temperature decreases, vapor pressure increases B. as temperature increases, vapor pressure decreases C. as temperature increases, vapor pressure increases D. it varies with properties of the specific material
C. as temperature increases, vapor pressure increases
What is the first defense against danger fore fighters, in the context of haz mats? A. Rubber boots and gloves B. Being part of a team C. awareness and understanding of the surroundings D. Preparatory lessons learned in the classroom
C. awareness and understanding of the surroundings
Sulfur mustard and lewisite are examples of a: A. nerve agent B. choking agent C. blister agent D. convulsant
C. blister agent
Which type of agent prevents the body from using oxygen? A. nerve agent B. cyanide compound C. choking D. irritant
C. choking
Defensive hazardous materials operations are those actions taken to ___. A. prevent the situation from deteriorating B. control the incident perimeter and isolate the hazard C. contain the release from a safe distance D. minimize the volume of the release
C. contain the release from a safe distance
Which particle has a negative electric charge? A. neutron B. isotope C. electron D. coulomb
C. electron
Which term means the volume increase that occurs when a liquid material changes to a gas? A. evaporation volume B. coefficient of vaporization C. expansion ratio D. evaporation rate
C. expansion ratio
What is the term for the process by which people, animals, the environment, and equipment come into contact with a hazardous material? A. contact B. contamination C. exposure D. absorption
C. exposure
What is the minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off sufficient vapor to ignite briefly if provided with a source of ignition? A. flammable range B. fire point C. flash point D. ignition temperature
C. flash point
What will a liquid with a specific gravity of 0.7 do in water? A. evaporate B. sink C. float on the surface D. dissolve
C. float on the surface
When water is applied to a pool of gasoline, the gasoline will ___. A. disperse B. dissolve C. float on the surface of the water D. sink beneath the water
C. float on the surface of the water
Materials that remain after a process or manufacturing plant has used some of the material are considered: A. generally safe B. toxic waste C. hazardous waste D. spoiled
C. hazardous waste
Which of the following is true concerning hydrogen cyanide? A. it has an odor of bitter walnuts B. it cannot be absorbed through the skin C. it cannot always be detected by odor alone D. it does not have lasting effects
C. it cannot always be detected by odor alone
The DOT definition of hazardous materials focuses on those materials that are ___. A. in the process of transport B. transported in bulk C. not properly controlled D. intrinsically harmful
C. not controlled
The two greatest hazards at a confined space incident are the lack of oxygen and: A. limited space B. absence of light C. presence of poisonous gas D. presence of sharp objects
C. presence of poisonous gas
What will happen if water is applied to sulfuric acid? A. endothermic reaction B. spontaneous ignition C. spattering and popping D. neutralization of the acid
C. spattering and popping
Which personnel level receives more specialized hazardous training than the Technician level? A. Operations B. Technologist C. Specialist D. Expert
C. specialist
A state that opts to supersede safety and health regulations put forth by federal OSHA is known as a(n) __________ state A. OSHA-exempt B. Title 6 C. State-Plan D. SERC
C. state-plan
Why are flammable liquids with low boiling points dangerous? A. ignition temperature is proportional to boiling point B. Such liquids reach more readily with other substances C. such liquids produce large volumes of flammable vapor at relatively low temperatures D. such liquids typically have a high vapor density
C. such liquids produce large volumes of flammable vapor at relatively low temperatures
When a chemical change occurs, the event is usually accompanied by ___. A. the evolution of gas B. spattering or boiling C. the release of energy D. a physical change
C. the release of energy
Which section of the Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG) would a fire fighter use when he or she knows the chemical identification number on a hazardous material? A. blue B. green C. yellow D. white
C. yellow
California is a state-plan state; it's regulatory body is called ____.
CALOSHA
The ability of a chemical to undergo an alteration in its chemical makeup, usually accompanied by a release of some form of energy.
Chemical Change
A yellowish gas that is about 2.5 times heavier than air and slightly water-soluble. Chlorine has many industrial uses but also damages the lungs when inhaled; it is a choking agent.
Chlorine
Chlorine smells like... Phosgene and Chloropicrin smell like...
Chlorine smells like a swimming pool Phosgene and Chloropicrin smell like freshly mown grass or hay
A chemical designed to inhibit breathing. It is typically intended to incapacitate rather than kill.
Choking Agent
___ agents are predominantly designed to incapacitate rather than kill; nevertheless, death and serious injuries from these agents are certainly possible.
Choking Agents
A chemical designed to inhibit breathing and typically intended to incapacitate rather than kill.
Choking agent
___ agents are mostly designed to incapacitate rather than kill. ___ can be dispersed to briefly incapacitate a person or groups of people.
Choking agents -irritants
A health problem occurring after a long-term exposure to a substance
Chronic Health Hazard
A health problem occurring after a long-term exposure to a substance.
Chronic Health Hazard
This area is for staging vehicles and equipment. This zone contains the command post. The public and the media should be kept clear of this zones at all times.
Cold Zone
Which control zone contains the command post?
Cold Zone
The control zone of an incident that contains the command post and such other support functions as are deemed necessary to control the incident. Which NFPA?
Cold Zone NFPA 1500
The control zone of an incident that contains the command post and such other support functions as are deemed necessary to control the incident. Which NFPA?
Cold Zone (Technical Rescue Incident) NFPA 1500
An area large enough and so configured that a member can bodily enter and perform assigned work, but which has limited or restricted means for entry and exit and is not designed for continuous human occupancy Which NFPA?
Confined Space NFPA 1500
An area large enough and so configured that a member can bodily enter and perform assigned work, but which has limited or restricted means for entry and exit and is not designed for continuous human occupancy. Which NFPA?
Confined Space NFPA 1500
The process of transferring a hazardous material from its source to people, animals, the environment, or equipment, all of which can act as carriers for the material.
Contamination
A chemical capable of causing convulsions of seizures when absorbed by the body.
Convulsant
A chemical capable of causing convulsions or seizures when absorbed by the body.
Convulsant
What is a common cause of stove fires?
Cooking oil being heated on the stove and ignited past its autoignition temperature, without the need for an external ignition source.
What is the flashpoint of gasoline? A. 23 F (-5 C) B. 10 F (-12 C) C. -23 F (-30 C) D. -43 F (-41 C)
D. -43 F (-41 C)
What is the vapor density of air? A. 14.7 B. 3.1 C. 1.7 D. 1
D. 1
Which of the following pH values would indicate a strong acid? A. 9.5 B. 7 C. 4.3 D. 1.7
D. 1.7
Which pH value indicates a strong acid? A. 9.1 B. 3.5 C. 12.5 D. 1.7
D. 1.7
What is the standard atmospheric pressure at sea level? A. 1 psi B. 7.7 psi C. 12.8 psi D. 14.7 psi
D. 14.7 psi
What is the boiling point of water? A. 414 F (212 C) B. 32 F (0 C) C. 100 F (38 C) D. 212 F (100 C)
D. 212 F (100 C)
What is the expansion ratio of propane? A. 1150:1 B. 1700:1 C. 60:1 D. 270:1
D. 270:1
How many states of matter are there? A. 2 B. 4 C. 1 D. 3
D. 3
What is the secondary contamination? A. Contamination with a Class II substance or radioactivity B. Contamination whose ill effects do not manifest right away C. A benign substance coming into contact with another benign substance, creating a non-benign third substance D. A contaminated person contaminating someone else such as a rescuer
D. A contaminated person contaminating someone else, such as a rescuer
In a technical rescue incident, what is the next step after stabilization has taken place? A. Ventilation B. Security C. Size-Up D. Access
D. Access
In which types of incidents should an accountability system be established? A. Those requiring entry into IDLH atmosphere B. Incidents involving more than a single company C. Incidents with victims D. All incidents
D. All incidents
Which agency establishes standards for hazardous materials response? A. OSHA B. EPA C. NFPA D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Compared to other types of incidents to which first responders are commonly called, hazardous material incidents typically ___. A. are shorter in duration B. product a higher rate of false alarms C. result in more injuries D. are more complicated
D. Are more complicated
What should a fire fighter do if they do not understand the orders they have been given? A. Proceed with what they know needs to be accomplished B. Request orders from another supervisor C. Wait for orders to be restated D. Ask for clarification
D. Ask for clarification
How far away should fire fighters park the apparatus from downed electrical wires? A. At least 10 feet B. At least 50 feet C. At least 100 feet D. At least one utility pole span
D. At least one utility pole span
Which method should rescuers use to detect the presence of a dangerous atmosphere? A. Sensory indicators B. NFPA/DOT labels and placards C. Environmental indicators D. Atmospheric Monitoring
D. Atmospheric Monitoring
What is the term for a catastrophic failure of a pressurized cylinder of liquid propane? A. WOPER B. MINCE C. PLUME D. BLEVE
D. BLEVE
Why are flammable liquids with low boiling points dangerous? A. Because a relatively low temperature can start the liquid boiling B. Because once one of these substances begins to boil, it is very difficult to make it stop C. Because a low boiling point translates into a tendency for early explosion in a fire D. Because they could produce large volumes of flammable vapor at relatively low temperatures
D. Because they could produce large volumes of flammable vapor at relatively low temperatures
Which of the following is a prime safety consideration for a building collapse? A. Cause of the collapse B. Number of victims C. Building height D. Building stability
D. Building Stability
Which of the following is the primary safety consideration in a building collapse? A. Number of victims B. Cause of the collapse C. Type of collapse D. Building stability
D. Building stability
How can fire fighters prepare for responses to emergency rescue incidents? A. They cannot; these incidents are inherently impossible to prepare for B. By reading the articles of similar events in the fire magazines C. By imagining mental tabletop exercises of various scenarios D. By training with specialized rescue teams in their area
D. By training with specialized rescue teams in their area
What does the C stand for in HA HA MINCE? A. Contain B. Cervical C. Casualties D. Carbon Monoxide
D. Carbon Monoxide
Which type of change is it when a chemical undergoes a change in its chemical make-up, usually with a release of some form of energy? A. Physical B. Electrical C. Morphological D. Chemical
D. Chemical
A person who develops asbestosis after repeated exposures to asbestos over 20 years experiences which kind of health effect? A. Acute B. Sensitized C. Prolonged D. Chronic
D. Chronic
Which of the following is a function of the Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC)? A. Enforcement of federal hazardous materials regulations B. Coordination of state and federal assets for local response C. Administration of Superfund clean-up money D. Collection of material safety data sheets
D. Collection of material safety data sheets
What is the residue of a chemical that has been released and physically contacts people, the environment, and animals called? A. Corrosion B. Infestation C. Anodization D. Contamination
D. Contamination
What is the name of the step in the TRI process in which victims are freed from entrapment? A. Access B. Recovery C. Release D. Disentanglement
D. Disentanglement
Which federal agency regulates and governs issues related to haz mat in environment? A. OSHA B. DOA C. DOE D. EPA
D. EPA
Which law requires businesses that handle chemicals to report the type, quantity, and storage methods for these chemicals to the local fire department? A. Superfund Amendment and Reauthorization Act B. Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response Act C. Local Emergency Planning Act D. Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act
D. Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act
Which federal agency regulates and governs issues related to hazardous materials in the environment? A. Department of Transportation B. Department of the Interior C. Department of Agriculture D. Environmental Protection Agency
D. Environmental Protection Agency
What should be the primary focus when preplanning for hazardous materials incidents? A. The most vulnerable exposures B. History of past incidents C. Likely terrorist targets D. Existing threats in the area
D. Existing threats in the area
What should be the primary focus when preplanning for hazardous materials incidents? A. The most vulnerable exposures B. Likely terrorist targets C. History of past incidents D. Existing threats in the area
D. Existing threats in the area
What is the term for the process by which people, animals, the environment, and equipment come into contact with a hazardous material? A. Contamination B. Tier II C. Hazard D. Exposure
D. Exposure
___ reflects on an amount of vapor mixed with a volume of air. A. Vaporization B. Vapor Density C. Fuel/Air Mixture D. Flammable Range
D. Flammable Range
Which of the following is one of the five guidelines that fire fighters should keep in mind when assisting rescue team members? A. Act decisively B. Question the plan C. Get the big picture D. Follow orders
D. Follow Orders
Which mnemonic helps fire fighters remember a set of lighter-than-air gases? A. BRAIN TO DO B. BARKING SEALS C. OH ME TOO D. HA HA MICEN
D. HA HA MICEN
Which resource do utility companies have readily accessible that is often needed on technical rescue incidents? A. Field-portable office facilities B. Confined-space permits C. Surveying equipment D. Heavy Equipment
D. Heavy Equipment
What is the temperature called at which a flammable liquid will ignite without need of an external ignition source? A. Fire Point B. Flash Point C. Self-Sustaining Temperature D. Ignition Temperature
D. Ignition Temperature
What is the term for the process in which toxic substances are brought into the body through the respiratory system? A. Absorption B. Ingestion C. Injection D. Inhalation
D. Inhalation
What does it mean if a substance's vapor density is 2.3? A. It will float in air B. It has a relatively high boiling point C. It has an extraordinarily high boiling point D. It will sink in air
D. It will sink in air
The bulk of the new chemicals introduced each year fall into one of three categories, two of which are industrial chemicals and household cleaners. What is the third? A. Medicines B. Military Products C. Fire Suppression Agents D. Lawn Care Products
D. Lawn Care Products
The bulk of the new chemicals introduced each year fall into one of three categories. Which of the following is one of them? A. Paints and Coatings B. Medicines C. Military Products D. Lawn Care Products
D. Lawn Care Products
The bulk of the new chemicals introduced each year fall into one of three categories. Which of the following is one of them? A. Paints and coatings B. Military products C. Medicines D. Lawn Care Products
D. Lawn Care Products
Which committees gather and disseminate information about hazardous materials to the public? A. IPSOC regional committees B. USFA annual planning committees C. Industry self-monitoring committees D. Local Emergency Planning Committees
D. Local Emergency Planning Committees
Which committee gathers and disseminates information about hazardous materials to the public? A. Insurance Services Office Loss Control B. IAFC regional public education C. USFA public preparedness D. Local emergency planning
D. Local emergency planning
What is the detailed profile of a specific chemical's properties that is provided by the manufacturer and/or supplier of that chemical? A. UN registry data B. Emergency Response Guide C. Product label D. Material Safety Data sheet
D. Material Safety data sheet
What is the term to describe the ability of a chemical to mix with water? A. Corrosivity B. Buoyancy C. Specific Gravity D. Miscibility
D. Miscibility
Which atoms do not have an electric charge? A. Electrons B. Photons C. Protons D. Neutrons
D. Neutrons
Which section of the Emergency Response Guidebook would a firefighter use for basic response information on specific groups of chemicals? A. Green B. Yellow C. Blue D. Orange
D. Orange
What is the term for preparing a victim for movement as a unit, often by using a long spine board or similar device? A. Evaluating B. Demobilizing C. Restraining D. Packaging
D. Packaging
What is the term for preparing a victim for movement as a unit, often by using a long spine board or similar device? A. Evaluating B. Demobilizing C. Restraining D. Packaging
D. Packaging
What are the characteristics of a chemical called that are measurable, such as vapor density, flammability, etc.? A. Visual properties B. Bonding Properties C. Reactivity properties D. Physical Properties
D. Physical Properties
What does the term "packaging" mean in the context of technical rescue? A. Preparing the scene for the safe removal of victims B. Assigning related tasks to a single company C. The tendency for one incident to cause others D. Preparing the victim for removal as a unit
D. Preparing the victim for removal as a unit
What is the function of lockout/tagout systems? A. Prevent theft or unauthorized use of apparatus and equipment B. Deny entry to the public and the media C. Enforce accountability for rescuers entering the hazard zone D. Prevent unauthorized activation of machinery or electricity
D. Prevent unauthorized activation of machinery or electricity.
Which subsection of 29 CFR 1910.120 covers emergency response? A. H B. M C. P D. Q
D. Q
What is the area that surrounds the incident site and whose size is proportional to the hazards that exist? A. Hot Zone B. Control Zone C. Red Zone D. Rescue Area
D. Rescue Area
Which of the following serves as a liaison between local and state levels of authority for issues related to hazardous materials? A. Local emergency planning committee B. Regional hazardous materials team C. State office of emergency services D. State emergency response commission
D. State emergency response commission
A state that opts to supersede safety and health regulations put forth by federal OSHA is known as a(n) ___ state. A. OSHA-exempt B. Title 6 C. SERC D. State-Plan
D. State-Plan
Which type of respirator system has a continuous supply of air from outside the confined space? A. Self-Contained breathing apparatus B. Powered air-purifying respirator C. In-Line Respirator D. Supplied-Air Respirator
D. Supplied-Air Respirator
Which type of respirator system has a continuous supply of air from outside the hazard zone? A. Open-circuit breathing apparatus B. Closed-Circuit breathing apparatus C. Powered air-purifying respirator D. Supplied-air respirator
D. Supplied-air respirator
Which mnemonic helps fire fighters remember the seven categories of harm that can be caused by terrorism agents or other hazardous materials? A. CALLUPP B. WAFFLES C. PANOPRY D. TRACEMP
D. TRACEMP
Response agencies should conduct incident planning activities at certain hazards in the jurisdiction. At which types of hazards? A. Residential hazards B. Potential Hazards C. Heat-Related Hazards D. Target Hazards
D. Target Hazards
What is the minimum level of rescue training required for direct involvement in rescue operations? A. Operations B. Specialist C. Awareness D. Technician
D. Technician
What should be a basic point of emphasis when training with other departments for technical rescue incidents? A. SOPs B. Equipment Inventory C. Organization D. Terminology
D. Terminology
At a TRI, in which zone is the command post located? A. The command zone B. The warm zone C. The communication zone D. The cold zone
D. The cold zone
The DOT definition of hazardous materials specifies three entities against whom the materials in question can pose an unreasonable risk. Two of those entities are operating emergency personnel and the public. What is the third? A. Newly arriving emergency personnel B. Drivers and handlers of the material C. Receivers and shippers D. The environment
D. The environment
How does exposure to liquefied petroleum gas affect the body? A. The gas is a neurological toxin B. The gas causes pulmonary edema C. There is no effect; the gas is inert and nontoxic D. The gas displaces breathing air
D. The gas displaces breathing air
How, if at all, does the vapor pressure of a liquid relate to its rate of evaporation? A. There is no relationship between these two quantities B. Vapor pressure and rate of evaporation are synonymous C. The greater the vapor pressure, the more resistant it will be to evaporation D. The greater the vapor pressure, the faster it will evaporate
D. The greater the vapor pressure, the faster it will evaporate
What should fire fighters trained to the awareness level of technical rescue know about specialized rescue tools? A. How to maintain them B. Nothing; this is not an awareness-level skill C. How to use them D. The names and purposes of the tools
D. The names and purposes of the tools
When dealing with haz mats, how are standards developed? A. They are created in each fire department separately by that department B. They are formed by participation from industry manufacturers C. They are laws, passed by the several states' legislatures D. They are issued by non-governmental agencies such as NFPA.
D. They are issued by non-governmental agencies such as NFPA.
When assisting rescue team members, there are five guidelines that fire fighters should keep in mind. What is one of those? A. Look B. Question C. Touch D. Think
D. Think
Which of the following is the most toxic nerve agent? A. tabun b. sarin C. soman D. VX
D. VX
What does the W stand for in HAZWOPER? A. Weapons B. Weather C. Wellness D. Waste
D. Waste
What is the term for the ability of a substance to dissolve in water? A. Water formulation B. Water corrosivity C. Chemical soluability D. Water solubility
D. Water solubility
In reality, when does the response to a hazardous materials incident begin? A. Not until everyone is assembled on site and the planning and evaluation process has been completed. B. Not until the first hazardous materials-trained person arrives on the scene C. When the first call is received by the communications center or other agency of notification D. With training, learning about the regulations and agencies involved, and finding out about potential hazards in the jurisdiction.
D. With training, learning about the regulations and agencies involved, and finding out about potential hazards in the jurisdiction
A flammable vapor concentration that is too lean to ignite is ___. A. above the upper explosive limit B. above the lower explosive limit C. between the lower explosive limit and the upper explosive limit D. below the lower explosive limit
D. below the lower explosive limit
What is the temperature at which a liquid continuously gives off vapors? A. evaporation point B. fire point C. flash point D. boiling point
D. boiling point
What is the temperature at which a liquid continuously gives off vapors? A. flash point B. evaporation point C. fire point D. boiling point
D. boiling point
The alteration of the chemical makeup of a material is known as a ___ change. A. molecular B. elemental C. reactive D. chemical
D. chemical
Which type of agent is designed to incapacitate rather than kill? A. deterrent B. irritant C. smothering D. choking
D. choking
Vehicles and equipment are staged in the ___ zone. A. yellow B. warm C. support D. cold
D. cold
The DOT defines a ___ material as one that causes destruction or irreversible damage to living tissue at the site of contact. A. harmful B. reactive C. toxic D. corrosive
D. corrosive
Which term means the volume increase that occurs when a liquid material changes to a gas? A. coefficient of vaporization B. evaporation volume C. evaporation rate D. expansion ratio
D. expansion ratio
Which of the following is an example of secondary contamination? A. contact with the material during a defensive operation B. stepping in a contaminated liquid pool C. contamination by airborne vapors D. handling a contaminated tool
D. handling a contaminated tool
What is the temperature at which a flammable liquid will ignite without any external ignition source? A. lower explosive limit B. flash point C. fire point D. ignition temperature
D. ignition temperature
What is the process by which chemicals enter the body through gastrointestinal tract? A. consumption B. digestion C. absorption D. ingestion
D. ingestion
Which type of agent is also known as a riot-control agent? A. choking B. deterrent C. smothering D. irritant
D. irritant
What does the "M" in the mnemonic HA HA MICEN stand for? A. Manganese sulfate B. methyl ethyl ketone C. methyl bromide D. methane
D. methane
A chemical undergoes ___ change when subjected to outside influences such as heat, cold, and pressure? A. compositional B. material C. thermodynamic D. physical
D. physical
What is the process in which unstable atoms of an element decay and emit excess energy in the form of particles or waves? A. organic decomposition B. ionic emission C. nuclear decay D. radioactivity
D. radioactivity
Training at the hazardous materials awareness level gives the fire fighter the knowledge and skills to recognize the presence of a hazardous material, protect themselves, call for assistance, and: A. decontaminate personnel B. stop the spread of material C. stop the leaking material D. secure the area
D. secure the area
Why are flammable liquids with low boiling points dangerous? A. such liquids typically have a high vapor density B. such liquids react more readily with other substances C. ignition temperature is proportional to boiling point D. such liquids produce large volumes of flammable vapor at relatively low temperatures
D. such liquids produce large volumes of flammable vapor at relatively low temperatures
An occupancy or facility where there is high potential for loss of life or serious impact to the community resulting from a chemical release is described as a(n) __________ hazard A. major B. extraordinary C. special D. target
D. target
Which flammable range value presents the greatest danger? A. the lowest UEL B. the highest LEL C. the lowest LEL D. the widest spread between the LEL and the UEL
D. the widest spread between the LEL and the UEL
Which property tells you the weight of a gas compared to air? A. specific gravity B. flash point C. vapor pressure D. vapor density
D. vapor density
Ionization is a function of the energy of the individual particles or waves, rather than a function of the number of particles or waves present. If enough of these ionizations occur, they can prove destructive to biological organisms by damaging the ___ in individual cells.
DNA
According to OSHA, first responders at the operations level are individuals who respond to releases or potential releases of hazardous substances as part of the initial response to the site for the purpose of protecting nearby persons, property, or the environment from the effects of the release. They are trained to respond in a (offensive of defensive?) fashion without actually trying to stop the release.
Defensive
Which has a higher flash point, gasoline or diesel fuel?
Diesel Fuel. Diesel Fuel FP = 120 F Gasoline FP = -43 F
Particle sizes of Common Types of Respiratory Hazards Dust =
Dust = 1 micron +
Which atoms have negative charges?
Electrons
Federal legislation that requires a business that handles chemicals (depending on the quantity stored) to report storage type, quantity, and storage methods to the fire department and the local emergency planning committee
Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act
Federal legislation that requires a business that handles chemicals (depending on the quantity stored) to report storage type, quantity, and storage methods to the fire department and the local emergency planning committee.
Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act
The ___ requires a business that handles chemicals to report storage type, quantity, and storage methods to the fire department and the local emergency planning committee. Such documentation is known as ___ reports.
Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act -tier reports
A condition in which a victim is trapped by debris, soil, or other material and is unable to extricate himself or herself.
Entrapment
___ occurs when children play around a pile of sand or earth that collapses.
Entrapments
Established in 1970, the federal agency that ensures safe manufacturing, use, transportation, and disposal of hazardous substances.
Environmental Protection Agency
Established in 1970, the federal agency that ensures safe manufacturing, use, transportation, and disposal of hazardous substances.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
The ___ regulates and governs issues relating to hazardous materials in the environment.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
The ratio of the volume of foam in its aerated state to the original volume of nonaerated foam solution. Which NFPA?
Expansion Ratio NFPA 1901, Standard for Automotive Fire Apparatus
The ratio of the volume of foam in its aerated state to the original volume of nonaerated foam solution.
Expansion ratio
The process by which people, animals, the environment, and equipment are subjected to or come into contact with a hazardous material.
Exposure
In any TRI, it is important to know why rescuers fail. The reasons for rescue failures are most commonly referred to by the acronym FAILURE:
F - Failure to understand the environment, or underestimating A - Additional medical problems not considered I - Inadequate rescue skills L - Lack of teamwork U - Underestimating the logistics of the incident R - Rescue versus recovery mode not considered E - Equipment not mastered
The lowest temperature at which a liquid will ignite and achieve sustained burning when exposed to a test flame in accordance with ATSM D 92, Standard Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup Which NFPA?
Fire Point NFPA 704, Standard System for the Identification of the Hazards of Materials for Emergency Response
___ describes a mixture of fuel and air, defined by upper and lower flammable limits, and reflects an amount of vapor mixed with a volume of air.
Flammable Range
The range of concentrations between the lower and upper flammable limits. Which NFPA?
Flammable Range NFPA 68, Standard on Explosion Protection by Deflagration Venting
A concentration of constituents in air that exceeds 10 percent of its lower flammability limit (LFL). Which NFPA?
Flammable Vapour NFPA 115, Standard for Laser Fire Protection
The range of concentrations between the lower and upper flammable limits NFPA 68
Flammable range
A concentration of constituents in air that exceeds 10 percent of its lower flammable limit (LFL) NFPA 115
Flammable vapor
The minimum temperature at which a liquid emits vapor in sufficient concentration to form an ignitable mixture with air near the surface of the liquid, with the container as specified by appropriate test procedures and apparatus. NFPA 122
Flash Point
The minimum temperature at which a liquid emits vapor in sufficient concentration to form an ignitable mixture with air near the surface of the liquid, with the container as specified by appropriate test procedures and apparatus. Which NFPA?
Flash Point NFPA 122, Standard for Fire Prevention and Control in Metal/Nonmetal Mining and Metal Mineral Processing Facilities
___ is an expression of the temperature at which a liquid fuel gives off sufficient vapor that, when an ignition source is present, will result in a flash fire.
Flash point
The 3 aspects to consider when evaluating the fire potential of a chemical are the following:
Flash point: An expression of the temperature at which a liquid fuel gives off sufficient vapor that, when an ignition source is present, results in a flash fire Ignition temperature: When a liquid fuel is heated beyond its ignition temperature, the substance ignites without an external ignition source. Flammable range: A mixture of fuel and air, defined by upper and lower flammable limits, that reflects an amount of vapor mixed with a volume of air. The wider the flammable range, the more dangerous the material
Particle sizes of Common Types of Respiratory Hazards Fog =
Fog = < 40 microns
Ingestion is an uncommon route of significant chemical exposure for most people, but how could it be done through fire fighters?
For example, at a structure fire, fire fighters generally have an opportunity to rotate out of the building for rest and refreshment. If they do not take the time to wash up prior to eating or drinking, they have a high probability of spreading contamination from the hands to the food and subsequently to the intestinal tract.
___ is found in many plastics and resins and is one of the many components in smoke that causes eye and lung irritation.
Formaldehyde
Particle sizes of Common Types of Respiratory Hazards Fume =
Fume = < 1 micron
A type of radiation that can travel significant distances, penetrating most materials and passing through the body.
Gamma Radiation
LEPCs collect MSDSs. Under the ____, the MSDS term is changing to the term ____ as the impacts of global harmonization become more integrated into the regulatory and environmental health and safety communities.
Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS) Safety Data Sheet (SDS)
ERG sections Provides information on the evacuation/isolation distance for specific chemicals. This section lists the chemical identification number, the chemical name, and isolation and protection distances for both small and large spill situations.
Green Sections
By which acronym are the federal regulations detailing hazardous materials response competencies collectively known?
HAZWOPER
Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response; the OSHA regulation that governs hazardous materials waste sites and response training. Specifics can be found in 29 CFR 1910.120. subsection (q) is specific to emergency response.
HAZWOPER
In the U.S., OSHA regulations are also important. The federal regulations detailing the hazardous materials response competencies are collectively known as ____.
HAZWOPER
___ is a set of OSHA regulations that cover hazardous materials response training and hazardous waste site operations.
HAZWOPER
A filter capable of catching particles down to 0.3-micron size-much smaller than a typical dust or alpha radiation particle.
HEPA (High-efficiency particulate air) filter
A filter capable of catching particles down to 0.3-micron size-much smaller than a typical dust or alpha radiation particle.
HEPA (high-efficiency particulate air) filter
Fire fighters can protect themselves from alpha particle exposure by wearing ____ filters. Fire fighters can protect themselves from beta particle exposure by wearing ___. Structural firefighting gear and SCBA do not protect fire fighters from gamma rays.
HEPA filters -SCBA
Emergency incidents are unpredictable. Don't just have one backup plan...
Have two or three
A fuel complex defined by kind, arrangement, volume, condition, and location that determines the ease of ignition and/or resistance to fire control.
Hazard
A fuel complex defined by kind, arrangement, volume, condition, and location that determines the ease of ignition and/or resistance of fire control. Which NFPA?
Hazard NFPA 1144, Standard for Reducing Structure Ignition Hazards from Wildland Fire
A substance that, when released, is capable of creating harm to people, the environment, and property. Which NFPA?
Hazardous Material NFPA 472
___ are defined as any materials or substances that pose a significant risk to the health and safety of persons or to the environment if they are not properly handled during manufacture, processing, packaging, transportation, storage, use, or disposal
Hazardous Materials
Commanders of hazardous materials incidents beyond the operation level.
Hazardous Materials Branch Director/Group Supervisor
This level of training is intended for those persons assuming command of a hazardous materials incident beyond the operations level.
Hazardous Materials Branch Director/Group Supervisor
The person who is responsible for directing and coordinating all operations involving hazardous materials and weapons of mass destruction as assigned by the incident commander. Which NFPA? Which NIMS?
Hazardous Materials Officer NFPA 472 NIMS: Hazardous Materials Branch Director/Group Supervisor
Individuals trained as ____ receive operations-level training as well as additional training specific to commanding a hazardous materials incident.
Hazardous Materials Officers
The person who is responsible for ensuring the safety of hazardous materials personnel and ensuring that appropriate hazardous materials/weapons of mass destruction practices are followed.
Hazardous Materials Safety Officer
This person is assigned to the Hazardous Materials Branch and is responsible for ensuring the safety of hazardous materials personnel and recognizing that appropriate hazardous materials/WMD practices are followed.
Hazardous Materials Safety Officer
Which of the following is a valid principle for disentangling a victim from a wrecked automobile?
Remove the vehicle from around the victim, not the victim through the wreckage
This individual is a hazardous materials technician with training in specialized areas such as railroad tank cars, highway cargo vehicles, intermodel containers, and others as listed in NFPA 472.
Hazardous Materials Technician with Specialties
Waste that is potentially damaging to the environment or human health due to its toxicity, ignitability, corrosivity, or chemical reactivity or another cause Which NFPA?
Hazardous Waste NFPA 820
What does HAZWOPER stand for?
Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response
The OSHA regulation that governs hazardous materials waste sites and response training. Specifics can be found in 29 CFR 1910.120. Subsection (q) is specific to emergency response
Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response HAZWOPER
A substance that, when released, is capable of creating harm to people, the environment, and property Which NFPA?
Hazardous material NFPA 472
A substance that, when released, is capable of creating harm to people, the environment, and property. Which NFPA?
Hazardous material NFPA 472
Commanders of hazardous materials incidents beyond the operations level.
Hazardous materials branch director
The person who is responsible for directing and coordinating all operations involving hazardous materials/weapons of mass destruction as assigned by the incident commander Which NFPA?
Hazardous materials officer NFPA 472
The person who works within the Incident Management System (Specifically, the Hazardous Materials Branch/Group) to ensure that recognized hazardous materials/weapons of mass destruction (WMD) safe practices are followed at hazardous materials/WMD incidents. Which NFPA?
Hazardous materials safety officer NFPA 472
___ officers are responsible for ensuring the safety of hazardous materials personnel and the use of appropriate hazardous materials and WMD practices
Hazardous materials safety officers
A hazardous materials technician with training in areas such as specialized chemicals, containers, and their uses.
Hazardous materials technician with specialties
____ is a potentially harmful byproduct or residue that remains after a manufacturing process.
Hazardous waste
A rope rescue operation where the angle of the slope is greater than 45 degrees. In this scenario, rescuers depend on life safety rope rather than a fixed support surface such as the ground.
High-Angle Operation
This area is for entry teams and rescue teams only. The hot zone immediately surrounds the dangers of the site (e.g., hazardous materials releases) and is established to protect personnel outside the zone.
Hot Zone
What is the term for the area in which rescue operations are conducted?
Hot Zone
Radiation of sufficient energy to alter the atomic structure of materials or cells with which it interacts, including electromagnetic radiation such as X-rays, gamma rays, and microwaves and particulate radiation such as alpha and beta particles.
Ionizing Radiation
The area immediately surrounding a hazardous materials spill/incident site that is directly dangerous to life and health. All personnel working in the hot zone must wear complete, appropriate protective clothing and equipment. Entry requires approval by the incident commander or a designed sector officer. Complete back up, rescue, and decontamination teams must be in place at the perimeter before operations begin.
Hot Zone (Technical Rescue Incident)
Regarding rescue area, three zones should be established:
Hot Zone, Warm Zone, and Cold Zone
In the absence of reliable reference sources in the field, you can use the HA HA MICEN mnemonic to remember a number of lighter-than-air gases:
Hydrogen Acetylene Helium Ammonia Methane Illuminating Gas (Neon and Hydrogen Cyanide) Carbon Monoxide Ethylene Nitrogen
In the absence of reliable reference sources in the field, fire fighters can use HA HA MICEN mnemonic to remember a number of lighter-than-air gases:
Hydrogen Acetylene Helium Ammonia Methane Illuminate Gas (neon and hydrogen cyanide) Carbon Monoxide Ethylene Nitrogen
The ___ must make the decision regarding whether the building is safe to enter.
IC
The minimum temperature at which a fuel, when heated, will ignite in air and continue to burn. Also called autoignition temperature.
Ignition (autoignition) temperature
The minimum temperature at which a fuel, when heated, will ignite in air and continue to burn. Also called autoignition temperature.
Ignition Temperature
What does the "I" stand for in the Failure acronym?
Inadequate rescue skills
Exposure to a hazardous material by swallowing it.
Ingestion
Exposure to a hazardous material by breathing it into the lungs.
Inhalation
___ exposures occur when harmful substances are brought into the body through the respiratory system. The (which organ?) are a direct point of access to the bloodstream, so they can quickly transfer an airborne substance into the bloodstream
Inhalation lungs
Exposure to a hazardous material by it entering cuts or other breaches in the skin.
Injection
Radiation can be described as either ___ or ___.
Ionizing or Nonionizing
___ radiation has the potential to ionize an atom or molecule through atomic interactions. ___ radiation does not carry enough energy to remove an electron from an atom or molecule.
Ionizing radiation -non-ionizing radiation
A substance such as mace that can be dispersed to incapacitate a person or groups of people briefly.
Irritant
___ includes substances, such as mace, that can be dispersed to briefly incapacitate a person or groups of people.
Irritants
____ gather and disseminate to the public information about hazardous materials.
LEPC
A blister-forming agent that is an oily, colorless to dark brown liquid with an odor of geraniums
Lewisite
A blister-forming agent that is an oily, colorless to dark brown liquid with an odor of geraniums.
Lewisite
If a liquid spills, Which evaporates quicker: Liquids with high or low vapor pressure?
Liquids with high vapor pressure
A group comprising members of industry, transportation, the public at large, media, and fire and police agencies; it gathers and disseminates information on hazardous materials stores in the community and ensures that there are adequate local resources to respond to a chemical event in the community.
Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC)
___ committees gather and disseminate to the public information about hazardous materials These committees comprise members of industry, transportation, media, fire and police agencies, and the public at large
Local Emergency Planning Committees (LEPCs)
A group comprising members of industry, transportation, the public at large, media, and fire and police agencies; it gathers and disseminates information on hazardous materials stored in the community and ensures that there are adequate local resources to respond to a chemical even in the community.
Local emergency planning committee (LEPC)
Methods of ensuring that electricity and other utilities have been shut down and switches are "locked" so that they cannot be switched on, so as to prevent flow of power or gases into the area where rescue is being conducted.
Lockout and Tagout systems
Methods of ensuring that electricity and other utilities have been shut down and switches are "locked" so that they cannot be switched on, so as to prevent flow of power or gases into the area where rescue is being conducted.
Lockout and tagout systems
A rope rescue operation on a mildly sloping surface (less than 45 degrees) or flat land. In this scenario, fire fighters depend on the ground for their primary support, and the rope system is a secondary means of support.
Low-Angle Operations
Rope rescue incidents are divided into:
Low-Angle and High-Angle operations
A rope rescue operation on a mildly sloping surface (less than 45 degrees) or flat land. In this scenario, fire fighters depend on the ground for their primary support, and the rope system is a secondary means of support.
Low-angle Operation
Which angle is used during ice or water rescues, high or low?
Low-angle operations
The ____ defines the amount of vapor needed to cause an ignition.
Lower Flammable Limit (LFL)
The minimum concentration of combustible vapor or combustible gas in a mixture of the vapor or gas and gaseous oxidant above which propagation of flame will occur on contact with an ignition source. Which NFPA?
Lower Flammable Limit (LFL) NFPA 115
An ___ is a detailed profile of a single chemical or mixture of chemicals provided by the manufacturer and/or supplier of a chemical. It details a specific chemical's properties and all pertinent information about it.
MSDS
To find a chemical's vapor density, consult a reference source such as an ____.
MSDS
LEPCs ensure that local resources are adequate to respond to a chemical-related even in the community. LEPCs collect ___, which serve as an important informational resources for fire fighters.
MSDSs
Transitioning to Safety Data Sheets (SDS). A form, provided by manufacturers and compounders (blenders) of chemicals, containing information about chemical composition, physical and chemical properties, health and safety hazards, emergency response, and waste disposal of the material. Which NFPA?
Material safety data sheet (MSDS) NFPA 472
Are leather boots enough to prevent absorption from hydrocarbon spills?
No. When responding to incidents that involve a large or small hydrocarbon spills, fire fighters should not walk through the product with leather boots. The leather will absorb the product and exposure and contaminate the fire fighter.
__ radiation refers to any type of electromagnetic radiation that does not carry enough energy to ionize atoms or molecules-that is, to completely remove an electron from an atom or molecule.
Non-Ionizing
__ is very concerned about hazardous materials response. In addition to the HAZWOPER regulations, this organization issues guidance on respiratory protection, PPE, and a multitude of other topics regarding worker safety.
OSHA
Regulations are issued and enforced by governmental bodies such as ___ and ___.
OSHA and the EPA
The federal agency that regulates worker safety and, in some cases, responder safety. OSHA is a part of the Department of Labor.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
Who should be the only ones to move or relocate an elevator?
Only professional elevator technicians who are thoroughly trained and authorized to do so should consider this step.
At which technical rescue training level do fire fighters have to be to work in the warm zone?
Operations
What is the minimum level of hazardous materials training required to take defensive actions?
Operations
What is the minimum level of technical rescue training that qualifies fire fighters to work in the warm zone?
Operations
Persons who respond to hazardous material/weapons of mass destruction incidents for the purpose of implementing or supporting actions to protect nearby persons, the environment, or property from the effects of the release. Which NFPA?
Operations Level NFPA 472
Persons who respond to hazardous materials/WMD incidents for the purpose of implementing or supporting actions to protect nearby persons, the environment, or property from the effects of the release. Which NFPA?
Operations level NFPA 472
____-level responders respond to hazardous materials and WMD incidents for the purpose of protecting nearby persons, the environment, or property from the effects of the release.
Operations-level
What is the most commonly used color of barrier tape for marking the warm zone?
Orange
ERG sections The most important section of the ERG. Its 62 "guides" provide basic response information for specific groups of chemicals - Namely, potential hazards (health and fire/explosion), public safety (general information regarding chemical hazards, protective clothing requirements, and evacuations needs), and emergency response (fire situations, spill or leak situations, and first-aid requirements)
Orange Section
The process of securing a victim in a transfer device, with regard to existing and potential injuries or illness, so as to prevent further harm during movement. Which NFPA?
Packaging NFPA 1006
The process of securing a victim in a transfer device, with regard to existing and potential injuries or illness, so as to prevent further harm during movement. Which NFPA?
Packaging NFPA 1006
A displacement device worn to keep the wearer afloat in water. Which NFPA?
Personal Flotation Device NFPA 1925
A displacement device worn to keep the wearer afloat in water. Which NFPA?
Personal Flotation Device (PFD) NFPA 1925
A system that readily identifies both the locations and the functions of all members operating at an incident scene. Which NFPA?
Personnel Accountability System NFPA 1500
A transformation in which a material changes its state of matter. For instance, from a liquid to solid
Physical Change
A transformation in which material changes its state of matter - for instance, from a liquid to a solid.
Physical Change
Physical change is essentially a change in ___, whereas chemical change results in an alteration of ____.
Physical change = Change in state Chemical change = alteration of the chemical nature of the material.
Signage required to be placed on all four sides of highway transport vehicles, railroad tank cars, and other forms of hazardous materials transportation that identifies the hazardous contents of the vehicle, using a standardization system with 10 3/4-inch diamond-shaped indicators
Placards
Signage required to be placed on all four sides of highway transport vehicles, railroad tank cars, and other forms of hazardous materials transportation that identifies the hazardous contents of the vehicle, using a standardized system: 10 3/4 inch by 10 3/4 inch diamond shaped indicators
Placards
Propane and chlorine are (heavier or lighter?) than air.
Propane or Chlorine are heavier than air.
Which atoms have a positive charge?
Protons
Fluid buildup in the lungs.
Pulmonary Edema
Which subsection of 29 CAR 1910.120 covers emergency response?
Q
The emissions and propagation of energy through matter or space by means of electromagnetic disturbances that display both wave-like and particle-like behavior
Radiation
___ is energy transmitted through space in the form of electromagnetic waves or energetic particles. Electromagnetic radiation (light or radio waves) has no mass or charge, whereas energetic particles do have mass
Radiation
An atom that has unequal numbers of protons and neutrons in the nucleus and that emits radioactivity.
Radioactive Isotope
___ is the natural and spontaneous process by which unstable atoms (isotopes) of an element decay to a different state and emit or radiate excess energy in the form of particles or waves.
Radioactivity
The spontaneous decay or disintegration of an unstable atomic nucleus accompanied by the emission of radiation. Which NFPA?
Radioactivity NFPA 801
The spontaneous decay or disintegration of an unstable atomic nucleus accompanied by the emission of radiation. Which NFPA?
Radioactivity NFPA 801
What is the most critical factor in ensuring your safety on a hazardous materials call?
Recognizing that the incident involves hazardous materials
Which color of barrier tape is used to demarcate the hot zone at a technical rescue incident?
Red
Regarding police or fire line tape, they are available in a variety of colors. The most commonly used colors are....
Red (Hot Zone) Orange (Warm Zone) Yellow (Cold Zone)
More than (how many?) chemicals are registered for use in commerce in the United States, and is estimated that (How many?) new ones are introduced annually.
Registered for use in commerce = 80,000 New ones introduced annually = 2,000
What is by far the single most important piece of PPE that fire fighters have at their disposal?
SCBA
Which offers a higher level of protection: SCBA or respirator?
SCBA
Anyone operating in an area contaminated with anthrax should wear ___ or, at minimum, an _____
SCBA or, at minimum, an air-purifying respirator with HEPA filtration (protection from 0.3-micron or larger particles)
What's the different between SAR and SCBA?
SCBA uses cylinders, whereas SARs use a hose line connected to an air supply located outside the confined space.
Nerve agents attack the body's CNS. the signs and symptoms of nerve agent exposure can be remembered through the mnemonic SLUDGEM:
Salivation Lachrymation (tearing) Urination Defecation Gastric Disturbance Emesis (vomiting) Miosis (constriction of the pupil)
The mnemonic SLUDGEM briefly summarizes some of the more common signs and symptoms of nerve agent exposure:
Salvation Lachrymation (tearing) Urination Defecation Gastric Disturbance Emesis (vomiting) Miosis (Constriction of the Pupils)
A nerve agent that when dispersed sends droplets in the air that when inhaled harm intended victims.
Sarin
Which evaporates more easily, Sarin or VX?
Sarin is a water-like liquid that evaporates more easily than VX, which is a thick, oily liquid.
When a nerve agent, such as __ or ___ gets into the body, it affects the ability of the body to transact nerve impulses at the junction points between nerves and muscles, nerves and vital organs, and nerves and glands.
Sarin or VX
A subsequent collapse in a building or excavation Which NFPA?
Secondary Collapse NFPA 1006
The process by which a containment is carried out of the hot zone and contaminates people, animals, the environment, or equipment.
Secondary Contamination
The process by which a contaminant is carried out of the hot zone and contaminates people, animals, the environment, or equipment
Secondary Contamination
____ occurs when a person or an object transfers the contamination or the source of contamination to another person or object by direct contact.
Secondary Contamination
A chemical that causes a large portion of people or animals to develop an allergic reaction after repeated exposure to the substance.
Sensitizer
What is used to stabilize the sides of an excavation?
Shoring
A structure such as a metal hydraulic, pneumatic/mechanical, or timber system that supports the sides of an excavation and is designed to prevent cave-ins Which NFPA/
Shoring NFPA 1670
A structure such as a metal hydraulic, pneumatic/mechanical, or timber system that supports the sides of an excavation and is designed to prevent cave-ins Which NFPA?
Shoring NFPA 1670
Persons who respond to hazardous materials/weapons of mass destruction incidents and are allowed to enter heavily contaminated areas using the highest levels of protection. This is the most aggressive level of training as identified in NFPA 472.
Technician Level
What is a low-angle rope rescue operation?
Situations where the slope of the ground over which the fire fighters are working is less than 45 degrees, fire fighters are dependent on the ground for their primary support, and the rope system becomes the secondary means of support.
Particle sizes of Common Types of Respiratory Hazards Smoke =
Smoke = < 1 micron - 1 micron
Person who responds to hazardous materials/weapons of mass destruction incidents who have received more specialized training than hazardous materials technicians. Most of the training that specialist employees receive is either product or transportation mode specific.
Specialist Level
Persons who respond to hazardous materials/WMD incidents who have received more specialized training than hazardous materials technicians. Most of the training that specialist employees receive is either product or transportation mode specific.
Specialist Level
This level receives more specialized training than a hazardous materials technician. Practically speaking, however, the two levels are not very different.
Specialist Level
___-level personnel have a similar level of training as technician-level personnel, but have additional training related to specific chemicals, container types, or transportation modes.
Specialist-level
___ training is required to acquire true proficiency in TRIs.
Specialized Training
___ is to liquids what vapor density is to gases.
Specific Gravity
As applied to gas, the ratio of the weight of a given volume to that of the same volume of air, both measured under the same conditions Which NFPA?
Specific Gravity NFPA 54
As applied to gas, the ratio of the weight of a given volume to that of the same volume of air, both measured under the same conditions. Which NFPA?
Specific Gravity NFPA 54, National Fuel Gas Code
A pile of excavated soil next to the excavation or trench Which NFPA?
Spoil Pile NFPA 1006
A pile of excavated soil next to the excavation or trench. Which NFPA?
Spoil Pile NFPA 1006
The liaison between local and state levels that collects and disseminates information relating to hazardous materials. The SERC involves agencies such as the fire service, police services, and elected officials.
State Emergency Response Commission
Each state has a ____. This serves as the liaison between local and state levels of authority. It involves agencies such as the fire service, police services, and elected officials in the collection and dissemination of information relating to hazardous materials.
State Emergency Response Commission (SERC)
The liaison between local and state levels that collects and disseminates information relating to hazardous materials. The SERC involves agencies such as the fire service police services, and elected officials.
State Emergency Response Commission (SERC)
The physical state of a material - solid, liquid, or gas
State of Matter
The physical state of a material-solid, liquid, or gas
State of Matter
What pH value is considered "Strong acid"? What pH value is considered "strong base"?
Strong acid = 2.5 and lower Strong base = 12.5 and higher
Strong acids have a pH lower than ___ Strong bases have a pH higher than ___
Strong acids = <2.5 Strong bases = >12.5
At this level, fire fighters are trained to enter heavily contaminated areas using the highest levels of Personal Protection. Hazardous materials technicians take offensive actions using a variety of specialized tools, equipment, and training in an effort to stop the release.
Technician Level
A clear, yellow, or amber oily liquid with a faint, sweet odor of mustard or garlic that can be dispersed in an aerosol form. It causes blistering of exposed skin.
Sulfur Mustard
A clear, yellow, or amber oily liquid with a faint, sweet odor of mustard or garlic that can be dispersed in an aerosol form. It causes blistering of exposed skin.
Sulfur mustard
Blister agents include ___ and ___. Immediate skin decontamination is required.
Sulfur mustard and Lewisite
One of the first federal laws to affect how fire departments respond in a hazardous material emergency.
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act
One of the first federal laws to affect how fire departments respond in a hazardous material emergency.
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA)
The ___ was one of the first laws to affect how fire departments respond in a hazardous material emergency.
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA)
An atmosphere-supplying respirator for which the source of breathing air is not designed to be carried by the user. Which NFPA?
Supplied-Air Respirator NFPA 1404
What kind of breathing system do most confined-space rescues use?
Supplied-air respirator
An acronym to help remember the effects and potential exposures to a hazardous materials incident: thermal, radiation, asphyxiant, chemical, etiologic, mechanical, and psychogenic
TRACEMP
The damages caused by a terrorist attack or any other hazardous materials incident can be broadly classified into seven categories, best remembered by the mnemonic ____
TRACEMP
Any occupancy type or facility that presents a high potential for loss of life or serious impact to the community resulting from fire, explosion, or chemical release.
Target Hazard
A complex rescue incident requiring specially trained personnel and special equipment to complete the mission. Which NFPA?
Technical Rescue Incident (TRI) NFPA 1670
A group of rescuers specially trained in the various disciplines of technical rescue
Technical Rescue Team
A group of rescuers specially trained in the various disciplines of technical rescue.
Technical Rescue Team
A complex rescue incident requiring specially trained personnel and special equipment to complete the mission Which NFPA?
Technical rescue incident NFPA 1670
Persons who respond to hazardous-materials/WMD destruction incidents and are allowed to enter heavily contaminated areas using the highest levels of protection. This is the most aggressive level of training as identified in NFPA 472.
Technician Level
When is the level of hazardous materials training called at which fire fighters are trained to enter heavily contaminated areas using the highest levels of personal protection?
Technician level
___-level personnel are trained to enter heavily contaminated areas using the highest levels of personal protection.
Technician-level
Finalized in 1986, SARA was the original driver for the OSHA HAZWOPER regulation. Indirectly, it indicated that workers handling hazardous wastes should have a minimum amount of training. Additionally, this law laid the foundation that ultimately allowed local fire department and the public to obtain information on how and where hazardous were stored in their community. This lead to ____ Act.
The Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act
The ___ and ___ classes of pesticides are similar to the weapons-grade agents but are less toxic in general terms.
The organophosphate and carbamate classes
An example of a low-angle system is a rope stretched by rescuers who are carrying a victim up an incline. In this scenario, the secondary means of support is the ____ The primary support is the ___
The secondary means of support is the rope The primary support is the rescuers' contact with the ground.
TRACEMP is a mnemonic for the seven categories of hazardous materials terrorist attack, which are:
Thermal (Heat) Radiologic Asphyxiation Chemical Etiologic Mechanical Psychogenic
How does Concentrated sulfuric acid, metallic sodium, and magnesium react with water?
They react adversely to water.
What kind of liquid is VX?
Thick, Oily Liquid
Technician Level of Technical Rescue:
This level allows you to be directly involved in the rescue operation itself. Such training includes use of specialized equipment, care of victims during the rescue, and management of the incident and of all personnel at the scene.
Operations level of Technical Rescue:
This level is geared toward working in the "warm zone" of an incident (the area directly around the hazard area). Such training will allow you to directly assist those conducting the rescue operation and use certain skills and procedures to conduct the rescue.
Awareness Level of Technical Rescue: Rescue Skills Ability =
This training serves as an introduction to the topic, with an emphasis on recognizing hazards, securing the scene, and calling for appropriate assistance. There is no actual use of rescue skills at the awareness level
The EPA's version of HAZWOPER can be found in:
Title 40, Protection of the Environment, Part 311: Worker Safety.
A property of any chemical that has the capacity to produce injury to workers, which is dependent on concentration, rate, and method and site of absorption. Which NFPA?
Toxic
A property of any chemical that has the capacity to produce injury to workers, which is dependent on concentration, rate, and method and site of absorption. Which NFPA?
Toxic NFPA 306
A hazardous chemical compound that is released when a material decomposes under heat.
Toxic Product of Combustion
A hazardous chemical compound that is released when a material decomposes under heat.
Toxic product of combustion
____ are the hazardous chemical compounds that are released when a material decomposes under heat. That process of combustion is a (Physical or chemical?) reaction.
Toxic products of combustion -chemical
The study of the adverse effects of chemical or physical agents on living organisms.
Toxicology
____ is the study of the adverse effects or physical agents on living organisms.
Toxicology
The ___ defines the amount of flammable vapor needed to keep a fire burning
Upper Flammable Limit (UFL)
The highest concentration of a combustible substance in a gaseous oxidizer that will propagate a flame. Which NFPA?
Upper Flammable Limit (UFL) NFPA 68
A nerve agent
VX
A nerve agent.
VX
___ is the most toxic of the weapons-grade nerve agents.
VX
The gas phase of a substance, particularly of those that are normally liquid or solids at ordinary temperatures. Which NFPA?
Vapor NFPA 92
The gas phase of a substance, particularly of those that are normally liquids or solids at ordinary temperatures. Which NFPA?
Vapor NFPA 92
___ is the weight of an airborne concentration (vapor or gas) as compared to an equal volume of dry air.
Vapor Density
The pressure, measured in pounds per square inch, absolute (psia), exerted by a liquid, as determined by ASTM D 323
Vapor Pressure
The pressure, measured in pounds per square inch (Or kilopascals), absolute (psia), exerted by a liquid, as determined by ATSM D 323, Standard Method of Test for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Rain Method). Which NFPA?
Vapor Pressure NFPA 385, Standard for Tank Vehicles for Flammable and Combustible Liquids
The weight of an airborne concentration (vapor or gas) as compared to an equal volume of dry air.
Vapor density
1. Any destructive device, such as any explosive, incendiary, or poison gas bomb, grenade, rocket having a propellant charge of more than 4 ounces (113 grams), missile having an explosive or incendiary charge of more than 1/4 ounce (7 grams), mine, or device similar to the above 2. Any weapon involving toxic or poisonous chemicals 3. any weapons involving a disease organism 4. any weapon that is designed to release radiation or radioactivity at a level dangerous to human life
WMD (Weapons of Mass Destruction)
This area is for properly trained and equipped personnel only. This zone is where personnel and equipment decontamination and hot zone support take place.
Warm Zone
The area located between the hot zone and the cold zone at an incident. The decontamination corridor is located in the warm zone.
Warm Zone (TRI)
What does the "W" stand for in the acronym HAZWOPER?
Waste
What kind of liquid is Sarin?
Water-like
The ignition (autoignition) temperature is another important landmark in the burning process. What is it?
When a liquid fuel is heated beyond its ignition temperature, the substance ignites without an external ignition source.
ERG sections This section lists reference resources, including who to call for assistance, placarding information, rail and highway vehicle identification charts, and a glossary of key terms.
White Pages
The process of locating and removing a victim from the wilderness
Wilderness Search and Rescue
The process of locating and removing a victim from the wilderness.
Wilderness Search and Rescue (SAR)
Sulfur mustard was first used as a weapon in ____.
World War I
What is the most commonly used color fire line tape for marking the cold zone?
Yellow
What is the most commonly used color of barrier tape for marking the cold zone?
Yellow
ERG sections This colored section lists hazardous materials in numerical order by the chemical identification number. This identification number is followed by a guide number and the chemical name.
Yellow Section
Although hazardous materials incidents often involve petroleum products, many other chemicals in our society have toxic effects when they are not handled properly.
Yep
Chemical and physical properties are the characteristics of a substance that are measurable, such as vapor density, flammability, corrosivity, and water reactivity.
Yep
Chiefly, irritants cause pain and a burning sensation in exposed skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. The onset of symptoms occurs within seconds after contact and lasts several minutes to several hours, usually with no lasting effects. Irritants can be dispersed from canisters, hand-held sprayers, and grenades
Yep
Fire departments must follow both the OSHA and the NFPA requirements for hazardous materials response. NFPA 472 clearly states, "The operations level responder shall receive additional training to meet applicable governmental occupational health and safety regulations"
Yep
In 2008, the operations level was divided into the basic core competencies that responders should have when responding to a hazardous materials incident and mission-specific competencies. These core competencies include understanding basic chemical and physical properties, concepts of chemical-protective clothing, and decontamination.
Yep
In such cases, fire fighters might become contaminated and subsequently handle tools and equipment, grasp door handles, or touch other responders, thereby spreading the contamination. The possibility of spreading contamination brings up a point that all fire fighters should understand: The cleaner fire fighters stay during the response, the less decontamination they will have to do later.
Yep
Most fire fighters have not been trained on the fire points of handling incidents involving radioactive materials and, therefore, have many misconceptions about radiation. Oddly enough, in many ways radiation incidents are some of the easiest hazardous materials events to deal with-assuming that fire fighters have the right training and the right equipment to respond to them.
Yep
Often, it is necessary to notify power and utility companies during a TRI for possible assistance. Many technical rescues involve electricity, sewer pipes, or other factors that may create the need for additional heavy equipment, to which utility companies have ready access.
Yep
One working definition of hazardous materials is "any substance that stores potentially harmful energy when not contained in its intended container".
Yep
Regarding HA HA MICEN Although this list is not all inclusive, most materials not on this list are heavier than air (i.e., vapor density > 1). If you encounter a leaking propane cylinder, for example, just think HA HA MICEN. Propane is not that list, so by deafult, you can assume that propane is heavier than air.
Yep
Regarding Irritants Exposed patients can be decontaminated with clean water, and the residual effects of the exposure are rarely significant. It is important for fire fighters to know which specific agents are used by local law enforcement agencies and any specific decontamination techniques recommend for use with those agents.
Yep
SERCs and LEPCs often work together closely to help a community prepare to deal with hazardous materials incidents.
Yep
The hazardous materials officer is trained to act as a branch director or group supervisor for the hazardous materials component of the incident.
Yep
Does water give off vapor pressure in a container?
Yes
Even if a flash fire is not as forceful as an explosion, will this still be just as dangerous to a fire fighter?
Yes
A physical change occurs when a substance is subjected to outside influences such as heat, cold, or pressure. For example, when water is exposed to cold, it becomes ice. A chemical change is a change in the substance's chemical makeup with a release of some form of energy. For example, if oxygen is removed from water, the chemical makeup of the substance changes.
Yi
In North America, the most common swiftwater rescue scenario involves...
a car that has tried to drive through a pool of water created by a storm.
A hazardous material is defined broadly as...
a material that poses an unreasonable risk to the health and safety of operating emergency personnel, the public, and/or the environment if it is not properly controlled during handling, storage, manufacture, processing, packaging, use and disposal, or transportation.
Secondary contamination occurs when...
a person or object transfers the contamination to another person or object by direct contact. To prevent this, decontamination is necessary.
At the specialist level The majority of the specialized training related to either:
a specific product (Such as Chlorine) or to a specific mode of transportation (Such as rali emergencies)
Chemicals that pose a hazard to health after only relatively short exposure periods are said to cause ___ effects.
acute health effects
Chronic health effects can occur either.... The exposures can occur by all routes of entry into the body and can result in health issues such as...
after long-term exposures or after multiple short exposures over a shorter period. -cancer -permanent loss of lung function -repetitive skin rashes.
Sometimes fire fighters might need to use other forms of respiratory protection depending on the specific respiratory hazard they are facing while performing a given task. For example, full-face and half-face ____ or battery-powered air-purifying respirators offer specific degrees of protection in the chemical hazard is known and the appropriate filter canister is used.
air-purifying respirators (APRs)
Once needed resources are on the way and the scene is safe to enter, begin to stabilize the incident. Establish an outer perimeter to keep the public and media out of the staging area, and establish a smaller perimeter directly around the rescue site. A rescue site is...
an area that surrounds the incident site (e.g., a collapsed structure, a collapsed trench, or a hazardous spill area) and whose size is proportional to the hazards that exist.
Lewisite has many of the same characteristics of sulfur mustard. Lewisite, however, contains ___; thus when it is absorbed by the skin, the blister agent can produce some symptoms specific to (blank) poisoning, such as vomiting and low blood pressure.
arsenic
Inhaling asbestos fibers for years without respiratory protection can result in a form of lung cancer called ___.
asbestosis
Utility hazards require the assistance of trained personnel. For electrical hazards, such as downed lines, park (where?)
at least one utility pole span away.
Any person who comes upon a hazardous materials incident and has been trained to recognize it, identify it, and notify the appropriate agencies is considered to be operating at the ___ level.
awareness
Operations-level responder should be trained to meet all the competencies at the ___ level and the core competencies of the operations level.
awareness level
A material with a pH value greater than 7
base
Gaseous substances such as CO and hydrogen cyanide can diffuse into the ___ and affect the entire body systems.
bloodstream
When sulfur mustard is mixed with other substances or otherwise impure, it can look (what color?) and smell like (What smell?)
brownish in color and smell like garlic or onions
Hydrofluoric acid poses a significant threat to life when it is absorbed through the skin. This unique corrosive has the ability to bind with certain substances in the body, predominately ___. Secondary health effects occurring after exposure can include...
calcium -muscular pain and potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmias
A secondary hazard associated with methylene chloride is when the body attempts to metabolize it after it is absorbed. A by-product of that metabolization reaction is ____, a cellular asphyxiant.
carbon monoxide
A cancer-causing substance
carcinogen
Nerve agents, such as many common pesticides, disrupt the ___ nervous system, possibly causing death or serious impairment
central nervous system
The term ___ change describes the ability of a chemical to undergo a change in its chemical makeup, usually with a release of some form of energy.
chemical change
Steel rusting and wood burning are examples of ___ changes.
chemical changes.
Scenario: A container of cryogenic nitrogen is leaking inside a poorly ventilated storage room. The main threat is the ____ produced and the possibility of ___. In this case, ____ is the appropriate type of respiratory protection based on the anticipated hazard.
cold vapor -oxygen deficiency -SCBA
If a substance with a vapor density of 2.3 is released into the environment, it will ___.
collect in low spots
Sulfur mustard is (What color?) and (What smell?) when pure.
colorless and odorless
Nerve agents, such as many common ____, disrupt the central nervous system, possibly causing death or serious impairment.
common pesticides
A technical rescue incident (TRI) is a...
complex rescue incident involving vehicles or machinery, water or ice, rope techniques, trench or excavation collapse, confined spaces, structural collapse, wilderness search and rescue, or hazardous materials that requires specially trained personnel and special equipment.
A ____ is an enclosed area that is not designed for people to occupy.
confined space
The residue from a chemical is ___.
contamination
When a chemical has been released and physically contacts people, the environment, animals, tools, or other items, either intentionally or unintentionally, the residue is called ___.
contamination
___ are capable of causing convulsions or seizures when absorbed by the body.
convulsants
For fire fighters' purposes, pH serves as a measurement of ___ strength, which loosely translates to the substance's degree of hazard.
corrosive strength
Generally speaking, the wider the flammable range, the more...
dangerous the material.
What is the best protection against secondary contamination?
decontamination
Once precautions have been taken and the reason for entrapment has been identified, the victims needs to be freed as quickly and as safely as possible. A team member should remain with the victim to...
direct the rescuers who are performing the disentanglement.
Pulmonary edema is also known as ____ because the victim's lungs fill with fluid.
dry drowning.
Fire line tape is not just a warning for citizens but also for....
emergency responders. Always confirm it is proved to be for bystanders only
The state that a chemical is in at any given moment is a matter of the ___ they are in or a matter of how they are....
environment -how they are stored in a container
When operating in any environment where a flammable or combustible vapor cloud is suspected to be present, always....
err on the side of safety and assume that at some point in the suspected vapor cloud the mixture is of such a concentration that the danger of an ignition exists.
The ____ is a description of the volume increase that occurs when a liquid material changes to a gas.
expansion ratio
NFPA 472 defines ___ as the process by which people, animals, the environment, and equipment are subjected to or come into contact with a hazardous material.
exposure
The ___ is the temperature at which sustained combustion occurs.
fire point
Flammable liquids with low boiling points are dangerous because of their potential to produce large volumes of ____ when exposed to relatively low temperatures.
flammable vapor
If a given gasoline/air mixture falls between the upper and lower flammable limits, and that mixture is exposed to an ignition source, there will likely be a ____.
flash fire.
Most flammable liquids (Float or sink?) on water.
float on water
A fire hose that has been capped at each end and then inflated with an SCBA air cylinder can be used to create a ____.
flotation buoy.
According to NFPA 472, a ___ is defined as a material capable of posing an unreasonable risk to health, safety, or the environment-that is, a material capable of causing harm.
hazard
All confined spaces should be considered to contain, or have the potential to contain, a ____ until proven otherwise.
hazardous atmosphere
Once the scene is stabilized, rescuers need to consider...
how to gain access to the victim.
Regarding Hazardous Waste This type of waste can be just as dangerous as pure chemicals. Hazardous waste can consist of mixtures of several chemicals, resulting in a ___ substance.
hybrid substance
Essentially, pH is an expression of the concentration of ___ ions in a given substance.
hydrogen
When would respirators not be a viable option?
if the oxygen content of the work area is low.
Unlike sulfur mustard, Lewisite exposure to the skin produce ___ pain.
immediate
If a lewisite exposure is suspected, immediate ___ is indicated.
immediate and aggressive skin decontamination is indicated
During stabilization, atmospheric monitoring should be started to identify any...
immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH) environments for rescuers and victims.
Cyanide compounds, including ___ and ___, prevent the body from using oxygen.
including hydrogen cyanide and cyanogen chloride
Chemicals brought into the body through open cuts and abrasion qualify as ___ exposures.
injection
Although it is not as harmful to humans as ionizing radiation, non-ionizing radiation can sometimes cause negative biological effects. Nevertheless, the form of radiation that is most dangerous to human in general terms is ___ radiation.
ionization radiation
Radiation is considered either ___ or ___.
ionizing or non-ionizing
Radiation of sufficient energy to alter the atomic structure of materials or cells with which it interacts, including electromagnetic radiation such as x-rays, gamma rays, and microwaves and particulate radiation such as alpha and beta particles. Which NFPA?
ionizing radiation NFPA 1991, Standard on Vapor-Protective Ensembles for Hazardous Materials Emergencies
At 212 F, water molecules have enough ____ energy (energy in motion) to break free from the liquid and overcome the force of the surrounding atmospheric pressure.
kinetic energy
The two greatest hazards in a confined space are:
lack of oxygen and presence of poisonous gases or asphyxiants
Once the fire department has established the three controlled zones, responders should ensure that the zones of the emergency scene are enforced. Because of lack of firefighting personnel, scene control activities are sometimes assigned to....
law enforcement personnel
Although sulfur mustard is commonly referred to as mustard gas, it is typically found in a (what matter?) state.
liquid
Nerve agents are (What matter?)
liquid
For fire fighters' purposes, the definition of vapor pressure can be assumed to pertain to ___.
liquids
After determining IDLH atmosphere during Stabilization, the next steps involve...
looking at the type of incident and planning how to rescue the victims safely.
Search is defined as...
looking for a lost or overdue person
Although the skin functions as a shield for the body, that shield can be pierced by a number of chemicals. Aggressive solvents such as ____ (Found in paint stripper) can be readily absorbed through the skin.
methylene chloride
Hazardous materials may be treated differently because many of the OSHA regulations contained in 29 CFR 1910.120 are repeated under regulations promulgated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). In most cases, any federal regulations will be seen as the ___ standards for dealing with such safety issues.
minimum standards
If you plan to approach a trench at all, do so from the ___ end, where the soil will be more stable.
narrow end
Many times, nerve agents are incorrectly referred to as ___.
nerve gas
A penetrating particle found in the nucleus of the atom that is removed through nuclear fusion or fission. Although neutrons are not radioactive, exposure to neutrons can create radiation.
neutron
All atoms of any given element have the same number of protons in their nucleus. Some elements, however, have varying number of ___ in their nucleus.
neutrons
Regarding fire points, it is usually (Above or below?) the flash point for most materials.
only slightly above
Fire Fighters in the United States generally must be trained at the ___ level.
operations
Hazardous materials officers are trained to assume command of a hazardous materials incident beyond the ___ level.
operations level
According to the NFPA, ___-level responder responds to hazardous materials or WMD incidents for the purpose of protecting nearby persons, the environment, or property from the effects of the release.
operations-level
Regarding Absorption The eyes absorb a high amount of liquid and vapor that come into contact with the sensitive tissues. This absorption is particularly problematic because the eyes connect directly to the ___ nerve, which allows the chemical to follow a direct route to the brain and the ___ system.
optic nerve -central nervous system
High-angle rescue techniques are used to raise or lower a person when...
other means of raising or lowering are not readily available.
Carbon Monoxide affects the ability of the human body to transport ___.
oxygen
Cyanide compounds, including hydrogen cyanide and cyanogen chloride, prevent the body from using ___.
oxygen
A measure of the acidity or basic nature of a material; more technically, an expression of the concentration of hydrogen ions in the substance.
pH
A number of technical definitions for acid and base have been put forth, but the most common way to define them is in terms of ___.
pH
What is used as a measurement of the corrosive strength of a substance?
pH
A chemical undergoes ___ change when subjected to outside influences such as heat, cold, and pressure.
physical
Chemicals can undergo a ____ change when subjected to outside influences such as heat, cold, and pressure.
physical change.
When inhaled, choking agents damage sensitive lung tissue and cause fluid to be released by the injury. That fluid results in chemically induced ___, which is fatal (over time) in many cases.
pneumonia
The most common method of establishing the control zones for an emergency incident site is to use....
police or fire line tape.
A hazardous material is a material that....
poses an unreasonable risk to the health and safety of operating emergency personnel, the public, and/or the environment if it is not properly controlled during handling, storage, manufacture, processing, packaging, use and disposal, or transportation
The "Working definition" for a hazardous materials is...
potential energy that could be harmful when released from its container. Hence, the importance of being able to "predict" the behavior of a material when it escapes its container is obvious.
A hazardous materials response begins with ____.
preincident planning
Which particle has a positive charge?
proton
The main threat from choking agents is ___.
pulmonary edema
A ___ isotope has an unstable configuration or protons and neutrons in the nucleus of the atom. Carbon-14, for example, is a radioactive isotope of a ___ atom.
radioactive isotope -carbon atom
Regarding sulfur mustard In cases involving mild skin exposures, victims typically make a complete...
recovery.
Many times a regulatory agency such as OSHA will refer to or actually cite a standard within the agency's regulation, which then gives the standard equal authority with the ___.
regulation
Rescue is defined as...
removing a victim from a hostile environment.
It is important to determine whether a TRI is either a ___ or a ____ operation
rescue event or a body recovery operation
Regarding sulfur mustard Inhalation exposures are much more serious, with the damage to lung tissues resulting in permanent...
respiratory function impairment.
When responding to a work site or industrial facility, the IC should make contact with the foreman or supervisor, also known as the ____
responsible party
Irritants are also known as ___ agents
riot control agents
Regarding Rescue Emergency medical care should be initiated as soon as...
safe access is made to the victim.
Many entrapments occur because the required ___ were not taken.
safety precautions
SAR missions consist of two parts:
search and rescue
Sulfur mustard produces injuries similar to (what kind?) burns
second-degree and third-degree thermal burns
A prime safety consideration is the stability of the building. Even a well-trained engineer cannot always determine the stability of a building simply by looking at its exterior. Therefore, you must operate as though the building might experience a ____ at any time.
secondary collapse
As a firefighter, your main role in confined-space rescues is to...
secure the scene, preventing other people from entering the confined space until additional rescue resources arrive.
Convulsants are capable of causing ____.
seizures
OSHA defines a ____ as a chemical that causes a substantial proportion of exposed people or animals to develop an allergic reaction in normal tissue after repeated exposure to the chemical.
sensitizer
Earth and sand are heavy, and a person who is partly entrapped in these materials cannot simply be pulled out. Instead, the victim must be carefully dug out. This step can be taken only after ___ has stabilized the sides of the excavation.
shoring
Lockout and Tagout Systems should be used at the time of stabilization to ensure an electrically safe environment. These are intended to ensure that the electricity has been....
shut off and that electrically powered equipment is not unintentionally turned on.
Carbon Disulfide (Float or sinks?) in water and has a specific gravity of ___.
sinks, 2.6
A rapid and accurate ___ is needed to avoid placing would-be rescuers in danger and to identify additional resources that may be needed.
size-up
If sulfur mustard exposure is suspected, however, immediate ___ is indicated.
skin decontamination
Choking agents act as skin irritants and can cause mild to moderate ___ irritation and significant burning when victims are exposed to them in high concentrations.
skin irritation
Neither ___ nor ___ actually burn; rather, they must give off a gas or a vapor that must be ignited to sustain combustion.
solid nor liquid
Chemicals exist in 3 physical states:
solid, liquid, or gas
To accurately assess the flammable range of a released vapor or gas, specialized ____ must be used. These are generally used by ___ and help determine the presence of a dangerous flammable atmosphere.
specialized combustible gas indicators. -hazardous materials technicians
Soil that has been removed from the excavation and placed in a pile is called the ___.
spoil pile
The application of standard splints in confined areas may be difficult or sometimes even impossible, but stabilization of the victim's.....may be adequate until the victim is positioned on a long spine board, which may serve as a splint for the whole body.
stabilization of the victim's arms to the victim's trunk and of the legs to each other.
Essentially, consensus organizations such as the NFPA issue (regulations or standards?) that the public and other interested parties can comment on before committee members agree to adopt them.
standards
The ___ identifies the hazard as a solid, liquid, or gas.
state of matter
The first step in understanding the hazard posed by a substance involves identifying its...
state of matter: solid, liquid, or gas
States have the right to adopt and supersede any safety and health regulations put forth by the U.S. OSHA as long as the state's regulations meet or exceed the federal standards. States that have exercised this right are called...
state-plan states
The only time the victim should be moved prior to completion of initial care, assessment, stabilization, and treatment is when...
the victim's life or the emergency responder's life is in immediate danger.
___ is the sudden and unplanned fall of part or all of a building.
structural collapse
The flash point of gasoline is -43 F. That is to say, when the temperature of gasoline is above -43 F, the gasoline gives off... If those vapors reach an ignition source, the vapors will
sufficient flammable vapors to support combustion. -ignite in a ball of fire.
Common blister agents include ___ and ___, which interact in unique ways with the human body.
sulfur mustard and lewisite
Response agencies also should conduct incidents planning activities at ___ and other potential problem areas throughout the jurisdiction.
target hazards
LEPCs ensure that local resources are adequate to respond to a chemical event in the community. Fire departments should be familiar with their LEPCs and know how their departments work with this committee. They are often a good resource for...
technical information, specialized training, and expertise in hazardous materials response.
The makeup of the response is based on...
the ability of the agency or department to provide resources for the response.
The actions taken at hazardous materials incidents are dictated largely by...(list 2)
the chemicals involved and the available resources.
The actions taken at hazardous materials incidents are dictated largely by...
the chemicals involved and the resources available.
Victims exposed to high levels of cyanide, could be placed on supplemental oxygen but still not survive the exposure. The cause of death in this case is not a lack of oxygen, but rather...
the inability of the body to get oxygen to the cells.
Low-angle operations are used when... This step usually becomes necessary when adequate ___ is not present in areas such as a dirt or rock enbankment
the scene requires ropes to be used only as assistance to pull or haul up a victim or rescuer. footing
High-angle operations are when...
the slope of the ground is greater than 45 degrees, and rescuers or victims depend on life safety rope for support, rather than on a fixed surface such as the ground.
