Chapter 27 - Bacteria and Archaea

d. parasitism

A type of ecological relationship called __________ involves one organism living at the expense of another organism. a. decomposition b. symbiosis c. mutualism d. parasitism e. commensalism

e. All of the listed responses are correct.

Plasmids __________. a. often contain antibiotic resistance genes b. can be involved in transfer of genetic material between prokaryotic cells c. are transferred from one bacterium to another by conjugation d. replicate independently of the main chromosome e. All of the listed responses are correct.

c. less ... more

Gram-negative bacteria have __________ peptidoglycan than gram-positive cells, and their cell walls are __________ complex structurally. a. more ... more b. more ... less c. less ... more d. less ... less e. None of the listed responses is correct.

c. horizontal gene transfer

Portions of the genomes of certain prokaryotic species are very similar to portions of the genomes of distantly related prokaryotes. The process that most likely accounts for this genetic similarity is __________. a. identical mutations occurring independently in these distantly related lineages b. genetic variation arising from binary fission c. horizontal gene transfer d. genetic variation arising from meiosis e. convergent evolution

e. nitrogen

Prokaryotes are completely indispensable to which chemical cycle? a. sulfur b. phosphorus c. carbon d. water e. nitrogen

c. extreme halophiles

Prokaryotes found inhabiting the Great Salt Lake would be __________. a. chlamydias b. methanogens c. extreme halophiles d. cyanobacteria e. extreme thermophiles

b. photoautotrophs

Organisms that use light for their energy source and CO2 for their carbon source are called __________. a. photochemoheterotrophs b. photoautotrophs c. photoheterotrophs d. chemoheterotrophs e. chemoautotrophs

c. They carry out only nitrogen fixation.

What is the role of heterocysts in a cyanobacterial filament? a. They store endospores. b. They carry out only photosynthesis. c. They carry out only nitrogen fixation. d. They oxidize inorganic substances to obtain energy. e. They carry out photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation.

c. a thin layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides

A gram-negative cell wall consists of __________. a. a thin layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by a capsule b. peptidoglycan and cellulose c. a thin layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides d. cholesterol and peptidoglycan e. a thick layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides

e. acts as a donor during conjugation

An F+ bacterial cell __________. a. uses fimbriae to transfer DNA b. acts as a receptor during conjugation c. has many antibiotic resistance genes d. transfers DNA by way of transduction e. acts as a donor during conjugation

b. are photosynthetic

Bacteria that __________ tend to have abundant internal membranes. a. are gram-negative b. are photosynthetic c. are pathogenic d. have flagella e. All of the listed responses are correct.

d. exaptation

Bacterial flagella have a very complex structure composed of 42 distinct proteins. What is the most likely explanation for the evolution of these complex structures a. Genes for eukaryotic flagella were taken up and expressed in bacteria. b. Flagella evolved as extensions of other bacterial appendages such as pili and fimbriae. c. endosymbiosis d. exaptation e. Early bacterial species needed to be able to move and thus developed complex flagella to facilitate this motility.

a. metabolic cooperation among prokaryotic species

Biofilms are an example of __________. a. metabolic cooperation among prokaryotic species b. sites of intense nitrogen fixation by prokaryotes c. scientific videos d. multicellularity in prokaryotes e. pure cultures representing a single prokaryotic species

c. carbon dioxide, nitrogen, water, light, and some minerals

Choose the list below that contains the substances required by typical nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria. a. oxygen, sulfur, light, water, and some minerals b. carbon dioxide, ammonium, water, light, and some minerals c. carbon dioxide, nitrogen, water, light, and some minerals d. nitrogen, light, water, and some minerals e. carbon dioxide, sulfur, light, water, and some minerals

a. A large population size and a rapid reproduction rate combine to produce many mutations without a particularly high mutation rate.

How is it possible that as many as 9 million mutations can arise each day in the population of E. coli inhabiting one human? a. A large population size and a rapid reproduction rate combine to produce many mutations without a particularly high mutation rate. b. E. coli have a very high mutation rate. c. Transformation is occurring. d. The interior of the human colon is particularly mutagenic. e. Conjugation is occurring.

d. chemoheterotrophic bacteria

In an experiment, a microbiologist put equal numbers of each of the following organisms into a flask of sterile broth, consisting mostly of sugar and a few amino acids. She then placed the flask in the dark. Which of the organisms would be most likely to survive a. cyanobacteria b. thermoacidophilic bacteria c. photoheterotrophs d. chemoheterotrophic bacteria e. photoautotrophs

a. horizontal gene transfer

In the absence of meiosis and sexual reproduction, what general process allows genetic recombination among prokaryotes? a. horizontal gene transfer b. evolution c. endospore formation d. mutation e. chemoautotrophy

d. horizontal gene transfer over many years, most likely through the action of bacteriophages

Scientists hypothesize that the O157:H7 strain of E. coli is so different from the K-12 strain because of __________. a. the frequent abuse of antibiotics used to treat this bacteria b. the higher-than-average rate of binary fission that occurs in this type of bacteria c. the high number of mutations that occur in this type of bacteria d. horizontal gene transfer over many years, most likely through the action of bacteriophages e. the immense number of plasmids associated with this group of bacteria

c. obligate anaerobic chemoheterotroph

The Desulfovibrio bacterium breaks down organic matter (which it must have) and uses sulfate (not oxygen) as an electron acceptor. As a result, it produces hydrogen sulfide (H2S), accounting for the "rotten egg" smell of swamp muck. Oxygen is a deadly poison to Desulfovibrio. We would call Desulfovibrio a(n) __________. a. facultative anaerobic chemoautotroph b. obligate anaerobic chemoautotroph c. obligate anaerobic chemoheterotroph d. facultative aerobic chemoheterotroph e. There is insufficient information to answer this question.

b. produce endospores

The bacteria that cause tetanus can be killed only by prolonged heating at temperatures considerably above boiling. This suggests that these bacteria __________. a. have cell walls containing peptidoglycan b. produce endospores c. secrete endotoxins d. protect themselves by secreting antibiotics e. are autotrophic

a. Borrelia burgdorferi ... Lyme disease

Ticks that live on deer and field mice are responsible for spreading the bacterium __________, which causes __________. a. Borrelia burgdorferi ... Lyme disease b. Clostridium botulinum ... botulism c. Salmonella typhi ... typhoid fever d. Mycobacterium tuberculosis ... tuberculosis e. Vibrio cholerae ... cholera

a. Crenarchaeota

Which clade of archaea includes most of the extreme thermophiles? a. Crenarchaeota b. Extremophiles c. Euryarchaeota d. Nanoarchaeota e. Korarchaeota

d. The bacteria have a mutualistic relationship with the human body.

Which example below is a correct statement about Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, a bacterium that lives in the human intestines? a. The bacteria directly create a network of intestinal blood vessels necessary to absorb food. b. Many pathogenic strains of B. thetaiotaomicron have emerged. c. The bacteria have a parasitic relationship with the human body. d. The bacteria have a mutualistic relationship with the human body. e. The bacteria have a commensal relationship with the human body.

a. chlamydias

Which group of bacteria is unusual in that they lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls? a. chlamydias b. cyanobacteria c. epsilon proteobacteria d. gram-negative bacteria e. spirochetes

e. methanogens

Which of the following groups of prokaryotes is classified as a member of the domain Archaea? a. gram-negative bacteria b. botulism-causing prokaryotes c. cyanobacteria d. spirochetes e. methanogens

b. They have different chemicals in their cell membranes and cell walls.

Which of the following is a difference between bacteria and archaea? a. Only bacteria have circular chromosomes. b. They have different chemicals in their cell membranes and cell walls. c. Many archaea are extremophiles, but no bacteria are. d. Archaea are unicellular, and bacteria are colonial. e. Bacteria are autotrophic, and archaea are heterotrophic.

e. Both the second and third answers are correct.

Which of the following is/are true about R plasmids? a. They can only carry one resistance gene for resistance to one antibiotic. b. They can be transferred from one bacterium to another via conjugation. c. They can carry several resistance genes. d. Both the first and second statements are correct. e. Both the second and third answers are correct.

e. All of the listed responses are correct.

Which of the following statements about cyanobacteria is/are true? a. It can be said that nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria are the most self-sufficient of all organisms. b. They are the only prokaryotes that perform plantlike, oxygenic photosynthesis. c. Some are single cells, whereas others live in filamentous colonies. d. Some species may carry on nitrogen fixation. e. All of the listed responses are correct.

d. It can be facilitated by cell-surface proteins that recognize compatible DNA.

Which of the following statements about transformation is true?a. It is a very rare phenomenon that happens by chance. b. Although common in laboratory populations of bacteria, it does not play an important role in natural bacterial populations. c. It requires movement of DNA through a pilus. d. It can be facilitated by cell-surface proteins that recognize compatible DNA. e. It requires transport of DNA by a virus.

a. Prokaryotes are widely used for bioremediation.

Which statement about prokaryotes is true? a. Prokaryotes are widely used for bioremediation. b. Prokaryotes have no industrial uses. c. The vast majority of prokaryotes are pathogenic. d. It is important to try and rid your body of all prokaryotes. e. Prokaryotes are not useful in genetic engineering because their DNA is so different from that of eukaryotes

c. Its symptoms are caused by an exotoxin that stimulates intestinal cells to release chloride ions into the gut.

Which statement is true regarding cholera? a. People are apt to come down with cholera after eating improperly canned foods. b. The disease is caused by typically harmless enteric bacteria. c. Its symptoms are caused by an exotoxin that stimulates intestinal cells to release chloride ions into the gut. d. The symptoms begin when Vibrio cholerae die and endotoxins are released from the cell walls. e. It is the most widespread pest-carried disease in the United States.

e. alpha

Which subgroup of proteobacteria contains many species that are closely associated with eukaryotic hosts in mutualistic or parasitic relationships? a. epsilon b. delta c. beta d. gamma e. alpha

d. beta

Which subgroup of proteobacteria contains many species that are predators of other bacteria? a. alpha b. delta c. epsilon d. beta e. gamma

e. Prokaryotic cells living in the food will shrink from their cell walls, impacting their ability to reproduce.

Why is salt a good preservative to use for foods such as pork and fish? a. Salt breaks down the chitin contained in the cell walls of prokaryotes. b. Prokaryotes living in the food products will take in excess water and explode. c. Salt breaks down the peptidoglycan found in the capsule of prokaryotes. d. Salt is a toxin to prokaryotic cells and leads to their death. e. Prokaryotic cells living in the food will shrink from their cell walls, impacting their ability to reproduce.