Chapter 27. EMT, Chapter 26, Chapter 25, Chapter 24. EMT, EMT

When immobilizing a child on a long backboard, you should:

place padding under the child's shoulders as needed.

Irritation or damage to the pleural surfaces that causes sharp chest pain during inhalation is called

pleurisy.

A 19-year-old male is unresponsive, apneic, and pulseless after being struck in the center of the chest with a softball. Based on the mechanism of injury, what MOST likely occurred?

ventricular fibrillation when the impact occurred during a critical portion of the cardiac cycle

Pleural fluid is contained between the:

visceral and parietal pleurae.

Signs and symptoms of a tension pneumothorax include all of the following, EXCEPT:

collapsed jugular veins.

What is the function of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

allows movement of the head

The small, rounded, fleshy bulge immediately anterior to the ear canal is called the:

tragus.

Moderate elevation in intracranial pressure with middle brain stem involvement is characterized by:

sluggishly reactive pupils, widened pulse pressure, bradycardia, and posturing.

If you do not have the appropriate size cervical collar, you should:

use rolled towels to immobilize the patient's head.

Lacerations to the scalp

may be an indicator of deeper, more serious injuries.

The phrenic nerves control the diaphragm and exit the spinal cord at:

C3, C4, and C5.

Which of the following statements regarding the cranium is correct?

Eighty percent of the cranium is occupied by brain tissue.

Which of the following statements regarding secondary brain injury is correct?

Hypoxia and hypotension are the two most common causes of secondary brain injury.

Which of the following statements regarding a basilar skull fracture is correct?

The absence of raccoon eyes or Battle's sign does not rule it out.

Which of the following statements regarding motor nerves is correct

They carry information from the CNS to the muscles.

Which of the following statements regarding motor nerves is correct?

They carry information from the CNS to the muscles.

Which of the following statements regarding anterior nosebleeds is correct?

They usually originate from the septum area and bleed slowly.

A short backboard or vest-style immobilization device is indicated for patients who:

are in a sitting position and are clinically stable

After your partner assumes manual in-line stabilization of the patient's head, you should:

assess distal neurovascular status in the extremities.

The body's functions that occur without conscious effort are regulated by the _________ nervous system.

autonomic

When controlling bleeding from a scalp laceration with a suspected underlying skull fracture, you should:

avoid excessive pressure when applying the bandage.

An epidural hematoma is MOST accurately defined as:

bleeding between the skull and dura mater.

Common signs and symptoms of a chest injury include all of the following, EXCEPT:

hematemesis.

Following a head injury, a 20-year-old female opens her eyes spontaneously, is confused, and obeys your commands to move her extremities. You should assign her a GCS score of:

14

A patient with a head injury presents with abnormal flexion of his extremities. What numeric value should you assign to him for motor response?

3

The MOST reliable sign of a head injury is:

a decreased level of consciousness.

An indicator of an expanding intracranial hematoma or rapidly progressing brain swelling is:

a rapid deterioration of neurologic signs.

A flail chest occurs when:

a segment of the chest wall is detached from the thoracic cage.

The meninges, along with the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that circulates in between each meningeal layer, function by:

acting as a shock absorber for the brain and spinal cord.

While jogging, a 19-year-old male experienced an acute onset of shortness of breath and pleuritic chest pain. He is conscious and alert with stable vital signs. Your assessment reveals that he has diminished breath sounds over the left side of the chest. You should:

administer oxygen and transport to the hospital.

When immobilizing a seated patient with a short backboard or vest-style immobilization device, you should apply a cervical collar:

after assessing distal neurovascular functions.

Subcutaneous emphysema is an indication that:

air is escaping into the chest wall from a damaged lung

A female patient with a suspected spinal injury is breathing with a marked reduction in tidal volume. The MOST appropriate airway management for her includes:

assisting ventilations at an age-appropriate rate.

Which of the following sets of vital signs depicts Cushing's triad?

blood pressure, 190/110 mm Hg; pulse, 55 beats/min; respirations, 30 breaths/min

The central nervous system (CNS) is composed of the:

brain and spinal cord.

The _________ is the best-protected part of the CNS and controls the functions of the cardiac and respiratory systems.

brain stem

Patients with rib fractures will commonly:

breathe rapidly and shallowly

Coordination of balance and body movement is controlled by the:

cerebellum.

A temporary loss or alteration of part or all of the brain's abilities to function without physical damage to the brain MOST accurately describes a(n):

cerebral concussion.

The MOST common and serious complication of a significant head injury is:

cerebral edema.

The _________ contain(s) about 75% of the brain's total volume.

cerebrum

The five sections of the spinal column, in descending order, are the:

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal.

The frontal and parietal bones of the skull are especially susceptible to:

compressed skull fractures.

Rapid deceleration of the head, such as when it impacts the windshield, causes:

compression injuries or bruising to the anterior portion of the brain and stretching or tearing to the posterior portion of the brain.

You are transporting a stable patient with a possible pneumothorax. The patient is receiving 100% oxygen and has an oxygen saturation of 95%. During your reassessment, you find that the patient is now confused, hypotensive, and profusely diaphoretic. What is MOST likely causing this patient's deterioration?

compression of the aorta and vena cava

Which of the following nerves allow sensory and motor impulses to be sent from one nerve directly to another?

connecting

Common signs and symptoms of a serious head injury include all of the following, EXCEPT:

constricted pupils.

Hemoptysis is defined as:

coughing up blood.

When assessing a conscious patient with an MOI that suggests spinal injury, you should:

determine if the strength in all extremities is equal.

The thoracic cavity is separated from the abdominal cavity by the

diaphragm.

The tough, fibrous outer meningeal layer is called the:

dura mater

Following a stab wound to the left anterior chest, a 25-year-old male presents with a decreased level of consciousness and signs of shock. Which of the following additional assessment findings should increase your index of suspicion for a cardiac tamponade?

engorged jugular veins

When immobilizing a patient on a long backboard, you should:

ensure that you secure the torso before securing the head.

Which of the following head injuries would cause the patient's condition to deteriorate MOST rapidly?

epidural hematoma

The hormone responsible for the actions of the sympathetic nervous system is:

epinephrine.

The MOST important treatment for patients with a head injury, regardless of severity, is

establish an adequate airway.

It would be MOST appropriate to perform a focused secondary assessment on a patient who:

fainted and fell to the ground from a standing position.

Distraction injuries of the spine are MOST commonly the result of:

hangings.

You respond to a residence for a 40-year-old female who was assaulted by her husband; the scene has been secured by law enforcement. Upon your arrival, you find the patient lying supine on the floor in the kitchen. She is semiconscious with severely labored breathing. Further assessment reveals a large bruise to the left anterior chest, jugular venous distention, and unilaterally absent breath sounds. As your partner is supporting her ventilations, you should:

immediately request ALS support

A 45-year-old male was working on his roof when he fell approximately 12′,landing on his feet. He is conscious and alert and complains of an ache in his lower back. He is breathing adequately and has stable vital signs. You should:

immobilize his spine and perform a focused secondary exam.

The MOST critical treatment for a tension pneumothorax involves:

inserting a needle through the rib cage into the pleural space.

During your primary assessment of a semiconscious 30-year-old female with closed head trauma, you note that she has slow, shallow breathing and a slow, bounding pulse. As your partner maintains manual in-line stabilization of her head, you should:

instruct him to assist her ventilations while you perform a rapid assessment.

Bleeding within the brain tissue itself is called a(n)

intracerebral hematoma.

Bleeding within the brain tissue itself is called a(n):

intracerebral hematoma.

In contrast to a cerebral concussion, a cerebral contusion:

involves physical injury to the brain tissue.

A tight-fitting motorcycle helmet should be left in place unless:

it interferes with your assessment of the airway.

When opening the airway of a patient with a suspected spinal injury, you should use the:

jaw-thrust maneuver.

You arrive at the scene of a major motor vehicle crash. The patient, a 50-year-old female, was removed from her vehicle prior to your arrival. Bystanders who removed her state that she was not wearing a seatbelt. The patient is unconscious, tachycardic, and diaphoretic. Your assessment reveals bilaterally clear and equal breath sounds, a midline trachea, and collapsed jugular veins. You should be MOST suspicious that this patient has experienced a

laceration of the aorta

A 29-year-old male has an anterior nosebleed after he was accidentally elbowed in the nose. His is conscious and alert with adequate breathing. The MOST appropriate care for this patient includes:

leaning him forward and pinching his nostrils together.

When caring for a patient with a possible head injury, it is MOST important to monitor the patient's:

level of consciousness.

Which of the following skull fractures would be the LEAST likely to present with palpable deformity or other outward signs?

linear

Which of the following organs or structures does NOT reside within the mediastinum?

lungs

Lacerations to the scalp:

may be an indicator of deeper, more serious injuries.

When a patient experiences a severe spinal injury, he or she:

may lose sensation below level of injury

When a person is lying supine at the end of exhalation, the diaphragm

may rise as high as the nipple line.

If a person's tidal volume decreases, but his or her respiratory rate remains unchanged:

minute volume will decrease.

If a patient with a chest injury is only able to inhale small amounts of air per breath, he or she:

must increase his or her respiratory rate to maintain adequate minute volume.

A rapid, irregular pulse following blunt trauma to the chest is MOST suggestive of a:

myocardial contusion.

You have sealed the open chest wound of a 40-year-old male who was stabbed in the anterior chest. Your reassessment reveals that he is experiencing increasing respiratory distress and tachycardia, and is developing cyanosis. You should:

partially remove the dressing.

The _________ nervous system consists of 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves.

peripheral

The ________ nerves control the diaphragm.

phrenic

In order to avoid exacerbating a patient's injury, it is especially important to use extreme caution when providing positive-pressure ventilation to patients with a:

pneumothorax.

A 28-year-old male was struck in the chest with a baseball bat during an altercation. He is conscious and alert and complains of severe chest pain. Your assessment reveals a large area of ecchymosis over the sternum and a rapid, irregular pulse. In addition to applying 100% oxygen, you should:

prepare for immediate transport.

Following blunt trauma to the chest, an 18-year-old female presents with respiratory distress, reduced tidal volume, and cyanosis. Her blood pressure is 80/50 mm Hg and her pulse is 130 beats/min and thready. You should:

provide some form of positive-pressure ventilation

A patient who presents with profound cyanosis following a chest injury:

requires prompt ventilation and oxygenation.

The optic nerve endings are located within the:

retina.

A patient who cannot remember the events that preceded his or her head injury is experiencing

retrograde amnesia

Which of the following nerves carry information from the body to the brain via the spinal cord?

sensory

When assessing a patient with a hemothorax, you will MOST likely find:

signs and symptoms of shock.

You should be MOST suspicious that a patient has experienced a significant head injury if his or her pulse is:

slow.

What part of the nervous system controls the body's voluntary activities?

somatic

During your assessment of a patient with blunt chest trauma, you note paradoxical movement of the left chest wall. As your partner is administering oxygen to the patient, you should:

stabilize the chest wall with a bulky dressing.

During your primary assessment of a 19-year-old unconscious male who experienced severe head trauma, you note that his respirations are rapid, irregular, and shallow. He has bloody secretions draining from his mouth and nose. You should:

suction his oropharynx for up to 15 seconds.

When the parasympathetic nervous system is activated:

the heart rate decreases and the blood vessels dilate.

Elevation of the rib cage during inhalation occurs when

the intercostal muscles contract.

Elevation of the rib cage during inhalation occurs when:

the intercostal muscles contract.

When immobilizing a trauma patient's spine, the EMT manually stabilizing the head should not let go until:

the patient has been completely secured to the backboard.

Immediate death from blunt chest trauma following a motor vehicle crash is MOST often the result of:

traumatic aortic rupture

Immediate death from blunt chest trauma following a motor vehicle crash is MOST often the result of

traumatic aortic rupture.