CHapter 27 Flluids, electrolyte, acids

Which of the following is false of electrolytes?

They are produced from water. They are held together by covalent bonds. They do not dissolve in water.

Which hormone is important in regulating the amount of potassium and sodium in the body fluids?

aldosterone

The lungs contribute to pH regulation by their effects on the:

carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

When pure water is consumed, the extracellular fluid becomes:

hypotonic with respect to the ICF

Which of the body compartments has the greatest volume?

intracellular fluid

Nearly two-thirds of the total body water content is:

intracellular fluid (ICF)

In which of the following body fluids will protein buffers play a major role?

intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid including red blood cells (RBCs), and plasma

The most frequent cause of metabolic acidosis is:

production of a large number of fixed or organic acids

Severe anxiety would cause which type of acid-base disturbance? What would be the compensation?

respiratory alkalosis; kidneys would excrete HCO3

The renal response to acidosis is limited to:

secretion of H+ and generation or reabsorption of HCO3

The bicarbonate buffer system is one of the chemical buffer systems of the body. How would the bicarbonate buffer system work if sodium hydroxide were added to a solution?

A hydrogen on carbonic acid would dissociate and join the hydroxyl group on the base to form water and sodium bicarbonate.

You interpreting a patient's arterial blood gas (ABG) values. The sample has a pH of 7.34 with a Pco2 of 57 mm Hg and a normal HCO3 -. What is that patient's most likely diagnosis?

Acute respiratory acidosis

The respiratory system is one of the three systems that regulate acid-base balance in the body. How does it work to decrease an acidosis?

Carbonic acid is broken down into water and CO2; the CO2 is then exhaled.

You are interpreting a patient's arterial blood gas (ABG) values. The sample has a pH of 7.46 with a Pco2 of 33 mm of Hg and a low HCO3 -. What is the patient's most likely diagnosis?

Chronic respiratory alkalosis

When the amount of water you gain each day is equal to the amount you lose to the environment you are in:

Fluid balance

In a respiratory acidosis the kidney would do which of the following?

The kidney would reabsorb bicarbonate and secrete hydrogen ions.

Which of the following is true of electrolytes?

They are ionic compounds.

Which of the following values is not used to diagnose an acid-base disorder from an arterial blood gas sample?

Venous blood pH

Athletes who engage in prolonged exercises that require maximum exertion may ingest too much water in an effort to counter the possibility of dehydration. Choose the correct statement regarding this sentence.

Water intoxication may result, leading to a severe dilution of the ECF.

If a person exercises for a long time, lactic acid will start to build up in his or her muscles. Which of the following would you expect to happen as the lactic acid first starts to be formed?

Weak bases in the muscles will act as buffers and resist or minimize any pH change.

An increase in the metabolism of this cell would result in which of the following?

a rise in the blood buffer capacity

Which of the following is an electrolyte?

acid base salt

The concentration of potassium in the ECF is controlled by adjustments in the rate of active secretion:

along the distal convoluted tubular and collecting system of the nephron

The rate of tubular secretion of potassium ions changes in response to:

alterations in the potassium ion concentration in the ECF, changes in pH, aldosterone levels

It used to be common practice to administer salt pills to farm workers on hot days because of the belief that excessive sweating creates an electrolyte deficiency. Now we know that sweat is hypotonic and thus contains less solute than ECF. Which of the following is a consequence of taking a salt pill while sweating profusely?

an increase in blood volume

Under normal circumstances, during respiratory acidosis the chemoreceptors monitoring the Pco2 of the plasma and CSF will eliminate the problem by calling for:

an increase in pulmonary ventilation rates

Complete the sentence. If during dehydration the solute concentration in the ECF increases, __________.

an osmotic water shift from ICF to ECF will occur

Which of the following is not an electrolyte?

carbohydrate

The most important factor affecting the pH in body tissues is:

carbon dioxide concentration

The activity that occurs in the body to maintain calcium homeostasis occurs primarily in the:

digestive tract Bone kidneys

All of the homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids respond to changes in the:

extracellular fluid

If the ECF is hypertonic with respect to the ICF, water will move:

from the cells into the ECF until osmotic equilibrium is restored

Which of the following is a renal response to acidosis?

increasing secretion of hydrogen ions

Extracellular fluids in the body consist of:

interstitial fluid, blood plasma, lymph cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, serous fluids aqueous humor, perilymph, endolymph

Increasing or decreasing the rate of respiration can have a profound effect on the buffering capacity of body fluids by:

lowering or raising the PCO2

Respiratory alkalosis develops when respiratory activity:

lowers plasma Pco2 to below-normal levels

A patient is admitted to the hospital with the following plasma values: pH = 7.2, pCO2 = 25 mmHg, and HCO3¯ = 18 mEq/L. What is the acid base imbalance?

metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation

Diarrhea can lead to which acid/base disturbance? Assuming compensation, would it be a metabolic or respiratory compensation?

metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation

Starvation would cause which of the following acid-base conditions? Also, determine what type of compensation (metabolic or respiratory) there would be.

metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation

Ingesting too much antacid would cause which of the following acid-base disturbances?

metabolic alkalosis

Vomiting will cause which type of acid-base disturbance?

metabolic alkalosis

A patient is admitted to the hospital with the following plasma values: pH = 7.5, pCO2 = 45 mmHg, and HCO3¯ = 30 mEq/L. What is the acid-base imbalance?

metabolic alkalosis with no compensation

A friend has acid indigestion after eating a big meal. Which of the following would act as a buffer and help ease his pain?

milk of magnesia, with a pH of 10

The exchange between plasma and interstitial fluid is determined by the relationship between the:

net hydrostatic and net colloid osmotic pressures

What happens to pH when PCO2 increases above 45 mm Hg?

pH will fall below 7.35.

What is the most abundant anion in the intracellular fluid?

phosphate

A metabolic alkalosis can occur as a result of:

prolonged vomiting

The given scenario can occur in a person having a panic attack. In the midst of the attack, which of the following compensatory mechanisms can help maintain pH within the normal range?

release of hydrogen ions by the buffer systems within body fluids

Of the three buffering mechanisms in the body, which is the strongest?

renal system

A mismatch between carbon dioxide generation in peripheral tissues and carbon dioxide excretion at the lungs is a:

respiratory acid-base disorder

A patient is admitted to the hospital with the following plasma values: pH = 7.2, pCO2 = 55 mmHg, and HCO3¯ = 30 mEq/L. What is the acid base imbalance?

respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation

Emphysema can lead to which acid/base disturbance? What would be the compensation?

respiratory acidosis; kidneys will retain more HCO3 and excrete H+

The principal ions in the extracellular fluid (ECF) are:

sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate

In what body fluid compartment is there normally a high concentration of potassium?

the intracellular fluid (ICF)

Which class of acid will have an increased concentration in someone who is suffocating?

volatile acids

Fluid gains and losses are major factors that determine fluid balance in the ECF. Approximately 2500 mL of water is added daily to the ECF through epithelia absorption and metabolic generation. Approximately 1200 mL of water is lost from the ECF through urine. What other regular method of water loss accounts for a similarly large movement of water from the ECF?

water vapor from the skin and lungs