Chapter 27: From Triumph to Tragedy APUSH

Nigeria, Ghana, and Ethiopia provided the largest number of __ immigrants, and they settled overwhelmingly in urban areas, primarily in New York, California, Texas, and the District of Columbia. Some were impoverished __ fleeing civil wars in Somalia, Sudan, and Ethiopia, but many more were professionals; more than half the African newcomers had college educations, the highest percentage for any __ group. Indeed some African countries complained of a "brain __" as physicians, teachers, and other highly skilled persons sought opportunities in the United States that did not exist in their own __ countries While some prospered, others found it difficult to transfer their credentials to the United States and found jobs driving taxis and selling African crafts at street fairs. Most African-Americans, nonetheless, remained in a more precarious situation than whites or many recent immigrants. In the early twenty-first century, the black __ rate remained double that of whites Half of all black children lived in poverty, two-thirds were born out of wedlock, and in every index of __ well-being from health to quality of housing, blacks continued to lag.

African refugees immigrant drain underdeveloped unemployment social

Immigration occupied only one front in what came to be called the __ Wars battles over moral values that raged throughout the 1990s The __ __, founded by evangelical minister Pat Robertson became a major force in Republican politics It launched crusades against gay rights, abortion, secularism, public schools, and government aid to the arts __ __'s Republican convention speech of 1992 calling for a religious war for the soul of America mentioned earlier. alarmed many voters. But cultural conservatives hailed it as their new rallying cry. It sometimes appeared during the 1990s that the country was refighting old battles between traditional __ and modern secular culture. In an echo of the 1920s, a number of localities required the teaching of __, a religious alternative to Darwin's theory of evolution. The battles of the 1960s seemed to be forever __. Many conservatives railed against the erosion of the nuclear family, the changing racial landscape produced by immigration, and what they considered a general decline of traditional values. Cultural conservatives were not satisfied with a few victories over what they considered immorality, such as the Defense of __ Act of 1996, which barred gay couples from spousal benefits provided by federal law. (The Supreme Court would declare the law unconstitutional in 2018.)

Culture Christian Coalition Pat Buchanan religion creationism unresolved Marriage

In his first two years in office, Clinton turned away from some of the social and economic policies of the Reagan and Bush years. He appointed several blacks and women to his cabinet, including __ __, the first female attorney general, and named two supporters of __ rights, Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Stephen Breyer, to the Supreme Court. He modified the military's strict ban on __ soldiers, instituting a "Don't ask, don't tell' policy by which officers would not seek out gays for dismissal from the armed forces. His first budget raised taxes on the __ and significantly expanded the Earned Income __ Credit (EITC)-a cash payment for low-income workers begun during the Ford administration. The most effective antipoverty policy since the Great Society, the EITC raised more than 4 million Americans, half of them children, above the __ line during Clinton's presidency.

Janet Reno abortion gay wealthy Tax poverty

__ formed the largest single immigrant group. This term was invented in the United States and includes people from quite different origins- Mexicans, Central and South Americans, and migrants from __-speaking Caribbean islands like Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico (although the last group, of course, are American citizens, not immigrants). With 95 million people, __ in 2000 had become the world's largest Spanish-speaking nation. Its poverty, high birthrate, and proximity to the United States made it a source of massive legal and illegal ___. In 2000, Mexican-Americans made up a majority of the Hispanic population of the United States and nearly half the residents of Los Angeles. But almost every state witnessed an __ of Mexican immigrants. In 1980, 90 percent of the Mexican population of the United States lived in states that had once been part of Mexico. Today, there is a significant Mexican-American presence in almost every state, including such places as Kansas, Minnesota, and Georgia, with very little experience, until recently, with ethnic diversity. Numbering around 50 million in 2010, Latinos had become the largest __ group in the United States. Between 1990 and 2010, 80 million Hispanics were added to the American population, half its total growth. Latinos were highly visible in entertainment, sports, and politics. Indeed, the Hispanic presence transformed American life. __ was now the most common name for baby boys in Texas and the third most popular in California. Smith remained the most common American surname, but Garcia, Rodriguez, Gonzales, and other Hispanic names were all in the top fifty.

Latinos Spanish Mexico immigration influx minority José

The sudden shift from a ___ world to one of unquestioned American predominance promised to redefine the country's __ role. President George H. W. Bush spoke of the coming of a new ___ order But no one knew what its characteristics would be and what new challenges.

bipolar global world

Overall, between 1990 and 2008, companies that did business in global markets contributed almost nothing to __ growth in the United States. Microsoft, symbol of the new economy, employed only 80,000 people. ___, another highly successful company, whose computers, iPads, and iPhones were among the most ubiquitous consumer products of the early twenty-first century, in 2010 employed some 48,000 persons in the United States (the large majority a low-wage sales force in the company's stores). Its ___, who made these products, had more than 700,000 employees, almost all of them overseas. In 1970, General Motors had been the country's largest __ employer. In the early twenty-first century, it had been replaced by ___, a giant discount retail chain that paid most of its 1.6 million workers slightly more than the minimum wage. Wal-Mart aggressively opposed efforts at __ __. Not a single one of its employees belonged to a union. Thanks to NAFTA, which enabled American companies to expand their business in Mexico, by 2010 Wal-Mart was also the largest ___ in that country.

job Apple contractors corporate Wal-Mart collective bargaining employer

Post-1965 immigration formed part of the worldwide uprooting of __ uprising from globalization. Those who migrated to the United States came from a wide variety of __. They included poor, illiterate __ from places of economic and political crisis--Central Americans escaping the region's civil wars and poverty, Haitians and Cambodians fleeing repressive governments. But many immigrants were well-__ professionals from countries like India and South Korea, where the availability of skilled jobs had not kept pace with the spread of higher education. In the year 2000, more than 10 percent of all immigrants to the United States had a __ education. For the first time in American history, __ made up the majority of newcomers, reflecting the decline of manufacturing jobs that had previously absorbed immigrant men, as well as the spread of employment opportunities in traditionally female fields like care of children and the elderly and retail sales. Thanks to __ global communications and jet travel, modern-day immigrants retain strong ties with their countries of origin, frequently phoning and visiting home

labor backgrounds refugees educated college women cheap

During the 1960s, the nation's __ population declined. But in the 1970s with urban crime rates rising, politicians of both parties sought to convey the image of being "__ on crime." They insisted that the judicial system should focus on locking up criminals for __ periods rather than rehabilitating them. They treated drug __ as a violation of the law rather than as a disease. State governments greatly increased the __ for crime and reduced the possibility of parole. Successive presidents launched wars on the use of illegal __. As a result, the number of Americans in prison rose dramatically, most of them incarcerated for nonviolent drug offenses. During the 1990s, thanks to the waning of the __ epidemic and more effective urban police tactics, crime rates dropped dramatically across the country. But because of the sentencing laws of the previous two decades, this did nothing to stem the increase of the prison population In 2011, it reached 2.8 million, __ times the figure of 1970. Several million more individuals were on __, on probation, or under some other kind of criminal supervision These figures dwarfed those of every other Western society.

prison tough long addiction penalties drugs crack ten parole

As the prison population grew a "__ complex" emerged. Struggling communities battered by deindustrialization saw prisons as a __ of jobs and income. Between 1990 and 1995, the federal government and the states constructed more than __ new prisons. In 2008, five states spent more money on their prison systems than on higher __. __ labor, a practice the labor movement had managed to curtail in the late nineteenth century, revived in the late twentieth. ___ companies in Oregon "leased" prisoners for three dollars per day. A call to Trans World Airlines for a flight reservation was likely to be answered by a California inmate.

prison-industrial source 200 education Convict Private

The Bush administration quickly blamed __ __, a shadowy terrorist organization headed by Osama bin Laden, for the attacks. A wealthy Islamic fundamentalist from Saudi Arabia, bin Laden had joined the fight against the Soviet occupation of __ in the 1980s. He had developed a relationship with the Central Intelligence Agency and received American funds to help build his mountain bases. But after the Gulf War of 1991, his __ increasingly turned against the United States. Bin Laden was especially outraged by the presence of American military bases in Saudi Arabia and by American support for Israel in its ongoing __ with the Palestinians. More generally, bin Laden and his followers saw the United States, with its religious pluralism, consumer culture, and open sexual mores, as the antithesis of the rigid values in which they believed. He feared that American influence was ___ Saudi Arabia, Islam's spiritual home,band helping to keep the Saudi royal family, which failed to oppose this ___, in power.

Al Qaeda Afghanistan anger conflict corrupting development

__-Americans also became increasingly visible. There had long been a small population of Asian ancestry in California and New York City, but only after 1965 did immigration from Asia assume large proportions. Like Latinos, Asian-Americans were a highly __ population, including well-educated Koreans, Indians, and Japanese, as well as poor refugees from Cambodia, Vietnam, and China. Growing up in tight- knit communities that placed great emphasis on __, young Asian-Americans poured into American colleges and universities. Once subjected to harsh discrimination, Asian-Americans now achieved remarkable __. White Americans hailed them as a "__ minority" By 2007, the median family income of Asian-Americans. $66,000. surpassed that of whites. But more than any other group, Asian-Americans __ at opposite ends of the income spectrum. Large numbers earned either more than $75,000 per year (doctors, engineers, and entrepreneurs) or under $5,000 (unskilled laborers in sweatshops and restaurants) The United States, of course, had long been a __ society. But for centuries race relations had been shaped by the black-white divide and the experience of slavery and segregation. The growing visibility of Latinos and Asians suggested that a two-race system no longer adequately described American life. __ imagery filled television, films, and advertising Interracial marriage, at one time banned in forty-two states, became more common and acceptable. Among Asian-Americans, half of all marriages involved a non-Asian partner. The figure for Latinos was 80 percent. Some commentators spoke of the "__ of racism" and the emergence of a truly color-blind society. Others argued that while Asians and some Latinos were being absorbed into an expanded category of "white" Americans, the black-white divide remained almost as impenetrable as ever. One thing, however, seemed clear at the dawn of the twenty-first century: diversity was here to stay. Because the birthrate of racial minorities is __ than that of whites, the Census Bureau projected that by 2050, less than 50 percent of the American population would be white

Asian diverse education success model clustered multiracial Multiracial end higher

Like Truman after the Republican sweep of 1946, Clinton rebuilt his popularity by campaigning against a radical ___. He opposed the most extreme parts of his opponents program, while adopting others. In his state of the union address of January 1996, he announced that "the era of __ government is over," in effect turning his back on the tradition of Democratic Party liberalism and embracing the __ outlook associated with Republicans since the days of Barry Goldwater. In 1996, ignoring the protests of most Democrats, Clinton signed into law a Republican bill that __ the program of Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), commonly known as "welfare" ___ of money to the states, with strict limits on how long recipients could receive payments, replaced it. At the time of its abolition, AFDC assisted 14 million individuals, 9 million of them children. Thanks to stringent new eligibility requirements imposed by the states and the economic boom of the late 1990s, welfare rolls ___. But the number of children living in poverty remained essentially unchanged. Nonetheless, Clinton had succeeded in one of his primary goals by the late 1990s, __, a hotly contested issue for twenty years or more, had disappeared from political debate.

Congress big antigovernment abolished Grants plummeted welfare

Reflecting the continued power of the rights revolution, in 1990, newly organized disabled Americans won passage of the Americans with __ Act. This far-reaching measure prohibited discrimination in hiring and promotion against persons with disabilities and required that entrances to public buildings be redesigned so as to ensure access for the disabled. Some movements that were descended from the late 1960s achieved great __ in the 1990s. Prominent among these was the campaign for __ rights, which in the last two decades of the century increasingly turned its attention to combating acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (__), a fatal disease spread by sexual contact, drug use, and transfusions of contaminated blood. AIDS first emerged in the early 1980s. It quickly became epidemic among __ men. The gay movement __ to promote "safe sex, prevent discrimination against people suffering from AIDS and press the federal government to devote greater resources to fighting the disease. The Gay Men's Health Crisis organized __ programs and assistance to those affected by the disease, and demanded that drug companies put AZ T a drug with some success in treating AIDS, on the market. A more radical group, __ UP, disrupted a mass at New York's St. Patricks Cathedral to protest what in called the Catholic Church's prejudices against gays By 2000, even though more than 400,000 Americans had died of AIDS, its spread among gays had been sharply curtailed. But in other parts of the world, such as Africa, the AIDS epidemic remained out of ______

Disabilities visibility gay AIDS homosexual mobilized educational ACT control

Many stock frauds stemmed from the repeal in 1999 of the ___ Act, a New Deal measure that separated commercial banks, which accept deposits and make loans, from investment banks, which invest in stocks and real estate and take larger risks. The repeal made possible the emergence of "__ banks" that combined these two functions. Phil Gramm, the Texas congressman who wrote the repeal bill, which Clinton signed, explained his thinking in this way: "Glass-Steagall came at a time when the thinking was that ___ was the answer. In this era of economic prosperity, we have decided that ___ is the answer." But banks took their new freedom as an invitation to engage in all sorts of misdeeds, knowing that they had become so big that if anything happened, the federal government would have no choice but to rescue them. Banks poured money into ___ mortgages. When the housing bubble collapsed in 2007-2008, the banks suffered losses that threatened to bring down the entire __ system. The Bush and Obama administrations felt they had no choice but to expend hundreds of billions of dollars of taxpayer money to save the banks from their own misconduct.

Glass-Steagall super government freedom risky financial

Another social movement spawned by the 1960s that continued to flourish was the American __ movement. The Indian population reached over 5 million (including people choosing more than one race) in the 2010 census, a sign not only of population growth but also of a renewed sense of pride that led many Indians for the first time to __ themselves as such to census enumerators. Meanwhile, with the assistance of the Native American Rights __, established in 1971, some tribes embarked on a campaign for restitution for past injustices. In 2001, for example, a New York court awarded the __ Nation $248 million for illegal land seizures two centuries earlier. The legal position of Indians as American citizens who enjoy a kind of quasi-__ still survives in some cases. Notable examples are the lucrative Indian casinos now operating in states that otherwise prohibit gambling. In 2011, Indian __ took in over $27 billion, making some tribes very rich. One such group is the Pequot tribe of Connecticut. In 1687, as the result of a brief, bloody war, Puritan New Englanders exterminated or sold into slavery most of the tribe's members. The treaty that restored __ decreed that the tribe's name should be wiped from the historical record. Today, the few hundred members of the Pequot tribe operate Foxwoods, reputedly the world's largest casino. However, because of the recession that began in 2007, Foxwoods receipts plummeted and its survival remains _____.

Indian identify Fund Cayuga sovereignty casinos peace uncertain

A far more serious crisis arose in 1990 when Iraq invaded and annexed __, an oil-rich sheikhdom in the Persian Gulf. Fearing that Iraqi dictator __ __ might next attack Saudi Arabia, a longtime ally that supplied more __ to the United States than any other country, Bush rushed troops to defend Kuwait and warned Iraq to __ from the country or face war. His policy aroused intense debate in the United States, But the Iraqi invasion so flagrantly violated international law that Bush succeeded in building a forty-nation coalition committed to restoring Kuwait's __, secured the support of the United Nations, and sent half a million American troops along with a naval __ to the region. In February 1991, the United States launched Operation __ __, which quickly drove the Iraqi army from Kuwait. Tens of thousands of Iraqis and 184 Americans died in the conflict. The United Nations ordered Iraq to disarm and imposed economic __ that produced widespread civilian suffering for the rest of the decade. But Hussein remained in place. So did a large American military establishment in Saudi Arabia, to the outrage of Islamic fundamentalists who deemed its presence an affront to their __.

Kuwait Saddam Hussein oil withdraw independence armada Desert Storm sanctions faith

Once a center of labor radicalism, the Seattle area in 1999 was best known as the home of ___, developer of the Windows operating system used in most of the world's computers. The company's worldwide reach symbolized ___, the process by which people, investment, goods, information, and culture increasingly flowed across national boundaries. Globalization has been called "the concept of the 1990s" During that decade, the ___ resounded with announcements that a new era in human history had opened, with a borderless economy and a "global civilization" that would soon replace traditional cultures. Globalization, of course, was hardly a __ phenomenon. The internationalization of commerce and culture and the ___ of the world's peoples had been going on since the explorations of the fifteenth century. But the scale and scope of late-twentieth-century globalization was unprecedented. Thanks to satellites and the ___, information and popular culture flowed instantaneously to every corner of the world. Manufacturers and financial institutions scoured the world for profitable investment ___.

Microsoft globalization media new reshuffling Internet opportunities

In the last three decades of the twentieth century, terrorist groups who held the United States and other Western countries responsible for the plight of the __ had engaged in hijackings and murders. After the Gulf War, Osama bin Laden declared "__" on the United States. Terrorists associated with Al Qaeda exploded a __-bomb at the World Trade Center in 1998, killing six persons, and set off blasts in 1998 at American __ in Kenya and Tanzania, in which more than 200 persons, mostly African embassy workers, died. Thus, a rising terrorist __ was visible before September 11. Nonetheless, the attack came as a complete surprise. With the end of the Cold War in 1991, most Americans felt more secure, especially within their own borders, than they had for decades. The attacks of September 11, 2001, gave new prominence to ideas deeply embedded in the American past -that __ was the central quality of American life, and that the United States had a mission to spread freedom throughout the world and to fight those it saw as freedom's __. The attacks and events that followed also lent new urgency to questions that had recurred many times in American history: Should the United States act in the world as a republic or an empire? What is the proper balance between liberty and __: Who deserves the full enjoyment of American freedom? None had an easy answer.

Palestinians war truck embassies threat freedom enemies security

Bush's first major foreign policy action was a throwback to the days of American interventionism in the Western Hemisphere. At the end of 1989, he dispatched troops to ___ to overthrow the government of General Manuel Antonio Noriega, a former ally of the United States who had become involved in the international ___ trade. The United States installed a new government and flew Noriega to ___, where he was tried and convicted on drug charges.

Panama drug Florida

Bush, by contrast, seemed out of touch with the day-to-day lives of ordinary Americans. On the wall of Democratic headquarters, Clinton's campaign director posted the slogan, "It's the Economy, __"―a reminder that the economic downturn was the Democrats strongest card. Bush was further weakened when conservative leader __ __ delivered a fiery televised speech at the Republican national convention that declared cultural war against gays, feminists, and supporters of abortion rights. This seemed to confirm the Democratic portrait of Republicans as intolerant and __. A third candidate, the eccentric Texas billionaire __ __, also entered the fray. He attacked Bush and Clinton as lacking the economic know-how to deal with the recession and the ever-increasing national debt. That millions of Americans considered Perot a credible candidate at one point, polls showed him leading both Clinton and Bush-testified to widespread ___ with the major parties. Perot's support faded as election day approached, but he still received 19 percent of the popular vote, the best result for a third-party candidate since __ __ in 1912. Clinton won by a substantial margin, a humiliating outcome for Bush, given his earlier popularity.

Stupid Pat Buchanan divisive Ross Perot dissatisfaction Theodore Roosevelt

In December 1999, delegates from around the world gathered in Seattle for a meeting of the __ __ __ (WTO), a 185- nation group created five years earlier to reduce barriers to international commerce and settle trade disputes. To the astonishment of residents of the city, more than 80,000 persons gathered to __ the meeting. Their marches and rallies brought together factory workers, who claimed that global free trade encouraged corporations to shift production to __ centers overseas, and "tree-__," as some reporters called environmentalists, who complained about the impact on the earth's ecology of unregulated economic development. Some of the latter dressed in costumes representing ___ species- monarch butterflies whose habitats were disappearing because of the widespread destruction of forests by lumber companies, and sea turtles threatened by unrestricted ocean fishing. Protesters drew attention to the depletion of ___ in the atmosphere, which shields the earth from harmful solar radiation. The heightened use of ___ sprays and refrigerants containing damaging chemicals had caused a large hole in the ozone layer. A handful of self-proclaimed anarchists embarked on a window- breaking spree at local stores. The police sealed off the downtown and made hundreds of arrests, and the WTO gathering ___.

World Trade Organization protest low-wage huggers endangered ozone aerosol disbanded

The most complex foreign policy crisis of the Clinton years arose from the disintegration of ___, a multiethnic state in southeastern Europe that had been carved from the old Austro-Hungarian empire after World War I As in the rest of eastern Europe, the __ government that had ruled Yugoslavia since the 1940s collapsed in 1989. Within a few years, the country's six provinces dissolved into five new __. Ethnic conflict plagued several of these new nations. Ethnic __-a terrible new term meaning the forcible expulsion from an area of a particular ethnic group- now entered the international vocabulary. By the end of 1998, more than 100,000 Bosnians, nearly all of them civilians, had perished in the __ crisis. With the Cold War over, protection of human rights in the Balkans gave NATO a new purpose. After considerable indecision, NATO launched __ __ against Bosnian Serb forces, with American planes contributing. UN troops, including 20,000 Americans, arrived as ___. In 1998, ethnic cleansing again surfaced, this time by Yugoslavian troops and local Serbs against the Albanian population of ___, a province of Serbia. More than 800,000 Albanians fled the region. To halt the bloodshed, NATO launched a two-__ war in 1999 against Yugoslavia that led to the deployment of American and UN forces in Kosovo.

Yugoslavia communist states cleansing Balkan air strikes peacekeepers Kosovo month

With the economy recovering slowly from the recession and Clinton's first two years in office seemingly lacking in significant ___, voters in 1994 turned against the administration. For the first time since the 1950s, ___ won control of both houses of Congress. They proclaimed their triumph the "__ Revolution." Newt Gingrich, a conservative congressman from Georgia who became the new Speaker of the House, ___ their campaign. Gingrich had devised a platform called the ___ with America, which promised to curtail the scope of government, cut back on taxes and economic and environmental regulations, overhaul the welfare system, and end affirmative action.

accomplishments Republicans Freedom masterminded Contract

Among some Americans, the heightened visibility of immigrants, racial minorities, and inheritors of the sexual revolution inspired not celebration of pluralism but __ over perceived cultural fragmentation. Conservatives, and some traditional liberals as well, decried "__ politics" and multiculturalism for undermining a common sense of nationhood. Increased cultural diversity and changes in educational policy inspired harsh debates over whether immigrant __ should be required to learn English and whether further immigration should be discouraged. These issues entered politics most dramatically in California whose voters in 1994 approved __ __, which denied undocumented immigrants and their children access to welfare, education, and most health services A federal judge soon barred implementation of the measure on the grounds that control over immigration policy rests with the federal government. By 2000, twenty-three states had passed laws establishing __ as their official language (similar to measures enacted in the aftermath of World War I. The 1996 law had abolished welfare also barred most immigrants who had not become citizens from receiving __ stamps. But efforts to appeal to prejudice for political gain often backfired In California, Republicans anti-immigrant campaigns inspired minorities to mobilize politically and offended many white Americans In 2000, Republican presidential candidate George W. Bush emphasized that his brand of __ was multicultural, not exclusionary

alarm identity children Proposition 187 English food conservatism

The media called the loose coalition of groups who organized the Seattle protests the "___ movement." In fact, they challenged not globalization itself but its social consequences. Globalization, the demonstrators claimed, accelerated the worldwide creation of ___ but widened gaps between rich and poor countries and between haves and have-nots within societies. Decisions affecting the day-to-day lives of millions of people were made by ___ the World Trade Organization, International Monetary Fund, World Bank, and multinational corporations--that operated without any democratic input. Demonstrators demanded not an ___ to global trade and capital flows, but the establishment of international standards for wages, labor conditions, and the environment, and greater investment in health and education in poor countries. The __ _ ___ placed on the national and international agendas a question that promises to be among the most pressing concerns of the twenty-first century--the relationship between globalization, economic justice, and freedom.

antiglobalization wealth institutions end Battle of Seattle

Economic growth and talk of a new economy sparked a frenzied ___ in the stock market that was reminiscent of the 1920s. Investors, large and small, poured funds into stocks, spurred by the rise of discount and online firms that advertised aggressively and charged lower fees than traditional brokers. By 2000, a ___ of American households owned stocks directly or through investment in mutual funds and pension and retirement accounts. Investors were especially attracted to the new "__ __" companies that conducted business via the Internet and seemed to symbolize the promise of the new economy. The ___, a stock exchange dominated by new technology companies, rose more than 500 percent from 1998 to 1999. Many of these "high-tech" companies never turned a profit. But economic journalists and stock brokers explained that the new economy had so ___ business that traditional methods of assessing a company's value no longer applied.

boom majority dot coms NASDAQ revolutionized

Inevitably, the bubble ___. On April 14, 2000, stocks suffered their largest one-day point drop in history. For the first time since the Depression, stock prices declined for ___ successive years (2000-2002), wiping out billions of dollars in Americans net worth and pension funds. The value of NASDAQ stocks __ by nearly 80 percent between 2000 and 2002. By 2001, the American economy had fallen into a recession. Talk of a new economy, it appeared, had been ___.

burst three fell premature

Perhaps most important, the collapse of communism between 1989 and 1991 opened the entire world to the spread of market ___ and to the idea that ___ should interfere as little as possible with economic activity. American politicians and social commentators increasingly criticized the ___ of wages and working conditions, assistance to the less fortunate, and environmental protections as burdens on international competitiveness. During the 1990s, Presidents Bush, a Republican, and Clinton, a Democrat, both spoke of an American mission to create a single global free ___ as the path to rising living standards, the spread of democracy, and greater worldwide freedom.

capitalism governments regulation market

The unusually intense partisanship of the 1990s seemed ironic, given Clinton's move toward the political __. Republicans' intense dislike of Clinton could only be explained by the fact that he seemed to symbolize everything __ hated about the 1960s. As a college student, the president had smoked __ and participated in anti war demonstrations. He had married a feminist, made a point of leading a multicultural administration, and supported gay rights. Clinton's __ puzzled and frustrated conservatives, reinforcing their conviction that something was deeply amiss in American life. From the very outset of his administration, Clinton's political opponents and scandal-hungry __ stood ready to pounce. Clinton himself provided the ammunition.

center conservatives marijuana popularity media

The most remarkable thing about the election of 2000 was not so much its __ ending as the even division of the country it revealed. Bush and Gore each received essentially half of the __ vote. The final count in the electoral college stood at 271-266, the narrowest margin since 1876. The Senate ended up __ 50-50 between the two parties. But these figures concealed deep political and social fissures. Bush carried the entire __ and nearly all the states of the trans-Mississippi farm belt and Rockies. Gore won almost all the states of the Northeast, Old Northwest, and West Coast. Residents of urban areas voted overwhelmingly for Gore. __ areas went just as solidly for Bush. Members of racial minorities gave Gore large majorities, while white voters preferred Bush. The results also revealed a significant "__ gap" Until the 1960s, women had tended to vote disproportionately Republican In 2000 __ favored Gore by 11 percent, while men preferred Bush by the same margin.

controversial popular divided South Rural gender women

Meanwhile, the Soviet Union itself slipped deeper and deeper into __. Gorbachev's attempts at economic reform produced only __, and his policy of political ___ allowed long-suppressed national and ethnic tensions to rise to the surface. In August 1991, a group of military leaders attempted to __ power to overturn the government's plan to give greater autonomy to the various parts of the Soviet Union. Russian president __ __ mobilized crowds in Moscow that restored Gorbachev to office. Gorbachev then resigned from the __ Party, ending its eighty-four-year rule. One after another, the republics of the Soviet Union declared themselves ___ states. At the end of 1991, the Soviet Union ceased to __; in its place were fifteen new independent nations. The sudden and unexpected collapse of communism marked the __ of the Cold War and a stunning triumph for the United States and its allies. For the first time since 1917, there existed a truly worldwide __ system. Even China, while remaining under Communist Party rule, had already embarked on __ reforms and rushed to attract foreign investment. Other events suggested that the 1990s would also be a "decade of democracy." In 1990, South Africa released __ __, head of the African National Congress, from prison. Four years later, as a result of the first democratic elections in the country's history, Mandela became ___, ending the system of state-sponsored racial inequality, known as "___," and white minority goverment. Throughout Latin America and Africa, ___ governments replaced military rule.

crisis chaos openness seize Boris Yeltsin Communist sovereign exist end capitalist market Nelson Mandela president apartheid civilian

Blacks convicted of crimes were also more likely than whites to receive the __ penalty. In 1972, the Supreme Court had temporarily suspended states' use of this punishment. But the Court soon allowed it to resume, despite evidence of racial __ in its application. Even as western Europe and other countries abolished the death penalty, the United States __ over 1400 persons between 1977 and 2015. In the 1880s, Alexis de Tocqueville had described executions as __ in Europe but rare in America By the early twenty-first century, the United States ranked with China Iran and Saudi Arabia as the nations that most __ executed their citizens. The 2.2 million Americans in prison in 2015 represented one-fifth of the entire world's inmates and far exceeded the number in any other country. The __frustration of urban blacks exploded in 1992 when an all-white suburban jury found four Los Angeles police officers not guilty in the beating of black motorist __ __, even though an onlooker had captured their assault on videotape. The deadliest urban uprising since the New York draft __ of 1868 followed Some fifty-two people died, and property damage approached $1 billion. Many Latino youths, who shared blacks' __ over mistreatment by the police, joined in the violence. The uprising suggested that despite the civil rights __, the nation had failed to address the plight of the urban poor.

death disparities executed common often continuing Rodney King riots resentment revolution

Coming at the end of the "decade of __," the 2000 election revealed troubling features of the American political system at the close of the twentieth century. The __ college, devised by the founders to enable the country's prominent men rather than ordinary voters to choose the president, gave the White House to a candidate who did not receive the most votes an odd result in a __ democracy. A country that prided itself on modern __ had a voting system in which citizens choices could not be reliably determined. Counting both congressional and presidential races, the campaign cost more than $1.5 billion, mostly raised from wealthy individuals and corporate donors. This reinforced the widespread belief that __ dominated the political system. The ___ for democracy of the ever-closer connection between power in the economic marketplace and power in the marketplace of politics and ideas would be widely debated in the early twenty-first century.

democracy electoral political technology money implications

In a speech to Congress, President Bush identified the Gulf War as the first step in the struggle to create a world rooted in __ and global free trade. But it remained unclear how this broad vision would be translated into policy. Soon after the end of the war, General Colin Powell, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and Dick Cheney, the secretary of defense, outlined different visions of the future. Powell predicted that the post-Cold War world would be a __ environment with conflicts popping up in unexpected places. To avoid being drawn into an unending role as global policeman, he insisted, the United States should not commit its troops __ without clear objectives and a timetable for withdrawal. Cheney argued that with the demise of the Soviet Union, the United States possessed the power to __ the world and prevent hostile states from achieving regional power. It must be willing to use force, independently if necessary, to maintain its strategic __. For the rest of the 1990s, it was not certain which definition of the American role in the post-Cold War world would __.

democracy dangerous abroad reshape dominance predominate

The new face of American society went hand in hand with one of the most striking developments of the 1990s-the celebration of group __ and demands for group recognition. __ became the term for a new awareness of the diversity of American society, past and present, and for vocal demands that jobs, education, and politics reflect that diversity. As the numbers of minority and female students at the nation's colleges and universities __, these institutions moved aggressively to __ their faculties and revise the traditional curriculum. One sign of multiculturalism could be seen in the spread of __ programs dealing with the experience of specific groups--Black Studies, Latino Studies, Women's Studies, and the like. __ departments added the writings of female and minority authors to those of white men. Numerous scholars now taught and wrote history in ways that stressed the __ of diverse groups of Americans, rather than a common national narrative.

difference Multiculturalism rose diversify academic Literature experiences

The censuses of 2000 and 2010 showed family values increasingly in __. Half of all marriages ended in divorce (70 percent on the West Coast). In 2010. more than 40 percent of births were to unmarried women, not only __ active teenagers, but growing numbers of professional women in their thirties and forties as well. For the first time, fewer than half of all households consisted of married couples, and only one-fifth were "__" families- a wife, husband, and their children More than half of all adults were single or divorced. Two-thirds of married women worked outside the home. The pay ___ between men and women, although narrowing, persisted In 2010, the weekly earnings of women with full-time jobs stood at 82 percent of those of men--up from 68 percent in 1980. In only two __ categories did women earn more than men postal service clerks and special education teachers. Although dominated by conservatives, the Supreme Court, in __ v. Planned Parenthood of Pennsylvania (1992), reaffirmed a woman's right to terminate a pregnancy. The decision allowed states to enact mandatory waiting periods and anti-abortion counseling, but it overturned a requirement that the husband be given __ before the procedure was undertaken. "At the heart of liberty,'' said the Court, "is the right to make the most intimate and personal choices without outside interference. In effect, Casey repudiated the centuries-old doctrine that a husband has a legal claim to __ the body of his wife.

disarray sexually traditional gap occupational Casey notification control

Evidence abounded of a broad __ from public life. As governments at all levels completed to turn their activities over to private contractors, and millions of Americans walled themselves off from their fellow citizens by taking up residence in socially homogeneous __ communities, the very idea of a shared public sphere seemed to dissolve. Nearly half the eligible __ did not bother to go to the polls, and in state and local elections, turnouts typically ranged between only 20 and 80 percent. More people watched the __ Nixon-Kennedy debates of 1960 than the Bush-Gore debates of 2000, even though the population had risen by 100 million Both candidates sought to occupy the political __ and relied on public-opinion polls and media consultants to shape their messages. Major issues like health care, race relations, and economic inequality went virtually __ during the campaign. And no one discussed the issue that would soon come to dominate Bush's presidency -the threat of international __.

disengagement gated voters televised center unmentioned terrorism

Like Jimmy Carter before him, Clinton's primary political interests concerned ___, not international, affairs. But with the United States now indisputably the world's dominant power, Clinton, like Carter, took steps to encourage the settlement of long-standing __ conflicts and tried to elevate support for human rights to a central place in international relations. He achieved only __ success. Clinton strongly supported a 1998 agreement, negotiated at Oslo, Norway, in which Israel for the first time recognized the ___ of the Palestine Liberation Organization. The Oslo Accords seemed to outline a road to Mideast peace. But neither side proved willing to __ them fully. Israeli governments continued to build Jewish settlements on Palestinian land in the __ __- a part of Jordan that Israel had occupied during the 1967 Six-Day War. The new Palestinian Authority, which shared in governing parts of the West Bank as a stepping-stone to full statehood, proved to be ___, powerless, and unable to curb the growth of groups bent on violence against Israel. At the end of his presidency, Clinton brought Israeli and Palestinian leaders to Camp __ to try to work out a final peace treaty. But the meeting failed, and violence soon resumed. Like Carter, Clinton found it difficult to balance concern for human rights with strategic and economic interests and to formulate clear guidelines for ___ interventions overseas. For example, the United States did nothing in 1994 when tribal massacres racked ___, in central Africa. More than 800,000 people were slaughtered in the Rwandan genocide, and 2 million refugees fled the country.

domestic international mixed legitimacy implement West Bank corrupt David humanitarian Rwanda

Viewing their electoral triumph as an ___ of the contract, Republicans moved swiftly to implement its provisions. The House approved deep cuts in social, educational, and environmental programs, including the popular Medicare system. With the president and Congress unable to reach agreement on a budget, the government in December 1995 shut down all __ operations, including Washington, D.C., museums and national parks. Gingrich had ___ that the public shared his intense ideological convictions. He discovered that in 1994 they had voted against Clinton, not for the full ___ of the Contract with America. Most Americans blamed Congress for the ___, and Congress soon retreated.

endorsement nonessential assumed implementation impasse

The economy's performance in the 1990s at first seemed to justify the claims of globalizations advocates. After recovery from the recession of 1990-1991, economic ___ continued for the rest of the decade. By 2000, ___ stood below 4 percent, a figure not seen since the 1960s. The boom became the longest ___ period of economic expansion in the nation's history. Because Reagan and Bush had left behind massive budget deficits, Clinton worked hard to balance the __ budget, a goal traditionally associated with fiscal conservatives. Since economic growth produced rising __ revenues, Clinton during his second term not only balanced the budget but actually produced budget __.

expansion unemployment uninterrupted federal tax surpluses

Only after the market dropped did it become apparent that the stock boom of the 1990s had been fueled in part by ___. For a time in 2001 and 2002, Americans were treated almost daily to revelations of incredible greed and ___ on the part of respected brokerage firms, accountants, and company executives. During the late 1990s, accounting firms like Arthur Andersen, giant banks like JPMorgan Chase and Citigroup, and corporate lawyers pocketed extravagant fees for devising complex schemes to help push up companies' stock prices by hiding their true financial condition. ___, a Houston-based energy company that epitomized the new economy- it bought and sold electricity rather than actually producing it--reported as profits billions of dollars in operating losses. In the early twenty-first century, the bill came due for many corporate ___. The founder of Adelphia Communications was convicted of misuse of company funds. A jury found the chairman of Tyco International guilty of looting the company of millions of dollars. A number of former chief executives faced long ___ terms. Kenneth Lay and Jeffrey Skilling, chief officers of Enron, were convicted by a Texas jury of multiple counts of fraud.

fraud corruption Enron criminals prison

The boom that began in 1995 benefited nearly all Americans. For the first time since the early 1970s, average real wages and family incomes began to __ significantly. Economic expansion at a time of low unemployment brought rapid increases in wages for families at all income levels. It aided __-skilled workers, especially non-whites, who had been left out of previous periods of growth. Yet, despite these gains, in the last two decades of the twentieth century, the poor and the middle class became ___ off while the rich became significantly richer. The wealth of the __ Americans exploded during the 1990s. Sales of luxury goods like yachts and mansions boomed. __ __, head of Microsoft and the country's richest person, owned as much wealth as the bottom 40 percent of the American population put together. Dot-com millionaires and well-paid computer designers and programmers received much ___. But companies continued to shift manufacturing jobs overseas. Thanks to ___, a thriving industrial zone emerged just across the southern border of the United States, where American manufacturers built plants to take advantage of cheap labor and weak environmental and safety regulations. ___, moreover, increasingly relied for profits on financial operations rather than making things. The financial sector of the ___ accounted for around 10 percent of total profits in 1950; by 2000 the figure was up to 40 percent. Companies like Ford and General Electric made more money from interest on __ to customers and other financial operations than from selling their products. The outsourcing of jobs soon moved from manufacturing to other areas, including accounting, legal services, banking, and other skilled jobs where companies could employ workers overseas for a fraction of their cost in the United States. All this lowered prices for ___, but also threw millions of American workers into competition with those around the globe, producing a relentless downward pressure on American wages.

grow low worse richest Bill Gates publicity NAFTA Business economy loans consumers

The end of the Cold War ushered in hopes for a new era of global __. Instead, what one observer called a "rebellion of __''—renewed emphasis on group identity and insistent demands for group recognition and power—has racked the international arena. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, socialism and nationalism had __ people of different backgrounds in pursuit of common goals. Now, in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and parts of Europe, the waning of movements based on socialism and the declining power of nation-states arising from globalization seemed to unleash long-simmering ethnic and religious ___. Partly in reaction to the global spread of a __ culture based on consumption and mass entertainment, intense __ movements attracted increasing numbers of followers—Hindu nationalism in India, orthodox Judaism in Israel, Islamic fundamentalism in much of the Muslim world, and evangelical Christianity in the United States. Like other nations, although in a far less extreme way and with little accompanying violence, the United States has experienced ___ arising from the intensification of ethnic and racial identities and religious fundamentalism.

harmony particularisms united antagonisms secular religious divisions

September 11, 2001, a beautiful late-summer morning, began with the sun rising over the East Coast of the United States in a crystal-clear sky. But September 11 soon became one of the most tragic dates in American history. Around 8 AM, __ seized control of four jet airliners filled with passengers. They crashed two into the _ _ _ in New York City, igniting infernos that soon caused these buildings, which dominated the lower Manhattan skyline, to collapse. A third plane hit a wing of the __, the country's military headquarters, in Washington, D.C. On the fourth aircraft, passengers who had learned of these events via their cell phones overpowered the hijackers. The plane crashed in a __ near Pittsburgh, killing all aboard. Counting the nineteen hijackers, more than 200 passengers, pilots, and flight attendants, and victims on the ground, around __ people died on September 11. The victims included nearly 400 police and firefighters who had rushed to the World Trade Center in a rescue effort and perished when the "twin towers" collapsed. Relatives and friends desperately seeking information about the fate of those lost in the attacks printed thousands of "__ posters." These remained in public places in New York and Washington for weeks, grim reminders of the lives ___ on September 11.

hijackers World Trade Center Pentagon field 8,000 missing extinguished

Despite the continued expansion of the black middle class, a far lower percentage of blacks than whites owned their __ or held professional and managerial jobs. __ segregation remained pervasive. In 2010, more than one-third of the black population lived in suburbs, but mostly in predominantly black communities. Despite the nation's growing racial __, school segregation--now resulting from housing patterns and the divide between urban and suburban school districts rather than laws requiring racial separation- was on the rise. Most city public school systems consisted overwhelmingly of __ students, large numbers of whom failed to receive an adequate education. The courts released more and more districts from __ orders. By 2000, the nation's black and Latino students were more __ from white pupils than in 1970. Nearly 80 percent of white students attended schools where they encountered few if any pupils of another race. Since school ___ rested on property taxes, poor communities continued to have less to spend on education than wealthy ones.

homes Housing diversity minority desegregation isolated funding

Karl Marx once wrote that historical events occur twice -first as tragedy, the second times as farce. The ___ of Andrew Johnson in 1868 had revolved around some of the most momentous questions in American history--the Reconstruction of the South, the rights of the former slaves, relations between the federal government and the states. Clinton's impeachment had to do with what many considered to be a __ escapade. Polls suggested that the obsession of Kenneth Starr and members of Congress with Clinton's __ acts appalled Americans far more than the president's responsible behavior. Clinton's continuing popularity throughout the impeachment controversy demonstrated how profoundly traditional attitudes toward sexual __ had changed.

impeachment juvenile sexual morality

At the radical fringe of conservatism, the belief that the federal government posed a threat to American freedom led to the creation of private __ who armed themselves to fend off. Groups like Aryan Nation, Posse Comitatus, and other self- proclaimed "Christian patriots" spread a mixture of __, anti-Semitic, and antigovernment ideas. Private armies, like the Militia of Montana, vowed to resist enforcement of federal __ control laws. For millions of Americans owning a gun became a prime symbol of liberty "We're here because we love __," declared a participant in a 1995 Washington rally against proposed legislation banning semiautomatic assault weapons. Many militia groups employed the symbolism and language of the American __, sprinkling their appeals with warnings about the dangers of government __ drawn from the writings of Thomas Jefferson, Patrick Henry, and Thomas Paine. They warned that leaders of both major parties formed part of a conspiracy to surrender American sovereignty to the United Nations, or to some shadowy international conspiracy Although such organizations had been growing for years, they burst into the national spotlight in 1995 when __ __, a member of the militant antigovemment movement, exploded a bomb at a federal office building in Oklahoma City The blast killed 168 persons, including numerous children at a day-care center McVeigh was captured, convicted, and executed. The __ alerted the nation to the danger of violent antigovernment right-wing groups

militias racist gun freedom Revolution tyranny Timothy McVeigh bombing

Members of racial __ experienced most strongly the paradox of growing islands of unfreedom in a nation that prided itself on liberty In 1950, whites accounted for 70 percent of the nation's prison population and non-whites 30 percent. By 2010, these figures had been __. One reason was that severe __ faced those convicted of using or selling crack, a particularly potent form of cocaine concentrated among the urban poor, while the use of powder __, the drug of choice in suburban America, led to far lighter sentences. The percentage of the black population in prison stood __ times higher than the proportion for white Americans More than one-quarter of all black men could expect to serve time in prison at some time during their lives. A criminal __ made it very difficult for ex-prisoners to find jobs. Partly because so many young men were in prison, blacks had a significantly lower rate of __ than other Americans. Their children became "prison ___," forced to live with relatives or in foster homes.

minorities reversed penalties cocaine five record marriage orphans

Sexual __ by public officials had a long history. But in the 1980s and 1990s, scrutiny of politicians private lives became far more intense than in the past. Gary Hart had been driven from the 1988 campaign because of an __ liaison In 1991, Senate hearings on the nomination to the Supreme Court of Clarence Thomas, a __ conservative, became embroiled in dramatic charges of sexual harassment leveled against Thomas by law professor Anita Hill. To the outrage of feminists, the Senate narrowly confirmed him. Nonetheless, because of her testimony, Americans became more aware of the problem of sexual __ in and out of the workplace, and complaints shot up across the country. From the day Clinton took office charges of misconduct bedeviled him. In 1998 it became known that Clinton had carried on an affair with __ __, a White House intern, Kenneth Starr, the special counsel who had been appointed to investigate a previous scandal, shifted his focus to Lewinsky. He issued a lengthy report containing almost __ details of Clinton's sexual acts with the young woman and accused the president of living when he denied the affair under oath. In December 1998, the Republican-controlled House of Representatives voted to _ Clinton for perjury and obstruction of justice He became the second president to be tried before the Senate. Early in 1999, the vote took place. Neither charge mustered a simple __, much less than the two-thirds required to remove Clinton from office

misconduct extramarital black harassment Monica Lewinsky pornographic impeach majority

The year 1989 was one of the most ___ of the twentieth century. In April, tens of thousands of student demonstrators occupied Tiananmen Square in the heart of Beijing, demanding greater ___ in China. Workers, teachers, and even some government officials joined them, until their numbers swelled to nearly __. Both the reforms ___ ___ had introduced in the Soviet Union and the example of American institutions inspired the protesters. The students erected a figure reminiscent of the Statue of Liberty, calling it "The __ of Democracy and Freedom." In June, Chinese troops crushed the protest, killing an unknown number of people, possibly thousands. In the fall of 1989, pro-democracy demonstrations spread across eastern ___. Gorbachev made it clear that unlike in the past, the Soviet Union would not __. The climactic event took place on November 9 when crowds breached the __ Wall, which since 1961 had stood as the Cold War's most prominent symbol. One by one, the region's ___ governments agreed to give up power. In 1990, a reunified German nation absorbed East Germany. The remarkably swift and almost entirely peaceful collapse of communism in eastern Europe became known as the "___ revolution."

momentous democracy 1 million Mikhail Gorbachev Goddess Europe intervene Berlin communist velvet

Many commentators spoke of the 1990s as the dawn of a "__ economy" in which computers and the Internet would produce vast new efficiencies and the production and sale of information would occupy the central place once held by the manufacture of goods. Computers had first been developed during and after ___ to solve scientific problems and do calculations involving enormous amounts of data. The early ones were extremely large, expensive, and, by modern standards, __. Research for the ___ program of the 1960s spurred the development of improved computer technology, notably the miniaturization of parts thanks to the development of the microchip on which circuits could be imprinted. ___ made possible the development of entirely new consumer products. Videocassette recorders, handheld video games, cellular phones, and digital cameras were mass-produced at affordable prices during the 1990s, mostly in __ & __ __ rather than the United States. But it was the computer that transformed American life Beginning in the 1980s, companies like Apple and IBM marketed computers for business and home use. As computers became smaller, faster, and less expensive, they found a place in businesses of every kind In occupations as ___ as clerical work, banking, architectural design, medical diagnosis, and even factory production, they transformed the American workplace. They also changed private life.

new World War I slow space Microchips Asia and Latin America diverse

By the year 2000, nearly half of all American households owned a ___ computer, used for entertainment, shopping, and sending and receiving electronic mail. Centers of computer ___, such as Silicon Valley south of San Francisco, the Seattle and Austin metropolitan areas, and lower Manhattan, boomed during the 1990s. The ___, first developed as a high-speed military communications network, was simplified and opened to commercial and individual use through personal computers. The Internet expanded the flow of ___ and communications more radically than any invention since the printing press. At a time when the ___ of newspapers, television stations, and publishing houses was becoming concentrated in the hands of a few giant media conglomerates, the fact that anyone with a computer could post his or her ideas for worldwide circulation led "___" (""citizens" of the Internet) to hail the advent of a new, democratic public sphere in cyberspace.

personal technology Internet information ownership netizens

Gay groups also played an increasing role in __. In cities with large gay populations, such as New York and San Francisco, politicians vied to attract their __. Overall, the growth of public tolerance of __ was among the most striking changes in American social attitudes in the last two decades of the century. In the second decade of the twenty-first century, this would lead to the remarkably rapid acceptance of the right of gay Americans to form legal __.

politics votes homosexuality marriages

Latino communities remained far __ than the rest of the country. A flourishing __ class developed in Los Angeles, Miami, and other cities with large Spanish-speaking communities populations. But most immigrants from Mexico and Central America competed at the lowest levels of the __ market. The influx of legal and undocumented immigrants swelled the ranks of low-wage urban workers and agricultural laborers. Latinos lagged far behind other Americans in __. In 2010, their poverty rate stood at nearly __ the national figure of 15 percent. Living and working conditions among predominantly Latino farm workers in the West __ back to levels as dire as when César Chavez established the United Farm Workers union in the 1960s,

poorer middle job education double fell

As in the disputed election that ended Reconstruction (a contest in which Florida had also played a crucial role), it fell to Supreme Court justices to decide the outcome On December 12, 2000, by a 5-4 vote, the Court ordered a halt to the __ of Florida ballots, allowing the state's governor Jeb Bush (George W. Bush's brother) to certify that the Republican candidate had carried the state and had therefore won the presidency The decision in Bush v. Gore was one of the __ in Supreme Court history. In the late 1990s, the Court had reasserted the powers of the states within the federal system Now, however it overturned a decision of the Florida Supreme Court interpreting the state's __ laws. The majority justified their decision by insisting that the "equal protection" clause of the Fourteenth Amendment required that all ballots within a state be counted in accordance with a single standard, something impossible given the wide __ of machines and paper ballots used in Florida. Perhaps recognizing that this new constitutional principle threatened to throw into question results throughout the country- since many states had voting systems as __ as Florida's- the Court added that it applied only in this single case.

recounting oddest election variety complex

Had Clinton been eligible to run for __ in 2000, he would probably have won. But after the death of FDR, the Constitution had been amended to limit presidents to two terms in office. Democrats nominated Vice President Al Gore to succeed Clinton (pairing him with Senator Joseph Lieberman of Connecticut, the first Jewish vice-presidential nominee). Republicans chose _ __, the governor of Texas and son of Clinton's predecessor, as their candidate, with former secretary of defense Dick Cheney as His running mate. The election proved to be one of the __ in the nation's history. The outcome remained uncertain until a month after the ballots had been cast. Gore won the __ vote by a tiny margin -510,000 of 100 million cast, or one-half of 1 percent. Victory in the __ college hinged on which candidate had carried Florida. There amid widespread confusion at the polls and claims of irregularities in counting the ballots, Bush claimed a margin of a few ____ votes. In the days after the election. Democrats demanded a hand recount of the Florida ballots for which machines could not determine a voter's intent. The Florida Supreme Court ordered the ___ to proceed.

reelection George W. Bush closest popular electoral hundred recount

During Clinton's presidency, human ___ played an increasingly important role in international affairs. Hundreds of nongovernmental agencies throughout the world defined themselves as ___ of human rights. During the 1990s, the agenda of international human rights organizations ___ to include access to health care, women's rights, and the rights of indigenous peoples like the Aborigines of Australia and the descendants of the original inhabitants of the Americas. Human rights emerged as a justification for interventions in matters once considered to be the internal affairs of sovereign nations. The United States dispatched the __ to distant parts of the world to assist in international missions to protect civilians. New institutions emerged that sought to punish violations of human rights. The Rwandan genocide produced a UN-sponsored __ _ court that sentenced the country's former prime minister to life in prison. An international __ put Yugoslav president Slobodan Milosevic on trial for sponsoring the massacre of civilians. It remained to be seen whether these initiatives would grow into an __ international system of protecting human rights across national boundaries. Despite adopting human rights as a slogan, many governments continued to __ them in practice.

rights protectors expanded military war crimes tribunal effective violate

Compared with the situation in 1900 or 1950, the most dramatic change in American life at the turn of the century was the absence of legal __ and the presence of blacks in areas of American life from which they had once been almost entirely excluded. Thanks to the decline in overt __ and the effectiveness of many __ action programs, blacks now worked in unprecedented numbers alongside whites in corporate board rooms, offices, and factories. The number of black __, for example, rose from 24,000 to 65,000 between 1970 and 2000, and in the latter year, 87 percent of the black population reported having attended __. The __ boom of the late 1990s aided black Americans enormously; the average income of black families rose more rapidly than that of whites. One major change in black life was the growing __ of Africans among the nation's immigrants Between 1970 and 2010. more than twice as many Africans immigrated to the United States as had entered during the entire period of the Atlantic slave trade. For the first time, all the elements of the African ___- natives of Africa, Caribbean, Central and South Americans of African descent, Europeans with African roots--could be found in the United States alongside the descendants of American slaves.

segregation discrimination affirmative policemen college economic visibility diaspora

Clinton shared his predecessor's passion for free __. Despite strong opposition from unions and environmentalists, he obtained congressional approval in 1998 of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), a treaty negotiated by Bush that created a free-trade __ consisting of Canada, Mexico, and the United States. The major policy initiative of Clinton's first term was a plan devised by a panel headed by his wife, __, a lawyer who had pursued an independent career after their marriage, to address the rising cost of __ and the increasing number of Americans who lacked health insurance In Canada and western Europe, governments provided universal medical coverage. The United States had the world's most advanced medical __ and a woefully incomplete system of health __. The Great Society had provided coverage for the elderly and poor through the Medicare and Medicaid programs. Many employers offered health insurance to their workers. But tens of millions of Americans ___ any coverage at all. Announced with great fanfare by Hillary Rodham Clinton at congressional hearings in 1998, Clinton's plan would have provided __ coverage through large groupings of medical care businesses. Doctors and health insurance and drug companies ___ it vehemently, fearing government regulations that would limit reimbursement for medical procedures and the price of drugs. Too complex to be easily understood by most voters, and vulnerable to criticism for further expanding the unpopular federal bureaucracy, the plan ___ in 1994

trade zone Hillary healthcare technology insurance lacked universal attacked died

Commentators called Clinton's political strategy "__" This meant embracing the most popular Republican policies, like welfare reform, while leaving his opponents with extreme positions unpopular among middle-class voters, such as __ to abortion rights and environmental protection. Clinton's strategy enabled him to ___ Republican claims that Democrats were the party of high taxes and lavish spending on persons who preferred dependency to honest labor. Clinton's passion for free trade alienated many __-class Democrats but convinced much of the middle class that the party was not beholden to the unions. Clinton easily defeated Republican __ __ in the presidential contest of 1996, becoming the first Democrat elected to two terms since FDR Clinton had accomplished for Reaganism what Eisenhower had done for the New Deal, and Nixon for the Great Society- consolidating a basic shift in American politics by accepting many of the premises of his opponents.

triangulation hostility neutralize working Bob Dole

At the height of the 1990s boom, with globalization in full swing, stocks rising, and the economy expanding, the economic model of free trade and deregulation appeared __. But the retreat from government economic regulation, a policy embraced by both the Republican Congress and President Clinton, left no one to represent the public ___. The sectors of the economy most affected by the __: energy, telecommunications, and stock trading had all been subjects of deregulation. Enron could manipulate energy ___ because Congress had granted it an ___ from laws regulating the price of natural gas and electricity.

unassailable interest scandals prices exemption

As in the past, many immigrants became __ residents, with New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Miami the most common destinations. New __ communities emerged, with homes, shops, restaurants, foreign-language newspapers, radio and television stations, and ethnic __ like businessmen and lawyers. Unlike in the past, rather than being concentrated in one or two parts of city centers, immigrants quickly moved into __ neighborhoods and older suburbs. The immigrant influx __ neighborhoods like New York City's Washington Heights (a Dominican enclave) and Flushing (a center for Asian newcomers). By the turn of the century, more than half of all Latinos lived in __. Orange County, California, which had been a stronghold of suburban __ between 1960 and 1990, elected an Latina Democrat to Congress in the late 1990s While most immigrants settled on the East and West Coasts, some moved to other parts of the country. They brought cultural and racial diversity to once-__ communities in the American heartland.

urban ethnic professionals outlying revitalized suburbs conservatism homogeneous

Had a presidential election been held in 1991, Bush would undoubtedly have been __. But in that year the economy slipped into __. Despite victory in the Cold War and the Gulf, more and more Americans believed the country was on the wrong track. No one seized more effectively on the widespread sense of unease than __ __, a former governor of Arkansas. In 1992, Clinton won the Democratic nomination by combining social __(he supported abortion rights, gay rights, and affirmative action for racial minorities) with elements of ___ (he pledged to reduce government bureaucracy and, borrowing a page from Republicans, promised to "end welfare as we know it ). A charismatic campaigner, Clinton conveyed sincere __ for voters' economic anxieties.

victorious recession Bill Clinton liberalism conservatism concern

Because of shifts in immigration, cultural and racial diversity have become increasingly __ in the United States. Until the immigration law of 1965, the vast majority of twentieth-century newcomers hailed from ___. That measure sparked a wholesale shift in immigrants' __. Between 1965 and 2010, nearly __ million immigrants entered the United States, a number larger than the 27 million during the peak period of immigration between 1880 and 1924. About 50 percent came from __ America and the Caribbean, 35 percent from __, and smaller numbers from the Middle East and Africa. Only 10 percent arrived from Europe, mostly from the war-torn Balkans and the former Soviet Union. In 2010, the number of foreign-born persons living in the United States stood at more than 40 million, or __ percent of the population. Although less than the peak proportion of 14 percent in 1910, in absolute numbers this represented the largest immigrant total in the nation's history. The immigrant influx __ the country's religious and racial map. By 2010, more than 4 million Muslims resided in the United States, and the combined population of Buddhists and Hindus exceeded 1 million.

visible Europe origins 38 Latin Asia 13 changed

The Gulf War was the first post-Cold War __ crisis. Relying on high-tech ___ like cruise missiles that reached Iraq from bases and aircraft carriers hundreds of miles away, the United States was able to prevail quickly and avoid the prolonged __ and high casualties of Vietnam. The Soviet Union, in the process of __, remained on the sidelines. In the war's immediate aftermath, Bush's public approval rating __ to an unprecedented 89 percent.

weaponry international involvement disintegration rose

Half of today's Indians live in five __ states (California, Oklahoma, Arizona, New Mexico, and Washington). Although some tribes have reinvested casino profits in __ housing and health care and college __ for Native American students, most Indian casinos are marginal operations whose __-wage jobs as cashiers, waitresses, and the like have done little to relieve Indian poverty. Native Americans continue to occupy the lowest rung on the __ ladder. At least half of those living on reservations have incomes below the poverty line.

western improved scholarships low economic