Chapter 27

All of the following were proposed elements of Truman's Fair Deal except a. right-to-work laws b. civil rights legislation c. national health insurance d. federal aid to education e. extension of Social Security benefits

a. right-to-work laws

The strikes by the United Mine Workers and the nation's railroads in 1946 were settled when a. Truman invited the disagreeing parties to the White House and mediated the dispute b. Truman either ordered or threatened government control c. management agreed to the demands of labor d. management called in strikebreakers e. unions agreed to surrender collective bargaining rights

b. Truman either ordered or threatened government control

The Korean War resulted in all of the following developments except a. a boost to American economic growth at a point when many believed it was about to decline b. an increased confidence in America's position as a world power dedicated to stopping the spread of communism c. the creation of the office of Defense Mobilization to fight inflation, hold down prices, and discourage union wage demands d. a military stalemate that dragged on until 1953 e. the death or wounding of over 100,000 Americans

b. an increased confidence in America's position as a world power dedicated to stopping the spread of communism

Once the United Nations supported military intervention in Korea, UN troops (dominated by Americans) almost defeated the North Koreans until a. Japanese forces invaded China b. Soviet troops invaded South Korea from the Yellow Sea c. Chinese army troops crossed into North Korea in support of the communists d. the North Koreans bombed South Korea's capital e. the Soviet Union vetoed United Nations participation

c. Chinese army troops crossed into North Korea in support of the communists

The Economic Cooperation Administration was also known as the a. Truman Doctrine b. United Nations c. Marshall Plan d. North Atlantic Treaty Organization e. Security Council

c. Marshall Plan

One major purpose of the Taft-Hartley Act was to a. promote human rights abroad b. place an embargo on trade with communist nations c. limit the power of labor unions d. provide reforms of the campaign finance system e. urge an end to the Korean War

c. limit the power of labor unions

The Korean War began when a. Japanese forces invaded South Korea b. Soviet troops invaded South Korea c. Chinese troops invaded South Korea d. North Korean forces invaded South Korea e. Vietnamese forces invaded South Korea

d. North Korean forces invaded South Korea

Among the root causes of the hostility between the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II was a. the fundamental difference between the nations' vision of the postwar world b. the brutality of the Soviet government toward its own people c. the Soviet mistreatment of eastern Europeans during World War II d. the United States refusal to deal with the Soviet Union during the 1920s e. all of the answers above

e. all of the answers above

In dealing with the Soviets during his first few months in office, President Truman a. rejected the notion of "getting tough" with the Soviet Union b. enjoyed great diplomatic leverage concerning eastern Europe c. consented to Soviet demands for reparation payments from all zones of Germany d. agreed to let Stalin determine the political makeup of Germany e. chastised the Soviets for violating the Yalta agreements

e. chastised the Soviets for violating the Yalta agreements

NSC-68 reflected which of the following assumptions about American foreign policy? a. that the United States must differentiate between areas of vital and peripheral interest to American security b. that there are differences among communist nations and that the United States could exploit these c. that the United States must act to protect all areas that were under threat from communist attack or subversion d. that American resources were limited and that the United States must rely heavily upon its allies for the defense of those resources e. that the advent of Soviet nuclear capabilities meant that the United States must pursue a less confrontational approach toward the Soviet Union

c. that the United States must act to protect all areas that were under threat from communist attack or subversion

The election of the 80th Congress in 1946 reflected which of the following trends among the American electorate? a. the desire for a vigorous anti-Soviet foreign policy b. the desire for a continuation of New Deal-style domestic reforms c. the desire to reduce government involvement in the economy and a return to peacetime conditions d. a strong mandate for Truman's handling of the domestic economy e. the desire for bipartisan cooperation between Democrats and Republicans

c. the desire to reduce government involvement in the economy and a return to peacetime conditions

All of the following issues were resolved among the Grand Alliance at Yalta except a. plans for the creation of a postwar international organization b. the decision to allow the Soviet Union to recover territory lost in the Russo-Japanese War c. the shape of the postwar Polish government d. the division of Germany into "zones of occupation" e. the issue of Soviet entry into the war against Japan

c. the shape of the postwar Polish government

As the Allies entered the last year of World War II, all of the principles outlined by the Atlantic Charter were strongly supported by a. Eisenhower b. Churchill c. Clemenceau d. Roosevelt e. Stalin

d. Roosevelt

When Harry Truman assumed the Presidency after Franklin Roosevelt's death, he believed that a. Roosevelt had kept him well informed on international issues b. Stalin was essentially a good man who could be reasoned with c. the Soviet Union was a backward nation that posed no threat to the United States d. Stalin and the Soviet Union were fundamentally untrustworthy e. the Soviet Union's military weakness harmed its commitment to expansion

d. Stalin and the Soviet Union were fundamentally untrustworthy

The National Security Council report represented a. an abandonment of America's containment policy b. a relaxation of America's containment policy c. an affirmation of America's containment policy d. a strengthening of America's containment policy e. a return to pre-World War II isolationism

d. a strengthening of America's containment policy

The Taft-Hartley Act of 1947 was supported by a. most workers and union leaders b. President Truman c. liberal Democrats in Congress d. conservative Republicans in Congress e. civil rights activists

d. conservative Republicans in Congress

The final agreement at Yalta concerning the future of Germany was that Germany would be a. reconstructed and reunited but would remain under strict supervision of the Allies b. divided in half, with East Germany controlled by the Soviets and West Germany controlled by the United States c. allowed to hold a binding vote regarding its preference of either capitalism or communism d. divided into four zones based on the position of troops at the end of the war e. reunited and allowed to hold free elections to set up its own government

d. divided into four zones based on the position of troops at the end of the war

Above all other reasons, policy makers supported the Marshall Plan because they a. had a humanitarian concern for the European people b. feared that Europe would remain an economic drain on the United States if not quickly rebuilt c. desired a strong European market for American goods d. feared that the shaky pro-American governments in western Europe might fall under communist control e. worried that a revitalized Japan would threaten American trade

d. feared that the shaky pro-American governments in western Europe might fall under communist control

In his crusade against domestic subversion, Joseph McCarthy used all of the following means except a. boldly claiming to have a list of known communists working in the American State Department b. intimidating most of the people opposing him c. claiming that the Democrats had been responsible for "twenty years of treason" d. producing conclusive evidence that several federal employees had communist ties e. badgering witnesses and ruining established careers

d. producing conclusive evidence that several federal employees had communist ties

The Atlantic Charter outlined a vision of the postwar world that would a. set up a system of military alliances and spheres of influence b. organize spheres of influence in international trade c. reestablish a system vaguely similar to the traditional European balance of power d. set up an international organization serving as the arbiter of disputes e. allow the Soviet Union to control central and eastern Europe as a buffer against future invasions

d. set up an international organization serving as the arbiter of disputes

The decision to create the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) occurred largely in response to which of the following? a. the Greek Civil War b. the Korean War c. the Berlin Blockade d. the Soviet atomic bomb explosion e. the formation of the Warsaw Pact

d. the Soviet atomic bomb explosion

A key difference between the immediate post-World War I and World War II periods was a. the difficulties in converting from a wartime to a peacetime economy b. the spirit of domestic conservatism among much of the American public c. the desire of Congress to assert itself against the president once the war ended d. the attitude of the American people toward membership in an international peacekeeping organization e. the widespread desire to end wartime regulations as quickly as possible

d. the attitude of the American people toward membership in an international peacekeeping organization

Reservations about the Marshall Plan by American leaders virtually ended when a. the Soviet Union exploded an atomic bomb b. Nazis were discovered hiding in Argentina c. the Chinese exploded an atomic bomb d. there was a pro-Soviet coup in Czechoslovakia e. Soviet troops entered the French zone of Germany

d. there was a pro-Soviet coup in Czechoslovakia

In deciding the issue of Poland at the Teheran Conference in November 1943, the Big Three decided to a. refuse to allow the Soviets to annex any territory historically belonging to Poland b. allow the Soviets to install a procommunist government in Poland c. divide Poland into zones of occupation with a pro-communist government in the eastern half and a pro-western government in the western half d. encourage a self-determination referendum for Polish voters e. leave the issues concerning Poland unresolved

e. leave the issues concerning Poland unresolved

The film style of film noir emphasized a. musical themes that encouraged optimism b. personal biographies that edified traditional American values c. rejection of American political goals in third-world countries d. comedy as a way of causing Americans to forget their troubles e. the alienation of individuals in an impersonal world

e. the alienation of individuals in an impersonal world

In 1948, Stalin initiated the Berlin Blockade in response to a. the creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization b. allegations that Alger Hiss was stealing and sending diplomatic secrets to the Soviet Union c. the launching of the Marshall Plan d. the buildup of the American military in Japan e. the merging of the American, British, and French zones of Germany to create a new West German Republic

e. the merging of the American, British, and French zones of Germany to create a new West German Republic

In the election of 1948, Southern conservatives bolted the Democratic party because a. they objected to Truman's slow and ineffective domestic policies b. they wanted to nominate Dwight D. Eisenhower to be the Democratic candidate instead of Truman c. they resented Truman's confrontational stand against the Soviet Union d. they rejected the New Deal philosophies of the Fair Deal e. they disapproved of Truman's proposed civil rights bill

e. they disapproved of Truman's proposed civil rights bill

In the election of 1948, Truman a. did little campaigning, because he believed he could not win once some Democrats deserted to form their own parties b. defeated Republican candidate Dwight D. Eisenhower by a narrow but decisive margin c. refused to attack the flaws of the opposition party d. won the presidency, but Republicans retained control of both houses of Congress e. won the presidency, and the Democrats also won both houses of Congress

e. won the presidency, and the Democrats also won both houses of Congress

Despite disagreement among historians concerning the origins of the Cold War, many of them have come to accept the post-revisionist interpretation that a. both countries helped to create an atmosphere of tension and suspicion that touched off the Cold War b. the United States initiated the Cold War when it intervened in the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 c. the Soviet Union was merely responding to the military aggressiveness of the United States d. the Soviet Union's demand for reparations from Germany at the end of World War II was the most obvious origin of the Cold War e. the creation of the Warsaw Pact was an unneeded act of Soviet aggression

a. both countries helped to create an atmosphere of tension and suspicion that touched off the Cold War

The Marshall Plan accomplished all of the following except a. caused a few successful pro-western coups b. weakened communist support in member states c. increased European industrial production d. revived opportunities for American trade e. sparked an economic revival in western Europe

a. caused a few successful pro-western coups

During the struggle in China between nationalists and communists after World War II, the United States a. continued to support Chiang Kaishek with money and weapons even when it became clear his cause was lost b. supported the communist leader Mao Zedong, hoping that a communist China friendly to the United States would help stop Soviet aggression c. supported Ho Chi Minh, a compromise leader d. intervened militarily to put an end to the struggle e. took a "hands off" approach by encouraging China to solve its own problems

a. continued to support Chiang Kaishek with money and weapons even when it became clear his cause was lost

The National Security Act of 1947 contained all of the following provisions except a. creating the Atomic Energy Commission to oversee and speed atomic research b. combining the functions of the War and Navy Departments into a new Department of Defense c. creating the Central Intelligence Agency d. expanding the president's power to pursue the nation's international goals e. establishing a new Department of Defense

a. creating the Atomic Energy Commission to oversee and speed atomic research

The National Security Council report resulted from all of the following events except a. the invasion of South Korea by communist North Korean forces b. the fleeing of Chiang Kai-shek and his followers to Taiwan (Formosa) c. the victory of Mao Zedong and his communist forces in China d. the detonation of an atomic bomb by the Soviet Union e. the general belief by the United States that the communists were expansionist

a. the invasion of South Korea by communist North Korean forces

The main source of disagreement between Truman and General MacArthur during the Korean War arose over which of the following issues? a. Truman's desire to give other nations a stronger role in the UN military effort b. Truman's desire to avoid provoking China and widening the war c. Truman's desire to make the South Korean regime more democratic d. MacArthur's desire to limit the use of American ground troops e. MacArthur's plan to land UN troops at Inchon

b. Truman's desire to avoid provoking China and widening the war

Post-World War II America exhibited all of the following economic characteristics except a. a continuation of economic growth in the first year after the war b. a depression after the effects of wartime spending wore off c. several years of serious inflation d. labor unrest and a reshuffling of the labor force e. the rejection of Harry Truman's first Fair Deal

b. a depression after the effects of wartime spending wore off

In the late 1940s, Truman managed to push through Congress all of the following Fair Deal legislation except a. a new minimum wage law to increase the rates b. a national health insurance plan to provide medical care to the poor c. an expansion of the Social Security system d. a National Housing Act to provide construction of low-income housing e. an extension of Social Security benefits to more Americans

b. a national health insurance plan to provide medical care to the poor

At the meeting of the Allies at Casablanca in January 1943, Roosevelt and Churchill a. decided to open an immediate second front in Europe to relieve pressure on the Soviet front b. announced that they would accept nothing less than the unconditional surrender of the Axis powers c. decided to invade Europe before North Africa d. refused to listen to Stalin's views on matters e. chose to momentarily halt research and production of the atomic bomb

b. announced that they would accept nothing less than the unconditional surrender of the Axis powers

All of the following factors contributed to American domestic anticommunism except a. frustration with American lack of progress in the Cold War b. clear proof of large-scale communist infiltration of the federal government c. a desire by Republicans to find an issue with which to discredit Democrats d. President Truman's federal loyalty program e. the persuasive tactics of Senator McCarthy

b. clear proof of large-scale communist infiltration of the federal government

At Yalta, the Big Three agreed on all of the following issues except a. Soviet entrance into the Pacific war after Germany had been defeated b. creation of a democratic government in Poland with equal representation of procommunist and pro-western Poles c. creation of a United Nations to preserve world peace after the end of the war d. the division of Germany into four zones of occupation based on the positions of troops at the end of the war e. the formation of the Security Council as a way of balancing power

b. creation of a democratic government in Poland with equal representation of procommunist and pro-western Poles

Soon after taking office following the death of Franklin Roosevelt, President Truman a. sought to continue FDR's policy of accommodation with the Soviet Union b. sought to work through the United Nations to accomplish American foreign policy goals c. sought to retreat to an isolationist policy d. sought to pursue a tougher policy toward Soviet influence in Eastern Europe e. sought to reach an agreement with the Soviet Union based on respect for each nation's sphere of influence

b. sought to work through the United Nations to accomplish American foreign policy goals

Truman's policy of "containment" called for the United States to a. use aggressive military action to overthrow communist governments in eastern Europe b. support free people who were resisting communist expansion c. return to the isolationism of the 1920s and 1930s d. do as little as possible to maintain the fragile peace e. cut off all foreign aid to nations outside western Europe

b. support free people who were resisting communist expansion

Allied wartime diplomacy illustrated that a. Roosevelt and Stalin consistently joined forces against Churchill b. the Big Three could not agree on the principle of a postwar international peace organization c. Roosevelt and Churchill consistently joined forces against Stalin d. a free and united Poland was a major goal for all three nations e. the Big Three could not settle their basic disagreements

b. the Big Three could not agree on the principle of a postwar international peace organization

The historians who analyzed the Cold War offered all of the following interpretations of its beginning except a. the Cold War resulted from the aggressive Soviet policies of expansion b. the Cold War started because the ideologies of limited government and unlimited government were fundamentally incompatible c. the United States caused the Cold War by insisting that the whole world be open to American trade and influence d. neither side was really to blame for the Cold War because the two most powerful nations in the world were bound to clash e. both sides contributed to the basic causes of the Cold War

b. the Cold War started because the ideologies of limited government and unlimited government were fundamentally incompatible

The history of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization involved all of the following events except a. the members declared that an armed attack against one member would be considered an attack on all b. the United States Senate did not ratify the charter until a decade after the organization was formed c. the crisis in Berlin accelerated the formation of the organization d. the Soviet Union responded to its formation with the creation of the Warsaw Pact e. the members agreed to maintain a standing military force in Europe

b. the United States Senate did not ratify the charter until a decade after the organization was formed

In the early 1950s, the campaign against domestic communism in the United States resulted from all of the following developments except a. the stalemate in Korea b. the death of Mao Zedong c. the Soviet deployment of the atomic bomb d. the fall of China to communism e. the despotic image of Joseph Stalin

b. the death of Mao Zedong

Roosevelt and Churchill had a major disagreement with Stalin at the Teheran Conference regarding a. possible use of atomic weapons to end the war b. the future status of Poland c. the creation of a second front against Germany in eastern Europe d. invasions of Iwo Jima and Okinawa e. the establishment of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization

b. the future status of Poland

The nation's most prominent leader of the crusade against domestic subversion was a. J. Edgar Hoover b. Whittaker Chambers c. Joseph McCarthy d. Richard M. Nixon e. Robert F. Kennedy

c. Joseph McCarthy

Despite a wartime alliance, postwar Soviet-American relations deteriorated for all of the following reasons except a. their disagreement about the political structure of postwar Europe b. their mutual distrust of each other's motives c. Roosevelt's belief that the Soviet government was inflexible and that Stalin was unreasonable d. Stalin's determination to control central and eastern Europe e. their dispute about the nature of Poland's postwar government

c. Roosevelt's belief that the Soviet government was inflexible and that Stalin was unreasonable

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, accused of transferring atomic secrets to the Soviets, were a. convicted and deported to the Soviet Union b. convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment c. convicted, sentenced to death, and executed, despite two years of appeals and public protests d. convicted and sentenced to death, but released after two years of appeals and public protests e. convicted but released when key witnesses admitted to lying

c. convicted, sentenced to death, and executed, despite two years of appeals and public protests

A key factor in Truman's surprise victory in the 1948 election was a. his ability to unify the Democratic Party on civil rights b. his strong support from Democratic liberals and intellectuals who saw him as the heir to FDR c. his ability to relate to ordinary voters during his "whistle-stop" campaign d. his decision to downplay his commitment to the Fair Deal e. his success in handling the conversion to a peacetime economy

c. his ability to relate to ordinary voters during his "whistle-stop" campaign

In the election of 1948, Truman employed all of the following political tactics except a. becoming more aggressive in attacking his opponent b. telling the public that the Republicans had abandoned the common people c. keeping a low profile once he gained a large lead in the polls d. recreating much of Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal coalition e. assailing the Republican Congress for its economic failures

c. keeping a low profile once he gained a large lead in the polls

The Republican candidate, Dwight Eisenhower, won the presidential election of 1952 because much of the public a. was satisfied with the military conduct of the Korean War b. no longer feared communist subversion c. liked the geniality and statesmanlike quality of Eisenhower d. perceived the Democratic candidate as too conservative e. felt that the Democrats had lacked leadership on civil rights

c. liked the geniality and statesmanlike quality of Eisenhower

In response to nationalist weakness and communist success during the Chinese Civil War, American policy in Asia gradually shifted toward a. putting pressure on Chiang Kai-shek to make reforms to increase his popularity among the Chinese peasantry b. considering options for U.S. military intervention in the conflict c. looking toward Japan as an anticommunist bulwark in Asia and promoting rapid recovery instead of reform as an occupation goal there d. seeking an accommodation with Chinese communist leaders in order to prevent them from forming a close connection with the Soviet Union e. seeking a "Third Force" as an alternative to both the nationalists and the communists

c. looking toward Japan as an anticommunist bulwark in Asia and promoting rapid recovery instead of reform as an occupation goal there

The Marshall Plan adopted policies toward communist countries that a. excluded the Soviet Union from assistance b. excluded the Soviet Union and its eastern European satellites from assistance c. offered assistance to the Soviet Union and its eastern European satellites, but they refused d. offered assistance to the Soviet Union and its eastern European' satellites, and they eagerly accepted e. included financial aid for Japan but not the Soviet Union

c. offered assistance to the Soviet Union and its eastern European satellites, but they refused

President Truman relieved Douglas MacArthur from command because MacArthur a. failed to stabilize the front in Korea b. ordered the bombing of communist forces massing north of the Chinese border c. publicly indicated his dissatisfaction with Truman's policy on Korea d. invaded North Korea despite Truman's orders to halt at the 38th parallel e. did not share Truman's desire to invade China

c. publicly indicated his dissatisfaction with Truman's policy on Korea

The conviction of Alger Hiss resulted in all of the following developments except a. linking liberal Democrats with communist subversion b. elevating Richard Nixon to national prominence c. repealing the statute of limitations for espionage so that Hiss could be tried d. encouraging the public's fear that communists had infiltrated the government e. leading to other investigations of communist infiltration

c. repealing the statute of limitations for espionage so that Hiss could be tried

On the issue of racial discrimination, Truman managed to a. begin dismantling segregation within the armed forces b. make lynching a federal crime c. abolish the poll tax d. establish a new Fair Employment Practices Commission to reduce racial discrimination in hiring e. get passage of a comprehensive civil rights bill.

a. begin dismantling segregation within the armed forces

"I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures." This quotation represents which of the following? a. the Marshall Plan b. the North Atlantic Treaty Organization c. the Truman Doctrine d. the Long telegram e. the Iron Curtain speech

c. the Truman Doctrine