Chapter 27 Practice Questions

Conversion of haploid spermatids to functional sperm is specifically called __________. spermiogenesis mitosis meiosis spermatogenesis

a

The area of the sperm cell that contains many mitochondria is the __________. midpiece acrosome head tail

a

The uterine layer shed with each monthly cycle is the __________. tunica albuginea myometrium perimetrium functional layer of endometrium basal layer of endometrium

d The uterine layer shed with each monthly cycle is the functional layer of endometrium. This innermost layer is shed when hormone levels drop at the end of the monthly cycle.

Which hormone stimulates the ruptured ovarian follicle to become the corpus luteum? GnRH estrogen FSH LH

d As indicated by its name, luteinizing hormone stimulates the ruptured ovarian follicle to become the corpus luteum, which will secrete large quantities of progesterone to maintain the stratum functionalis in case conception occurs.

Choose the FALSE statement about oogenesis. Oogenesis occurs in the ovaries. Primary oocytes are stalled in prophase I until puberty. In oogenesis, three polar bodies and one functional gamete are produced. In humans, the secondary oocyte must complete meiosis II before it can be fertilized.

d Female infants are born with primary oocytes that are stalled in prophase I until puberty. At the onset of puberty, each month, one primary oocyte continues with meiosis I. During oogenesis, three polar bodies and one functional gamete are produced. Oogenesis is achieved through meiosis. However, the ovulated secondary oocyte arrests in metaphase II and does not complete meiosis II until it is fertilized.

Meiosis results in __________. two identical diploid cells two nonidentical haploid cells four identical diploid cells four nonidentical diploid cells four nonidentical haploid cells

e

The reason that the testes are suspended in the scrotum is to __________. protect sperm from the immune system place sperm storage sites nearer to the penis to reduce the chance of infection from the enteric bacteria create extra space for the sex organs to provide a cooler temperature

e

The usual site of fertilization is the __________. uterus vulva ovary vagina uterine tube

e

Which male structure is homologous to the female's clitoris? pubis prostate gland scrotum epididymis penis

e Like the clitoris, the penis has erectile tissues.

Sperm are produced in the __________. interstitial cells epididymis prostate gland seminal gland spermatic cord seminiferous tubules

f Seminiferous tubules are coiled tubes within the testes that function in sperm production.

The ovaries are situated retroperitoneally next to the kidneys. True False

false

In response to warmth, the scrotum __________. increases its surface area becomes heavily wrinkled decreases blood flow to the testes pulls the testes closer to the body

a

Which of the following is NOT an effect of testosterone? decreases sperm production stimulates maturation of male sex organs maintains male libido maintains male secondary sex characteristics

a

__________ stimulates the anterior pituitary to release follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Gonadotropin-releasing hormone Estrogen Inhibin Progesterone

a

The surge in LH that occurs during the middle of the ovarian cycle triggers __________. ovulation FSH release activation of primordial follicles uterine-lining secretion menstruation

a The surge in LH that occurs during the middle of the ovarian cycle triggers ovulation, which occurs, on average, on day 14 of the monthly cycle.

In terms of the male sexual response, parasympathetic stimulation causes __________. erection of the penis the penis to become flaccid fertilization spermiogenesis ejaculation

a Parasympathetic stimulation causes NO to be released, causing penile arterioles to dilate, allowing the erectile bodies to fill with blood.

The sperm's acrosome __________. contains enzymes provides motility provides the blood testis barrier has a high density of mitochondria contains nutrients

a The acrosome contains enzymes that allow the sperm to penetrate the egg.

The organ that makes estrogen and progesterone is the __________. ovary vestibular gland vagina hypothalamus pineal gland

a The ovaries, which make estrogen and progesterone, are the primary sex organs of the female.

The primary sex organ(s) of the male is/are the __________. testes prostate epididymis seminal vesicle penis

a The testes are the primary sex organs of males; they are also called gonads.

The __________ is shed during menstruation. stratum functionalis perimetrium myometrium stratum basalis

a The uterine wall has three layers: the perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium. The endometrium has two layers: the stratum functionalis and the stratum basalis. The stratum functionalis (or functional layer of the endometrium) is shed during menstruation in response to declining levels of progesterone. During the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle, the stratum basalis will regenerate the stratum functionalis.

In a typical or "average" cycle, ovulation occurs on day __________. 1 5 14 21 28

c

The pH of the adult female vagina is normally __________. basic neutral acidic alkaline

c

Which hormone is responsible for the development of secondary sex characteristics found in women? FSH LH estrogen progesterone prolactin

c

Which of the following is NOT an effect of estrogen? promotes the development of secondary sex characteristics in females promotes oogenesis promotes diuresis (water loss) helps to sustain the density of the skeleton

c

Which of the following is considered a primary sex organ in males? prostate gland penis testes scrotum

c

Which of the following is true about meiosis? Meiosis involves only one cell division event. Meiosis is how most cells in the body divide. Meiosis produces cells that have a haploid chromosome number. Meiosis leads to the production of genetically identical cells.

c

Which statement about vasectomies is FALSE? They are a highly effective method of birth control. The part of the ductus deferens that lies in the scrotum is cut. They are approximately 10% reversible. They involve a minor surgical procedure.

c

__________ acts upon the __________ to encourage the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Testosterone; anterior pituitary Testosterone; sustentocytes Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH); anterior pituitary Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH); sustentocytes

c Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) acts upon the anterior pituitary to encourage the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). In males, FSH stimulates sustentocytes (Sertoli cells) to produce androgen-binding protein (ABP). In response to rising LH levels, testosterone is produced by interstitial endocrine cells.

__________ cells, located between seminiferous tubules, produce testosterone. Thalamic Follicle Interstitial Myometrial Sustentacular

c Interstitial, or Leydig cells, produce testosterone.

Which of the following hormones is NOT involved in the regulation of the number of sperm produced in the testes? gonadotropin-releasing hormone inhibin PSA testosterone

c PSA is a prostate cancer marker and is not involved in the regulation of spermatogenesis.

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the female sexual response? The final phase of the female sexual response is orgasm. Female orgasm is not required for conception. Testosterone is the hormone that is primarily responsible for female libido. The female sexual response is similar to that of males.

c The female and male sexual responses are similar. The final phase of the female sexual response is orgasm; however, orgasm is not necessary for conception to occur. It was originally thought that testosterone was the main regulator of libido in males and in females. However, recent evidence suggests that dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is the main androgen that is associated with female libido.

Which of the following represents the order in which reproductive hormones are secreted in males? FSH, LH, GnRH, testosterone FSH, GnRH, LH, testosterone GnRH, LH/FSH, testosterone, inhibin LH, GnRH, FSH, testosterone FSH, GnRH, testosterone, LH

c The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis regulates the production of gametes and sex hormones in males.

During anaphase I, what structures separate and move to opposite poles of the cell? nonhomologous chromosomes nucleoli tetrads sister chromatids

c The tetrads, composed of replicated homologous chromosomes, will separate and migrate to the poles of the cell during anaphase I.

Which of the following statements about myoid cells is true? They elevate the testes. They form a duct that conveys sperm from the epididymis to the prostate gland. When they contract, they cause wrinkling of the scrotal skin. They surround the seminiferous tubules and contract rhythmically to squeeze sperm and testicular fluid through the tubules out of the testes.

d

Which of the following structures passes through the inguinal canal? the epididymis the prostatic urethra the ejaculatory duct the spermatic cord

d

Within the ovary, progesterone is produced by the __________. corpus albicans tertiary follicles secondary follicles corpus luteum primary follicles

d

The basic difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis is that __________. two polar bodies are produced in spermatogenesis the mature ovum is haploid and the sperm is diploid spermatogenesis involves mitosis and meiosis, but oogenesis involves meiosis only one mature ovum is produced in oogenesis, and four mature sperm are produced in spermatogenesis the mature ovum is diploid and the sperm is haploid

d

The diploid chromosome number in humans is __________. 12 23 24 46

d

The muscular layer of the uterine wall is called the __________. perimetrium epimetrium endometrium myometrium

d

What is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted disease in the United States? syphilis vaginitis genital warts chlamydia gonorrhea

d

Which of the following are MISMATCHED? ovulation; release of a secondary oocyte ovarian cycle; monthly series of events associated with maturation of an egg follicular phase; development of a secondary oocyte within a dominant follicle luteal phase; characterized by decreased progesterone levels

d

Match the following. match each item in the first column to the corresponding item in the second column 1 - uterine (fallopian) tubes 2 - fimbriae 3 - uterus 4 - vagina 5 - ovaries A - thin-walled structure that connects the uterus to the body exterior B - receives, retains, and nourishes a fertilized ovum C - fingerlike projections that brush over the ovary D - generally the site of fertilization of the ovulated oocyte E - house and form the female gametes

uterine (fallopian) tubes D. generally the site of fertilization of the ovulated oocyte fimbriae C. fingerlike projections that brush over the ovary uterus B. receives, retains, and nourishes a fertilized ovum vagina A. thin-walled structure that connects the uterus to the body exterior ovaries E. house and form the female gametes

The main component of semen is sperm. True False

false

In order, list the structures sperm will pass through from the testes to the external urethral orifice. ejaculatory duct, epididymis, seminiferous tubules, vas deferens, spongy urethra, prostatic urethra, ampulla seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens, ampulla, ejaculatory duct, prostatic urethra, spongy urethra epididymis, ampulla, seminiferous tubules, vas deferens, spongy urethra, prostatic urethra, ejaculatory duct epididymis, seminiferous tubules, ampulla, vas deferens, prostatic urethra, ejaculatory duct, spongy urethra

b Sperm are produced in the seminiferous tubule and exit via the urethra.

The functional layer of the endometrium is shed in response to __________. increased estrogen levels decreased progesterone levels increased progesterone levels decreased estrogen levels

b The endometrium has two layers: the stratum functionalis and the stratum basalis. The stratum functionalis (or functional layer of the endometrium) is shed during menstruation in response to declining levels of progesterone. During the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle, the stratum basalis will regenerate the stratum functionalis.

The __________ develop into the female duct system. urethral folds paramesonephric ducts mesonephric ducts gonadal ridges

b The mesonephric ducts develop into the male duct system, and the paramesonephric ducts develop into the female duct system.

Which of the following structures makes up most of the male urethral length? membranous urethra spongy urethra ejaculatory duct prostatic urethra

b The spongy urethra makes up 75% of the male urethra.

__________ is a sexually transmitted disease that is associated with cervical cancer. Syphilis Trichomoniasis Genital herpes Genital warts

d HPV (human papillomavirus) causes genital warts. There are about 60 different types of HPV. Some papillomaviruses are sexually transmitted and cause genital warts, which are associated with cervical cancer. Some strains of HPV are more likely to cause cervical cancer than others. Fortunately, there is now a vaccination to protect women against the HPV most closely associated with cervical cancer.

Which cell type is ovulated from the ovary? ovum oogonium primary oocyte secondary oocyte tertiary oocyte

d Secondary oocytes are ovulated from the ovary. Females do not ovulate true egg cells. The secondary oocyte does not complete meiosis II and become a true ovum until a sperm penetrates the cell.

In which uterine phase does the functional layer of the endometrium start to rebuild? secretory ovulation menstrual proliferative preovulatory

d The functional layer of the endometrium starts to rebuild in the proliferative phase, which is initiated by rising estrogen levels.

The __________ of the mammary glands are responsible for producing milk during lactation. lactiferous ducts areolae lactiferous sinuses alveoli

d The lobules of the mammary glands contain glandular alveoli that are responsible for milk production when a woman is lactating. The alveoli then pass the milk they produce to the lactiferous ducts, which open to the outside at the nipple. Just deep to the areola, each lactiferous duct has a dilated region called a lactiferous sinus, where milk accumulates during nursing.

Which of the following structures help(s) to keep the testes at a cool temperature? the rete testis the testicular arteries the interstitial endocrine cells the pampiniform plexus

d The pampiniform plexus absorbs heat from testicular arteries, cooling the arterial blood before it enters the testes.

match each item in the first column to the corresponding item in the second column. 1 - interstitial endocrine cells (Leydig cells) 2 - seminiferous tubules 3 - tunica albuginea 4 - epididymis 5 - pampiniform venous plexus a - site of sperm production in the testes b - fibrous capsule of the testes c - cools arterial blood to keep the testes below core temperature d - site of sperm storage e - make testosterone

interstitial endocrine cells (Leydig cells) e. make testosterone seminiferous tubules A. site of sperm production in the testes tunica albuginea B. fibrous capsule of the testes epididymis D. site of sperm storage pampiniform venous plexus C. cools arterial blood to keep the testes below core temperature

Match the phases of meiosis to the events that occur in each phase. match each item in the first column to the corresponding item in the second column. 1 - prophase I 2 - metaphase I 3 - anaphase I 4 - telophase I 5 - telophase II a - Four genetically unique haploid cells are formed. b - Two genetically unique haploid cells are formed. c - Homologous chromosomes separate from one another. d - Tetrads align randomly along the cell's equator. e - Crossovers form.

prophase I E. Crossovers form. metaphase I D. Tetrads align randomly along the cell's equator. anaphase I C. Homologous chromosomes separate from one another. telophase I B. Two genetically unique haploid cells are formed. telophase II A. Four genetically unique haploid cells are formed.