Chapter 27: practice test, tophat, mastering biology

Which animal is an amphibian?

caecilian

Sponges feed by

filtering small particles from water

A lamprey, a shark, a lizard, and a rabbit share all these characteristics except __________.

hinged jaws

The majority of animal species are

insects

Symmetry is one of the most basic characteristics of animals. The group that has a different symmetry from the other four groups listed here is the

jellies

Unlike other animals, sponges

lack tissues

A __________ is a chordate but not a vertebrate.

lancelet

The opossum is an example of a(n) __________ mammal.

marsupial

All mammals __________.

nourish their offspring through mammary glands

Animal tissues develop from embryonic germ layers. Triploblastic animals have three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) and three basic body plans related to body cavities (acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, and coelomate).

-A diploblast has no mesoderm. -A pseudocoelom has the same functions as a true coelom. -In a coelomate, the tissue lining the inner side of the body cavity arises from the same germ layer as the tissue lining the outer side of the body cavity.

Which statements about the phylogenetic tree are true?

-Descendants of organism (d) have limbs with digits. -Rays and frogs have vertebrae. -Organism (a) is a common ancestor of all chordates. -Birds and ray-finned fishes have a notochord and jaws. -Mammals and turtles are more closely related than are lungfishes and sharks.

Nematodes and arthropods are the largest ecdysozoan phyla. Which of the following statements are true?

-Some nematodes are parasitic on humans. -Arthropods are named for their jointed appendages. -Arthropods possess an open circulatory system. -Both nematodes and arthropods possess an external covering, or cuticle. -Both nematodes and arthropods must molt in order to increase in size

Which species of hominin had a brain volume closest to the brain volume of the chimpanzee?

Australopithecus afarensis

The phylum Arthropoda includes four major lineages: cheliceriforms (also called chelicerates); myriapods; insects and their relatives (together called hexapods); and crustaceans.

Cheliceriforms, which are named for their clawlike feeding appendages, called chelicerae, include sea spiders, horseshoe crabs, spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites. Myriapods include millipedes and centipedes, which are terrestrial species. Crustaceans are primarily aquatic animals such as lobsters, crabs, and crayfish. Insects possess three body regions (head, thorax, and abdomen), may have one or more pairs of wings, and have six legs. Insects are the largest and most diverse group of arthropods, including numerous species of butterflies, beetles, flies, ants, and many others

All chordates share a set of derived characters during at least some part of their life.

In many chordates, these characters develop into different structures or are reduced in form as the animal continues its development. For example, the pharyngeal slits develop into gill slits in aquatic vertebrates, and a jointed skeleton forms around a reduced notochord in most vertebrates.

Insects are the most diverse group of organisms, in terms of numbers of species, dominating terrestrial habitats. More than 30 orders of insects have been described, with the order Coleoptera being the largest. Classification is based on traits such as wings and mouthparts. All insects have a three-part body plan consisting of a head, thorax, and abdomen; three pairs of walking legs; and one or two pairs of wings. The chart below indicates defining characteristics for eight of the more than 30 orders of insects.

Insects and their relatives are the most species-rich group of living organisms. The diversity of characteristics such as wing shape, mouthparts, and reproductive tactics enable insects to live in most terrestrial and freshwater habitats. The evolutionary tree below shows the relationship between the phyla and subphyla within the clade Ecdysozoa, which includes animals with tough outer coverings that must be shed for growth to occur. Myriapods, cheliceriforms, crustaceans, and insects and their relatives (hexapods) together comprise the phylum Arthropoda, which is marked by jointed appendages, segmented bodies, and hard exoskeletons. Note that the tree does not show all phyla in the clade Ecdysozoa, nor does it show all orders of insects and their relatives in the subphylum Hexapoda.

Lancelets and tunicates are two groups of chordates. Classify each statement as applying to lancelets, tunicates, both lancelets and tunicates, or neither.

Tunicates and lancelets are two groups of chordates. Both possess the four derived characters of chordates during their development. However, whereas adult lancelets retain all four of these characters, adult tunicates retain only one (pharyngeal slits). Lancelets swim by contracting a series of muscles located along the side of the notochord, which results in a motion similar to the swimming motion of fishes. Larval tunicates are mobile, using their tail muscles and notochord to propel themselves through the water; adult tunicates are sessile or float with the current. Adult lancelets and tunicates use their pharyngeal slits to filter suspended food particles from the water.

The adaptation that freed vertebrates from water for reproduction and allowed them to radiate into diverse terrestrial environments was the

amniotic egg

Which set of animals contains only gnathostomes?

rays, turtles, pigeons, and tuna

All animals with bilateral symmetry have __________ germ layer(s)

three

In most insects, gas exchange is accomplished by

tracheal system