Chapter 27 Questions

The visual pigment rhodopsin contains retinal, which is synthesized from its vitamin ____ precursor. A. A B. B12 C. C D. D E. E

A. A

Which type of vitamins will be absorbed from the intestine into lacteals (lymphatic capillaries)? A. Fat-soluble B. Water-soluble

A. Fat-soluble

In response to decreases in body temperature, the brain signals the: A. anterior pituitary to release thyroid-stimulating hormone. B. anterior pituitary to release thyroid-inhibiting hormone. C. posterior pituitary to release thyroid-releasing hormone. D. posterior pituitary to release thyroid-inhibiting hormone.

A. anterior pituitary to release thyroid-stimulating hormone.

Disaccharides are one type of: A. carbohydrate. B. starch. C. lipid. D. essential amino acid. E. triglyceride.

A. carbohydrate.

Vitamins A, D, E, and K are: A. fat-soluble. B. water-soluble.

A. fat-soluble.

In general, the greater the surface area of the skin, the ________ the basal metabolic rate. A. higher B. lower

A. higher

In response to the increased availability of nutrients during the absorptive state, liver and muscle: A. increase glycogenesis. B. increase gluconeogenesis. C. decrease amino acid uptake. D. all of the choices are correct.

A. increase glycogenesis.

Calcium, chlorine, and cobalt are all examples of _______ minerals. A. major B. trace C. fat-soluble D. nonessential

A. major

Compared to other types of lipoproteins, very-low-density lipoproteins contain the _______ lipid. A. most B. least

A. most

Frostbite results from peripheral _________ due to exposure to cold temperatures. A. vasoconstriction B. vasodilation

A. vasoconstriction

Which statement accurately describes the flow of blood through sinusoids of the liver? A. Blood flows within the sinusoids away from the central blood vessel. B. Blood flows within the sinusoids toward the central blood vessel. C. Some sinusoids contain blood flowing toward the center of the lobule, other sinusoids contain blood flowing away from the center of the lobule. D. Blood and bile mix within the sinusoids and flow toward larger and larger bile ducts.

B. Blood flows within the sinusoids toward the central blood vessel.

How do low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) move into cells? A. LDLs diffuse through channels in the membrane. B. LDLs are engulfed through receptor-mediated endocytosis. C. LDLs diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer. D. LDLs are transported through a pump that is also an ATPase.

B. LDLs are engulfed through receptor-mediated endocytosis.

Recommended daily allowances were established by the Food and Nutrition board as directed by the: A. largest food-producing companies. B. National Academy of Sciences.

B. National Academy of Sciences.

Positive nitrogen balance describes a condition where: A. an individual's nitrogen input is equal to its loss in urine and feces. B. an individual absorbs more nitrogen than is excreted. C. an individual's nitrogen intake is greater than phosphate intake. D. too many proteins are being ingested in the diet. E. a food has a positive effect on blood nitrogen levels.

B. an individual absorbs more nitrogen than is excreted.

Recommended daily allowances established by the Food and Nutrition Board are based on: A. individual needs and factor in sex, age, and body mass. B. averages obtained from population studies.

B. averages obtained from population studies.

Bile canaliculi are located: A. within branches of the hepatic artery. B. between cords of hepatocytes. C. adjacent to the central artery of a liver lobule. D. adjacent to the central vein of a liver lobule.

B. between cords of hepatocytes.

Vitamin K is known to be essential for synthesis of: A. visual photopsins. B. blood clotting proteins. C. calciferol. D. stable cell membranes. E. collagen.

B. blood clotting proteins.

Beta oxidation is a step in the synthesis of cholesterol that involves: A. closing of a linear fatty acid chain into a steroid loop. B. breakdown of fatty acids into two-carbon units to form acetyl CoA. C. synthesis of bile salts from precursor lipids. D. absorption of micelles from the small intestine.

B. breakdown of fatty acids into two-carbon units to form acetyl CoA.

Lacto-ovo vegetarians do not eat animal flesh: A. nor do they eat milk, eggs, or cheese. B. but do eat milk, eggs, and cheese.

B. but do eat milk, eggs, and cheese.

A nonessential amino acid is one that: A. is not used in any physiological functions. B. can be made within the body. C. has the same structure as one of the other amino acids. D. needs to come from the diet.

B. can be made within the body.

Milk is a source of lactose, which is a: A. lipid. B. carbohydrate. C. protein. D. vitamin.

B. carbohydrate.

Muscle cramps are associated with a deficiency in: A. copper. B. chlorine. C. vitamin A. D. monosaccharides.

B. chlorine.

If more glucose is consumed than is needed, the glucose can be: A. converted to an essential amino acid so that protein synthesis can increase. B. converted to acetyl CoA that is then used to synthesize triglycerides for storage. C. broken down to 2 NADH molecules that can enter the citric acid cycle. D. deaminated by the liver and sent to the kidney for excretion in the urine.

B. converted to acetyl CoA that is then used to synthesize triglycerides for storage.

When fatty acids are metabolized for cellular respiration, the first step involves breaking two carbons off the chain at a time to form acetyl CoA molecules. Acetyl CoA then: A. undergoes glycolysis. B. enters the citric acid cycle. C. begins the electron transport chain. D. is converted to pyruvate and lactate.

B. enters the citric acid cycle.

The absorptive state occurs: A. about 12 hours after a meal, when you are sleeping. B. from when you are eating until about 4 hours after the meal.

B. from when you are eating until about 4 hours after the meal.

Negative nitrogen balance is commonly seen in individuals who: A. are pregnant or growing. B. have lost blood or are malnourished.

B. have lost blood or are malnourished.

Vigorous physical activity causes total metabolic rate to: A. increase for the duration of the exercise. B. increase during the exercise and for hours afterwards. C. remain constant. D. decrease to conserve energy during the exercise but increase to repay oxygen debt. E. decrease during the exercise and for hours afterwards.

B. increase during the exercise and for hours afterwards.

When an individual is exposed to cold temperatures, total metabolic rate: A. decreases. B. increases. C. remains constant.

B. increases.

Insulin causes adipose tissue to: A. stimulate lipolysis and inhibit lipogenesis. B. inhibit lipolysis and stimulate lipogenesis. C. stimulate both lipolysis and lipogenesis. D. stimulate lipolysis and gluconeogenesis.

B. inhibit lipolysis and stimulate lipogenesis.

Cofactors such as NADH are found in all cells of the body and are often recycled. Such cofactors are categorized as __________ vitamins. A. essential B. nonessential

B. nonessential

One of the metabolic functions of the liver is transamination, which is conversion of: A. NH2 to urea. B. one amino acid form to another. C. amino acid into carbohydrate. D. acetyl CoA to a ketone body.

B. one amino acid form to another.

High density lipoproteins (HDLs) are associated with the tranport of lipid from the: A. liver to periperal tissues. B. peripheral tissues to the liver.

B. peripheral tissues to the liver.

During the absorptive state, insulin release is: A. inhibited. B. stimulated.

B. stimulated.

An increase in metabolic rate would alter body temperature and trigger a compensatory: A. stimulation of sweat glands and vasoconstriction in blood vessels of the skin. B. stimulation of sweat glands and vasodilation in blood vessels of the skin. C. inhibition of sweat glands and vasoconstriction in blood vessels of the skin. D. inhibition of sweat glands and vasodilation in blood vessels of the skin.

B. stimulation of sweat glands and vasodilation in blood vessels of the skin.

Fruits, maple syrup, and sugar are all sources of: A. cellulose. B. sucrose. C. lactose. D. nitrogen.

B. sucrose.

Sweating and shivering are necessary adaptations because: A. all parts of the body must remain at normal body temperature to maintain life. B. the health of vital organs requires a near-normal temperature, and metabolic rate fluctuates with changes in the environment. C. to ensure that total metabolic rate remains constant, the body generates or releases heat as needed. D. proteins rapidly denature when tissue temperature drops below 98.5F.

B. the health of vital organs requires a near-normal temperature, and metabolic rate fluctuates with changes in the environment.

Iron is considered a: A. major mineral, because it has a crucial physiological role. B. trace mineral, because less than 100 milligrams are required daily in the diet. C. major mineral, because it is extremely abundant in the Earth. D. trace mineral, because it is rare on the Earth.

B. trace mineral, because less than 100 milligrams are required daily in the diet.

Zinc has functions in: A. hemoglobin and electron transport. B. wound healing and protein synthesis. C. protein synthesis and thyroid hormone production. D. blood clotting and neurotransmitter release. E. exocytosis of neurotransmitter and steroid hormone production.

B. wound healing and protein synthesis.

In 2011, the USDA created ________ to replace the food pyramid. A. RDA B. the Food and Nutrition Board C. MyPlate D. NutritionFacts

C. MyPlate

In addition to its functions in the skeleton, calcium is important for: A. the electron transport chain within red blood cells. B. the production of thyroid hormone. C. blood clotting and neurotransmitter release. D. protein synthesis and wound healing.

C. blood clotting and neurotransmitter release.

An amine group that is removed from an amino acid within a hepatocyte is then: A. used to form a peptide bond between a protein and a lipid. B. used to generate bile salts and excreted in the feces. C. converted to urea and eliminated as part of urine. D. sent to a mitochondria to enter the citric acid cycle.

C. converted to urea and eliminated as part of urine.

Metabolic rate is a measurement of the: A. total number of calories consumed per hour. B. amount of oxygen consumed per kilogram of body weight. C. energy used in a given period of time. D. heat given off by contracting muscles.

C. energy used in a given period of time.

The area of the brain that provides the primary control of body temperature is the: A. cerebellum. B. cerebral cortex. C. hypothalamus. D. pineal gland. E. medulla.

C. hypothalamus.

When glucose enters the metabolic pathway of cellular respiration it: A. is converted into acetyl CoA. B. binds to oxaloacetic acid and forms citric acid. C. is oxidized to two pyruvate molecules. D. forms the coenzyme NADH.

C. is oxidized to two pyruvate molecules.

Triglycerides and steroids are both examples of: A. essential amino acids. B. nonessential amino acids. C. lipids. D. carbohydrates. E. proteins.

C. lipids.

Iodine is an example of a(n): A. essential amino acid. B. vitamin. C. mineral. D. nitrogenous base.

C. mineral.

Inorganic ions such as sodium and potassium are: A. vitamins. B. essential amino acids. C. minerals. D. trace carbohydrates.

C. minerals.

MyPlate depicts fruits and vegetables occupying _______ of the plate. A. one-tenth B. one-fourth C. one-half D. nine-tenths

C. one-half

Core body temperature is the: A. average temperature across all portions of the body. B. average body temperature across all hours of the day. C. temperature of the head and torso. D. temperature recorded at the center of the long bones of the limbs.

C. temperature of the head and torso.

Gram for gram, the largest amount of energy can be stored in the body in the form of: A. vitamins. B. steroids. C. triglycerides. D. monosaccharides. E. polysaccharides.

C. triglycerides.

At the middle of a liver lobule is a central: A. artery. B. arteriole. C. vein. D. sinusoidal capillary. E. biliary ductule.

C. vein.

Vitamin C is a: A. fat-soluble, essential vitamin. B. fat-soluble, nonessential vitamin. C. water-soluble, essential vitamin. D. water-soluble, nonessential vitamin.

C. water-soluble, essential vitamin.

What effect does glucagon have on protein metabolism? A. It directly stimulates catabolism of proteins. B. It stimulates the buildup of proteins from amino acids. C. It increases absorption of amino acids in the intestine. D. It has no effect on body proteins.

D. It has no effect on body proteins.

To maintain homeostasis, the hormone that is secreted during the postabsorptive state causes: A. a decrease in the level of fatty acids in the blood. B. an increase in protein synthesis in tissue cells. C. formation of tryglicerides from fatty acids. D. an increase in the level of blood sugar.

D. an increase in the level of blood sugar.

Cellulose is a type of __________ from plants that remains in the GI tract as fiber and aids in the movement of material through the tract. A. vitamin B. lipid C. protein D. carbohydrate E. mineral

D. carbohydrate

Metabolic rate can be measured with a respirometer that measures: A. water content of the breath in order to directly measure the products of cellular respiration. B. water content of the breath in order to indirectly measure the products of cellular respiration. C. temperature of the expired air in order to measure the rate of the sum of all reactions within the body. D. oxygen consumption in order to indirectly measure heat production and energy expenditure. E. temperatures of carbon dioxide and oxygen to determine how much the body warmed the respiratory gas.

D. oxygen consumption in order to indirectly measure heat production and energy expenditure.

Vitamin D is crucial for the absorption of the important mineral ________ from the gastrointestinal tract.

calcium

A water-filled chamber into which someone is placed in order to measure her basal metabolic rate is called a __________.

calorimeter

Proteins that supply all of our essential amino acids are described as ________ proteins.

complete

Removal of the amine group from amino acids is a process that occurs in the liver known as ___________.

deamination

The major regulatory hormone of the postabsorptive state is ___________.

glucagon

Because lipids are nonpolar, they must be wrapped by other molecules to be transported through the blood. This combined molecule is known as a ___________.

lipoprotein

Minerals that must be ingested at levels greater than 100 milligrams per day are referred to as _______ minerals.

major

Someone who does not eat most animal flesh but does eat fish is a ___________.

pescatarian