CHAPTER 28

a

According to the _____________ Doctrine, the Soviet Union had the right to intervene in any socialist country whenever it saw the need. A) Brezhnev B) Gorbachev C) Stalin D) Khrushchev E) Dubèek

d

After World War II, the Soviet Union A) experienced a period of general freedom. B) underwent a consumer revolution. C) reintroduced Lenin's New Economic Policy. D) returned to the totalitarianism of the 1930s. E) accepted Marshall Plan aid from the United States.

d

Approximately what percentage of persons in the West educated in science and technology have been involved in weapons production in the postwar era? A) one-twentieth. B) one-tenth. C) one-fifth. D) one-fourth. E) one-half.

e

At which conference did U.S. President Harry Truman insist that Stalin immediately allow free elections in the eastern European states under Red Army occupation? A) Munich Conference. B) Teheran Conference. C) Yalta Conference. D) Helsinki Conference. E) Potsdam Conference.

d

Between 1981 and 1989, Ronald Reagan and the U.S. Congress A) increased taxes on the wealthy. B) cut defense spending. C) increased taxes and government-provided social services. D) cut taxes and ballooned the government deficit. E) eliminated the budget deficit by cutting government social services.

a

Changes in the structure of European society after World War II were primarily the result of A) economic and technological transformation. B) rising birthrates among the lower classes. C) the slaughter of World War II. D) political and social revolution. E) large-scale emigration.

b

Common goals of the women's movement included all of the following except A) eliminating discrimination in the workplace. B) elimination of male-dominated governments. C) legislation to legalize abortion and divorce. D) support for programs to help single parents. E) support for affordable day care.

e

Conservative party figures ousted Khruschev from the Soviet leadership because of all of the following except A) Stalin's former henchmen feared that Khrushchev's de-Stalinization campaign would ultimately reach them. B) Khrushchev's 1958 failure to force the NATO allies out of West Berlin. C) Khrushchev's humiliation in the Cuban missile crisis of 1962. D) de-Stalinization ultimately threatened the party's monopoly on political power. E) Khrushchev's readiness to let Soviet satellites leave the Warsaw Pact.

b

Following his election to the U.S. presidency in 1968, Richard Nixon A) immediately withdrew American troops from Vietnam. B) gradually reduced American involvement in the Vietnam War. C) increased the number of American troops in Vietnam. D) halted U.S. bombing of Vietnam. E) invaded North Vietnam.

c

Following the failure of his program of nationalization and public investment in the early 1980s, French president François Mitterrand A) resigned. B) failed to win reelection. C) was forced to introduce austerity measures. D) declared that socialism was dead. E) withdrew France from the Common Market.

e

French decolonization in sub-Saharan Africa A) broke all ties with the former colonies. B) effectively removed Western influence in Africa. C) resulted from long wars for colonial independence. D) effectively cut France off from African markets. E) enhanced economic and cultural ties with former colonies.

a

How was the Tet Offensive launched by the Vietcong in January 1968 perceived in the United States? A) As a decisive American defeat. B) As an American victory. C) As a sign that the North Vietnamese were at the end of their tether. D) As a sign of Soviet direction of the Vietcong and North Vietnamese war effort. E) As a sign that more U.S. troops were needed to crush the communist insurgency.

a

In 1931, with Guomindang armies closing in on him, ___________ led his followers on a 5,000 mile march. A) Mao Zedong B) Chiang Kai-shek C) Ho Chi Minh D) Gandhi E) Sun Yatsen

e

In 1954, the ____________ were defeated by the forces of Ho Chi Minh. A) Portuguese B) Dutch C) Italians D) British E) French

c

In 1956, Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the ____________, provoking a military conflict with France and Britain. A) Egyptian oil industry B) Egyptian steel industry C) Suez Canal Company D) Egyptian energy industry E) Egyptian agricultural sector

d

In 1958, General de Gaulle established the ____________ Republic in France. A) Second B) Third C) Fourth D) Fifth E) Sixth

d

In Great Britain, Margaret Thatcher's efforts to encourage low- and moderate-income renters to buy their apartments A) failed miserably. B) led to destructive debt levels for poorer people. C) was supported by the Labour party. D) created a new class of property owners. E) led to accusations that Thatcher was a socialist.

a

In November 1943 the Big Three met in _____________ to discuss the shape of the postwar world. A) Teheran B) Potsdam C) London D) Istanbul E) Helsinki

c

In order to foster economic growth, the German Minister of the Economy Ludwig Erhard A) dismantled the extensive social welfare network. B) retained the Nazi-era economic planning machinery. C) emphasized free market capitalism. D) adopted the French model of a mixed economy. E) privatized major state-owned industries.

b

In the 1920s and 1930s, ____________ built a mass movement in India preaching nonviolent "noncooperation." A) Nehru B) Gandhi C) Ashoka D) Jinna E) Das Gupta

c

Jews in Palestine proclaimed the state of Israel A) when the French gave up their League of Nations mandate over Palestine. B) when Germany surrendered in May 1945. C) when the British withdrew from Palestine in 1948. D) when the United States proclaimed the Truman Doctrine in 1947. E) when the U.S. Congress promised economic assistance in 1949.

d

Simone de Beauvoir argued that women could become freer through A) political revolution. B) the abolition of marriage. C) refusal to have children. D) courageous action and self-assertive creativity. E) sexual promiscuity.

a

Simone de Beauvoir was A) an influential author in the postwar feminist movement. B) minister of culture in Charles de Gaulle's government. C) a French Resistance fighter executed by the Nazis. D) secretary of the French Communist party during the strikes and riots of 1947. E) president of the Sorbonne during the student uprising of 1968.

c

The European Common Market was created by the Treaty of A) Paris. B) Potsdam. C) Rome. D) Yalta. E) Versailles.

c

The Helsinki agreement of 1975 called for A) the nonproliferation of nuclear weapons. B) the reunification of eastern and western Europe. C) respect for human rights and the recognition of existing political boundaries. D) American deescalation in Vietnam and Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan. E) Finnish neutrality in the cold war.

c

The Manhattan Project was responsible for the development of A) jet aircraft. B) radar. C) the atomic bomb. D) computers. E) code-breaking algorithms.

a

The essence of Willy Brandt's policies toward the Eastern bloc was A) to seek peace and reconciliation. B) the reunification of Germany. C) to reduce the influence of NATO in Germany. D) to establish German neutrality in the cold war. E) to reassert German claims to majority-German areas of eastern Europe.

b

The founder of the National Organization for Women was A) Simone de Beauvoir. B) Betty Friedan. C) Margaret Thatcher. D) Helen Gurley Brown. E) Janis Joplin.

a

The goal of the Truman Doctrine was to A) contain communism in areas liberated by the Red Army. B) rebuild the European economies. C) force the communists out of eastern Europe. D) destroy the communist parties in western Europe. E) enable cuts in U.S. military spending.

a

The growth of the middle class in the postwar era has been attributed primarily to A) increased demand for technologists and managers. B) the strength of family-owned businesses. C) the high birthrate among this class. D) increased opportunities for new businesses. E) high taxes on the wealthy.

d

The leaders of the Czechoslovak reform movement of 1968 attempted to A) abolish the Communist party. B) remove Czechoslovakia from the Warsaw Pact. C) reintroduce capitalism and liberalism. D) make communism more humane. E) collectivize agriculture.

b

The leveling of European society was a product of all of the following except A) social welfare programs. B) increased immigration resulting from decolonization. C) a rising standard of living and standardized consumer goods. D) higher taxes on the rich. E) high demand by government and corporations for technologists and managers.

a

The misery index is a measurement that A) combines inflation and unemployment rates. B) measures per capita levels of malnutrition and disease. C) combines expenditures for oil and government deficits. D) links per capita income to oil imports. E) combines infant mortality rates and levels of illiteracy.

d

The ultimate goal of Robert Schuman's plan for an international organization to coordinate coal and steel production in Europe was to A) rebuild the European economy. B) create a single competitive market in Europe. C) reduce the influence of the United States. D) bind the members of the Common Market so closely that war would be impossible. E) facilitate an arms buildup to defend western Europe from the Warsaw Pact.

c

The wave of social unrest that almost toppled de Gaulle's Fifth Republic was begun by A) workers. B) peasants. C) students. D) civil servants. E) the army.

e

The youth counterculture of the late 1950s and 1960s was characterized by all of the following except A) experimentation with communal living. B) unconventional sexual behavior. C) new artistic styles. D) anger at the injustices of racism and imperialism. E) the embrace of materialism.

c

Which of the following events occurred first? A) Berlin Wall is built. B) Common Market is formed. C) NATO is formed. D) Korean War begins. E) NOW is formed.

b

Which of the following events occurred last? A) Truman Doctrine proclaimed. B) Berlin Wall built. C) Marshall Plan launched. D) De-Stalinization of the Soviet Union begins. E) Korean War begins.